Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 1. Accepting ideas is the cornerstone of scientific thought. _________________________
____ 2. Skepticism is a habit of mind in which a person accepts the validity of accepted ideas.
_________________________
____ 3. The law of gravity and the law of conservation of energy are national laws. _________________________
____ 4. Scientific investigations require ethical behavior. _________________________
____ 5. Most scientific investigations begin with observations that lead to universal laws.
_________________________
____ 6. A hypothesis is a possible explanation that can be tested by observation or experimentation.

_________________________
____ 7. The control group and the experimental group are identical except for one variable.
_________________________
____ 8. A hypothesis is a general explanation for a broad range of data. _________________________
____ 9. International System of Units (SI) is the official name of the metric system. _________________________
____ 10. A centimeter is equal to 10 millimeters. _________________________
____ 11. Light and electron autoclaves help magnify objects. _________________________
____ 12. A technique is a way of doing something. _________________________
____ 13. In the event of a lab accident, one thing you should always do is remain calm. _________________________
____ 14. Biology is the study of nonliving things. _________________________
____ 15. A student who wants to study bacteria would take microbiology classes. _________________________
____ 16. Reproduction insures ongoing generations of both one-celled organisms and frogs.
_________________________
____ 17. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external
environment. _________________________
____ 18. The bacterium that causes cholera is an example of a pathogen. _________________________
____ 19. Scientists discovered that predicting the spread of cholera involves understanding reproductive behavior of
plankton. _________________________
____ 20. The study of all the factors in the spread of cholera in human populations is an example of ecology.
_________________________
____ 21. Scientists in the 21st century are better able to prevent disease because of their improved understanding of
biology. _________________________
____ 22. The completion of the Human Genome Project was one minor contribution to the ability to cure disease.
_________________________
____ 23. Scientists expect people to live longer lives because of advances in the science of biology.
_________________________
____ 24. The application of technology to medicine has greatly increased the ability of people to live healthy lives.
_________________________
____ 25. Genetic engineering is the only practical application of biotechnology. _________________________
____ 26. Genetic engineering is widely used in agriculture to produce crops that are pest-resistant.
_________________________
____ 27. Surrounding a drug compound with a layer of atoms that allows for the slow release of the drug is an example
of genetic engineering. _________________________
____ 28. Making a new kind of fastener modeled on the way an aquatic animal fastens onto rocks on the ocean floor is
an example of nanotechnology. _________________________
____ 29. Biometrics involves analyzing large amounts of data on biological characteristics.
_________________________
____ 30. Unique genetic traits, such as hair color, are the most important source of data for biometrics.
_________________________
____ 31. Advances in biotechnology have been slowed by ethical concerns. _________________________
____ 32. The ethics of different kinds of biotechnology will be decided by individuals and scientists.
_________________________
____ 33. One good way to protect the environment is to learn more about it. _________________________
____ 34. Environmental science involves neither the study of organisms nor their physical surroundings.
_________________________
____ 35. One reason that wildlife biologists collect DNA samples from endangered species is the hope that these
species can be cloned if they become extinct. _________________________
____ 36. Genetic engineering is used to track the movements of animals in the wild. _________________________
____ 37. Community environmental groups make problems for environmental research.
_________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following do scientists not use to support ideas?

a. opinions c. experiments
b. evidence d. investigations
____ 2. Which of the following would most likely be a result of skepticism?
a. enforcing laws c. maintaining scientific knowledge
b. accepting current thinking d. making a new discovery
____ 3. Which of the following applies to all branches of science?
a. cell organization c. gravity
b. earthquakes d. reproduction
____ 4. universal laws : all branches of science ::
a. cell organization : all living things c. scientific thought : skepticism
b. organs : all living things d. biology : ecology
____ 5. Which of the following is unethical behavior in scientific investigations?
a. allowing peers to review investigations
b. following guidelines for medical experiments
c. reporting inaccurate data
d. basing investigations on someone else’s work
____ 6. Scientific thinking can be used
a. only by scientists. c. by all living things.
b. only in experiments. d. by everyone in daily life.
____ 7. All of the following are reasons to have an understanding of science except
a. choosing a school for your children to attend.
b. buying products that do no harm to the environment.
c. making wise health care choices.
d. deciding which candidates to vote for in an election.
____ 8. A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in ponds in the Rocky Mountains was declining. This was
a(n)
a. hypothesis. c. observation.
b. theory. d. control.
____ 9. A hypothesis is a
a. definite answer to a given problem.
b. testable possible explanation of an observation.
c. proven statement.
d. concluding statement.
____ 10. The English physician Ronald Ross wanted to find the cause of malaria. Based on his observations, Dr. Ross
suggested that the Anopheles mosquito spread malaria from person to person. This suggestion was a
a. prediction. c. theory.
b. hypothesis. d. scientific “truth.”
____ 11. observation : hypothesis ::
a. theory : observation c. certainty : prediction
b. guess : hypothesis d. hypothesis : investigation
____ 12. Most typically, the order in which the steps of scientific investigations are applied is
a. controlled experiment, hypothesis, analysis of results, observations, questions,
conclusions.
b. observations, controlled experiment, hypothesis, analysis of results, conclusions,
questions.
c. observations, questions, hypothesis, controlled experiment, analysis of results,
conclusions.
d. questions, observations, analysis of results, controlled experiment, conclusions,
hypothesis.
____ 13. If experiments are not possible or ethical, scientists
a. cannot test a hypothesis.
b. test more than one variable at a time.
c. do not use a control group.
d. look for connections in data gathered.
____ 14. Scientific hypotheses are most often tested by the process of
a. communicating. c. experimenting.
b. inferring. d. analyzing data.
____ 15. A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is called a(n)
a. prediction. c. control.
b. experiment. d. variable.
____ 16. The variable that is measured in an experiment is the _____ variable.
a. dependent c. control
b. independent d. experimental
____ 17. A general explanation for a broad range of data is called a
a. hypothesis. c. prediction.
b. theory. d. controlled experiment.
____ 18. A scientific theory is
a. absolutely certain and never questioned.
b. unchangeable.
c. revised as new evidence is presented.
d. a controlled experiment.
____ 19. Scientists build theories from many
a. experiments that support hypotheses.
b. hypotheses that are rejected.
c. experiments with different variables.
d. untested ideas.
____ 20. The metric system of measurement is based on powers of
a. 1. c. 100.
b. 10. d. 1000.
____ 21. One meter is equal to
a. 1,00 mm. c. 0.001 km.
b. 10 cm. d. 10 km.
____ 22. A specialized tool used to magnify organisms so that they can be observed is a
a. pipette. c. satellite.
b. microscope. d. laminar-flow hood.
____ 23. Which of the following would scientists use to prevent contamination in an experiment?
a. electron microscope c. remote collection of data
b. light microscope d. sterile technique
____ 24. Which of the following is the most recent tool available to scientists?
a. remote tracking devices c. autoclaves
b. microscopes d. sterilized pipettes
____ 25. You can work safely in the science lab by
a. taking shortcuts in procedures.
b. waiting until the end of experiments to clean area.
c. estimating measurements of chemicals.
d. following all instructions.
____ 26. All of the following are important for working safely in a science laboratory except
a. tasting chemicals. c. working cautiously.
b. measuring chemicals precisely. d. wearing safety goggles.
____ 27. Biology is the study of
a. life. c. weather.
b. minerals. d. energy.
____ 28. The branch of biology that is the study of the human body is
a. ecology. c. cell biology.
b. evolutionary theory. d. physiology.
____ 29. Which of the following is not one of the seven properties of life?
a. metabolism c. responsiveness
b. homeostasis d. photosynthesis
____ 30. As a characteristic of all living things, homeostasis relates most directly to which of the following biological
themes?
a. interacting systems c. stability
b. scale and structure d. evolution
____ 31. chemical reactions : metabolism ::
a. cells : an organism c. reproduction : living
b. heredity : homeostasis d. experimentation : observation
____ 32. All living things maintain a balance within their cells and with the environment through the process of
a. growth. c. homeostasis.
b. development. d. evolution.
____ 33. The energy that drives metabolism in animals comes from
a. homeostasis. c. water.
b. food. d. heredity.
____ 34. The process by which organisms make more of their own kind is called
a. heredity. c. metabolism.
b. growth. d. reproduction.
____ 35. Children tend to resemble their parents due to
a. heredity. c. metabolism.
b. responsiveness. d. homeostasis.
____ 36. A field of sunflowers facing the sun is an example of
a. metabolism. c. responsiveness.
b. growth. d. heredity.
____ 37. The changes in human babies during their first year of life is an example of
a. heredity. c. evolution.
b. responsiveness. d. development.
____ 38. An agent that causes a disease is called a(n)
a. cholera. c. epidemic.
b. copepod. d. pathogen.
____ 39. Filtering contaminated water through a sari is
a. an ineffective way to reduce cases of cholera.
b. the best way to prevent the spread of cholera.
c. a low-tech solution to reducing cases of cholera.
d. another factor that causes cholera to spread rapidly.
____ 40. All of the following should be researched in studying the epidemiology of waterborne diseases except the
a. genomes of the pathogens.
b. habitat of pathogens.
c. food chain of the pathogens.
d. environmental factors that affect pathogens.
____ 41. All the genetic material contained in an individual or a species is called its
a. epidemiology. c. DNA fingerprint.
b. genome. d. genetic code.
____ 42. One of the most important tools in preventing the spread of disease is
a. computer modeling. c. genetic engineering.
b. DNA fingerprinting. d. giving vaccinations.
____ 43. computer modeling : epidemiology ::
a. genetics : DNA fingerprinting
b. cloning : biotechnology
c. genome : vaccination
d. human health : disease prevention
____ 44. Which of the following terms is used to refer to a piece of equipment made for a specific use?
a. process c. device
b. cure d. treatment
____ 45. Which of the following is least likely to help humans live longer?
a. epidemiology c. genetics
b. medicine d. DNA fingerprinting
____ 46. knowledge of biology : human potential ::
a. assistive technologies : everyday lives
b. human potential : epidemiology
c. populations : disease outbreaks
d. genomes : genetics
____ 47. The technology of changing the genetic material of a living cell is called
a. biometrics. c. genetics.
b. genetic engineering. d. DNA fingerprinting.
____ 48. Planting Bt corn helps farmers decrease the use of
a. fertilizers. c. pesticides.
b. herbicides. d. cultivators.
____ 49. All of the following are known advantages of planting Bt corn except it
a. adds some bacterial genes to food supplies.
b. lowers a farmer’s cost of production.
c. improves a farmer’s crop yield.
d. reduces chemical contaminants in the environment.
____ 50. The application of a biological structure or process to solve design problems is called
a. adaptation. c. cloning.
b. biomimetics. d. decoding.
____ 51. Which of these biotechnologies has the potential to repair tissues inside the body?
a. biometrics c. epidemiology
b. biomimetics d. nanotechnology
____ 52. clam shell formation : ceramics ::
a. CAT scanning : modeling fossils
b. strong fabrics : spider silk
c. spider silk : strong fabrics
d. modeling fossils : CAT scanning
____ 53. The analysis of biological traits to identify people is called
a. arithmetics. c. genetics.
b. biometrics. d. statistics.
____ 54. Which of the following traits of an individual would be most useful for identifying a victim in a forensic
investigation?
a. eye color c. blood type
b. hair color d. DNA fingerprint
____ 55. Which of the following qualities do fingerprints and DNA fingerprints have in common?
a. ease of use in an investigation
b. part of an extensive FBI database
c. refer to traits of the human hand
d. unique to an individual
____ 56. The ethical concerns about biotechnology must be addressed by
a. scientists only. c. both individuals and scientists.
b. societies only. d. both individuals and societies.
____ 57. All of the following biotechnologies are considered by some to be unethical except
a. biomimetic products. c. human stem cell research.
b. biometrics data bases. d. genetically modified foods.
____ 58. Which of the following would be an unethical use of biometric data and methods?
a. linking criminals to crime scenes
b. eliminating innocent people from a list of criminal suspects
c. excluding people with certain genes from getting jobs
d. protecting citizens from bioterrorism
____ 59. Which of the following is considered to be one of the most important applications of biology?
a. biometrics c. environmental science
b. genetic engineering d. assistive technologies
____ 60. In order to make wise decisions about the use of natural resources, citizens will need to have a better
understanding of
a. biomimetics. c. environmental science.
b. genetics. d. genetic engineering.
____ 61. ecology : environmental science ::
a. biomolecules : strong glues c. forensics : biometrics
b. genetics : genetic engineering d. spider silk : clam shells
____ 62. What do the initials GIS stand for?
a. geological inference standard c. geographic information system
b. genetic improvement survey d. global investigation society
____ 63. Satellite tagging is a technology that is most likely to be used in
a. assisting the disabled. c. developing maps of the world.
b. conservation of wildlife. d. tracking the spread of disease.
____ 64. Each of the following is a part of a GIS program except
a. access to data from different sources.
b. computer mapping.
c. environmental databases.
d. genetic analysis tools.
____ 65. Which of the following statements is true of research on environmental problems?
a. Student involvement in developing solutions is not welcomed.
b. Individuals and communities make valuable contributions to local issues.
c. Only people with college degrees in science are considered citizen scientists.
d. There is really nothing that local citizens can do to protect the local environment.
____ 66. Which of the following must be done before an environmental study is begun locally?
a. contact several scientists c. identify a problem
b. buy a GIS program d. gather up volunteers
____ 67. At the Raptor Rehabilitation Center, students in an environmental club help take care of injured and orphaned
birds of prey. Based on this information, what does the term raptor refer to?
a. a bird of prey c. orphaned wildlife
b. the environment d. debilitating injury
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. The medical treatment for ulcers changed after scientists discovered that ____________________ cause
stomach ulcers.
2. The questioning and often doubtful attitude required for scientific thought is called ____________________.
3. The truths that govern science and are valid everywhere in the universe are universal
____________________.
4. ____________________ are a system of moral principles and values.
5. Most scientific investigations begin with ____________________ that lead to questions.
6. A reason to set up an experiment is to test a ____________________.
7. A(n) ____________________ experiment is a procedure that tests one factor at a time and that uses a(n)
____________________ group and an experimental group.
8. In a controlled experiment, the ____________________ group is the group that has one variable changed.
9. In an experiment, the ____________________ group receives no experimental treatment.
10. Factors that may change as a result of experimental treatment are ____________________ variables.
11. A(n) ____________________ is a specific, testable prediction for a limited set of conditions, and a(n)
____________________ is a general explanation for a broad range of data.
12. Scientists use the ______________________________ system to make measurements.
13. SI is the abbreviation for the ____________________ System of Units.
14. The SI base unit for length is the ____________________.
15. A kilogram is equal to ____________________ grams.
16. In a light microscope, light passes through one or more ____________________ to produce an enlarged
image of an object.
17. Scientists use ____________________ techniques to minimize the risk of contamination.
18. The study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their
environment is called ____________________.
19. The branch of biology that studies the changes in types of organisms over time is called
___________________ theory.
20. Scientists who study whales, bats, or bears in their natural habitat are called ____________________
biologists.
21. The process of _________________ traits changing over time is called evolution.
22. Every living organism is composed of one or more ____________________.
23. All cells have the same basic ____________________.
24. The sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism is ____________________.
25. The energy used by living organisms originates from the ____________________.
26. The study of ____________________ involves finding out how diseases are spread.
27. Cholera bacteria can cause the disease only when ____________________ increases.
28. A ____________________ is a medical procedure that allows a person to resist infection by a certain disease.
29. Many new tools for studying and treating diseases caused by problems in genes have come from the study of
____________________.
30. In developed countries, the length of human lives has nearly ____________________ in the past century.
31. One example of an assistive technology that helps people in everyday life is ____________________.
32. The gene that was added to Bt corn came from a(n) ____________________.
33. Bt corn contains a gene that produces a ____________________ that kills the European core borer.
34. The robotic items produced through nanotechnology often resemble tiny ____________________.
35. Imitating biological structures, processes, and systems to solve engineering problems is called
____________________.
36. Because of ____________________, dissection is no longer needed to determine the shapes and locations of
internal organs.
37. Fingerprints and iris patterns are useful in identification because they are ____________________ to
individuals.
38. Material used in ____________________ is obtained from hair and skin cells.
39. Research that involves human stem cells is limited because many people think that such research is
____________________.
40. The study of living organisms and their environments is called _________________________.
41. The existence of undiscovered resources is an important reason to study and ____________________ natural
environments.
42. The movements of wildlife can be studied through the technology of ____________________.
43. Wildlife agents use the technology of ____________________ to identify the remains of endangered animals
and to identify who killed them.
44. The people in communities who make contributions to environmental research are called
____________________.
45. Students make contributions to environmental conservation by helping to care for ____________________ or
____________________ wildlife.
Short Answer
1. What universal law applies in a study of the flight of birds? How does it apply?
2. How could you use scientific thought to investigate a claim about a product?
3. Write a hypothesis to explain why the water level in an aquarium is going down.
4. What two groups are part of a controlled experiment?
5. What is the difference between an independent variable and dependent variables in a controlled experiment?
6. How does a scientist verify the conclusions of an experiment?
7. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
8. What makes SI easy to use?
9. What are the base SI units for volume, length, and mass?
10. What are two common kinds of microscopes. How do they differ?
11. What is sterile technique? What are four tools of sterile technique?
12. Suppose you are a scientist who studies sharks in their natural habitat. What are two names that describe the
kind of biologist you are?
13. What is heredity?
14. Name the seven properties of life.
15. How are data from weather and climate satellites used in epidemiology?
16. How does a vaccination help people and animals resist disease?
17. How will the completion of the Human Genome Project contribute to biological research in the 21st Century?
18. List two examples of assistive technologies that will improve the lives of people with injuries and diseases.
19. How does genetic engineering that produced Bt corn help to increase the yield in a farmer’s corn field?
20. List two practical applications of biotechnology other than genetic engineering.
21. How has genetic engineering improved the treatment of people who have diabetes?
22. From what biological structure did engineers get the idea for a submarine?
23. What makes iris scans an effective technology for identifying people?
24. List two biological characteristics of individuals, besides fingerprints and iris patterns, that can be analyzed by
computers to identify people.
25. List two concerns that people have expressed about the ethics of biotechnology.
26. List three important resources that all living things get from the environment.
27. What do the initials GIS stand for?
28. What is satellite tagging?
29. List three steps that students could take to get involved in environmental research.
Essay
1. Explain why accurate data and peer review are important in science.
2. The results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that the experiment was designed to test. Was the
experiment a waste of time? Explain your answer.
3. Explain the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in a controlled experiment.
Also indicate whether or not each kind of variable would be found in a control group and an experimental
group.
4. Summarize the steps in the development of a theory.
5. Before doing experiments, what should you know about lab safety? What procedure should you follow if an
accident occurs during an experiment in your class?
6. List and describe the seven properties of life shared by all living organisms.
7. Toads that live in hot, dry regions bury themselves in the soil during the day. How might this be important to
toads?
8. Refer to the map above. West Nile Virus is a virus that attacks the nervous system of birds, humans, and
many other mammals. The virus first appeared in the United States in 1999, when an outbreak was reported in
the New York City area. Based on this background and the information shown in the map, write a paragraph
that summarizes the state of West Nile Virus incidence in the United States as of 2006.
9. Explain how increased understanding of biology and science in general should enable humans to live longer
and healthier lives.
10. Compare and contrast fingerprints and DNA fingerprints as a means of identifying individuals.
11. Ethics is the study of whether human actions are moral (right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable).
Summarize the role of ethics in guiding the future of biotechnology.
12. What important lesson can be learned from the recent discovery of new kinds of organisms in a remote area of
New Guinea?
CELL STRUCTURE
Answer Section
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: F, Questioning
PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.1

2. ANS: F, questions

3. ANS: F, universal
PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.2

4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I
OBJ: 1.1.3
5. ANS: F, questions

OBJ: 1.2.1
7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 1.2.2
8. ANS: F, theory

OBJ: 1.3.1
10. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: III
OBJ: 1.3.1
11. ANS: F, microscopes

OBJ: 1.3.2
OBJ: 1.3.3
14. ANS: F, living

OBJ: 1.4.1
OBJ: 1.4.2
OBJ: 1.4.2
OBJ: 2.1.1
19. ANS: F, copepods

20. ANS: F, epidemiology

OBJ: 2.1.2
22. ANS: F, major

OBJ: 2.1.3
OBJ: 2.1.3
25. ANS: F
a common
most common
one

OBJ: 2.2.1
27. ANS: F, nanotechnology

28. ANS: F, biomimetics
PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 2.2.2

OBJ: 2.2.3
30. ANS: F
fingerprints
iris patterns of eyes

OBJ: 2.2.4
32. ANS: F, society

OBJ: 2.3.1
34. ANS: F, both, and

OBJ: 2.3.2
36. ANS: F, Satellite tagging

37. ANS: F, valuable contributions to
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.1

2. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.1
3. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.2
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 1.1.2
9. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.2.1
10. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.1
11. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 1.2.1
12. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 1.2.2
25. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.3.3
27. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.4.1
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 2.1.2
44. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 2.1.3
62. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 2.3.2
COMPLETION
1. ANS:
bacteria
Heliobacter pylori

2. ANS: skepticism

3. ANS: laws

4. ANS: Ethics

5. ANS: observations
6. ANS: hypothesis

7. ANS: controlled, control

8. ANS: experimental

9. ANS: control

10. ANS: dependent

11. ANS: hypothesis, theory

12. ANS:
metric
International System of Units
SI

13. ANS: International

14. ANS: meter

15. ANS:
1,000
1000
1 000

16. ANS: lenses

17. ANS: sterile

18. ANS: ecology

19. ANS: evolutionary
20. ANS: field

21. ANS: inherited

22. ANS: cells

23. ANS: structure

24. ANS: metabolism

25. ANS: sun

26. ANS: epidemiology

27. ANS: water temperature

28. ANS: vaccination

29. ANS: genetics

30. ANS: doubled

31. ANS:
bionic limbs
computer interfaces

32. ANS: soil bacterium

33. ANS: toxin

34. ANS: animals

35. ANS: biomimetics
36. ANS: CAT scanning

37. ANS: unique

38. ANS: DNA fingerprinting

39. ANS: unethical

40. ANS: environmental science

41. ANS: protect

42. ANS: satellite tagging

43. ANS: DNA fingerprinting

44. ANS: citizen scientists

45. ANS:
injured, orphaned
orphaned, injured
SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:
The universal law of gravity applies. The biologist is studying how animals have adapted to overcome the
force of gravity.

2. ANS:
Ask questions about the claim, be skeptical about what you read or hear, and be ready for discovery and
change.

3. ANS:
Answers may vary. Sample answer: Water evaporating is decreasing the amount of water in the aquarium.
4. ANS:
control group and experimental group

5. ANS:
An independent variable is the one factor that is changed. Dependent variables are the factors that may change
in response to the independent variable.

6. ANS:
by conducting experiments many times and checking to see if other scientists have come to similar
conclusions

7. ANS:
A theory is a specific, testable prediction for a limited set of conditions. A theory is a general explanation for
a broad range of data.

8. ANS:
It is scaled in multiples of 10.

9. ANS:
volume, liter; length, meter; mass, gram

10. ANS:
light, electron; A light microscope magnifies objects using light and lenses. An electron microscope uses a
beam of electrons.

11. ANS:
a method of keeping unwanted microorganisms out of a lab to minimize the risk of contamination; autoclave,
sterilized dishes and pipettes, laminar-flow hood, latex gloves

12. ANS:
field biologist, marine biologist

13. ANS:
the passing of traits from parents to offspring

14. ANS:
cellular organization, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, heredity, growth
15. ANS:
They identify areas, such as warm ocean waters, on Earth where conditions are favorable for an increase in
populations of disease-causing organisms and where there is a greater likelihood that an outbreak will occur.

16. ANS:
by causing an individual’s immune system to be activated so it can fight an invading pathogen

17. ANS:
Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Knowledge of the human genome will enable researchers to find and
understand the cause of many human diseases and to develop more effective treatments and cures.

18. ANS:
Answers may vary. Possible answers: bionic limbs, computer interfaces that help a person speak or see,
computers that can help a disabled person coordinate his or her movements, hearing aids, motorized
wheelchairs

19. ANS:
Because Bt corn contains a gene that produces a toxin that kills a major pest of corn (European corn borer),
fewer corn plants in a field will be affected by the pest. The farmer will get more corn from the field.

20. ANS:
Answers will vary. Possible answers: nanotechnology (tiny robots, controlled-release drugs, biodegradable
templates for tissue repair), biomolecular materials (artificial spider silk for strong fabrics, ceramics based on
clam shell formation, strong glues based on stream bacteria), biomimetics (hook and loop fasteners that work
like prickly burrs, lobster-eye telescopes), use of DNA technology in crime investigation, computer modeling

21. ANS:
It has allowed diabetics to be treated with human insulin, made by genetically engineered bacteria, instead of
with insulin obtained from another species (cows or pigs).

22. ANS:
the swim bladder of a fish

23. ANS:
They show the complex patterns that form in the tissue of the iris and are unique to each individual.

24. ANS:
Answers may vary. Possible answers: brain-wave patterns, speech patterns, facial features

25. ANS:
Answers may vary. Possible answers: genetically engineered organisms may harm the environment,
genetically engineered food may be unhealthy to some people, it is wrong to change any organism’s DNA,
human stem cells should not be used in research, it is wrong to clone humans, it is wrong to limit research that
could save human lives

26. ANS:
Answers may vary. Possible answers: food, water, energy, air, mineral nutrients, shelter, mates

27. ANS:
geographic information systems

28. ANS:
It is the use of transmitters that send signals from the individuals that carry them to satellites, enabling
researchers to track the movements of the individuals.

29. ANS:
1. Find a teacher to sponsor an environmental club.
2. Make a list of local environmental issues.
3. Discuss ways to learn more about these issues.
ESSAY
1. ANS:
Answers will vary. Sample answer: Accurate data is important because people might make decisions that
affect their health based on the data. Also, other scientists may base their work on the data. If the data is not
accurate, time and money will be wasted. Peer review is important to verify that the investigation was done
correctly.

2. ANS:
No, the experiment was not a waste of time. A scientist works by systematically showing that certain
hypotheses are not valid when they are not consistent with the results of experiments. The results of
experiments are used to evaluate alternative hypotheses. An experiment can be successful if it shows that one
or more of the alternative hypotheses are inconsistent with observations.

3. ANS:
The independent variable is the single factor that is changed in an experiment and is a factor in the
experimental group. The independent variable is not changed in the control group. Dependent variables are
any factors that change in response to the experimental variable. They only occur in the experimental group.

4. ANS:
Scientists first ask questions and then form hypotheses that can be tested. Then, they conduct experiments that
either support the hypotheses or do not support them. If the hypotheses are supported, many other
experiments must be done by many other scientists to verify the hypotheses. If the results of the experiments
can be reproduced many times and provide a general explanation for a broad range of data, a new theory may
be developed.

5. ANS:
Before doing experiments, I should know the location and proper operation of all lab safety equipment. I also
should know the guidelines for working safely and avoiding accidents. If an accident occurs, I should remain
calm and inform the teacher immediately. Then, I should follow all of the instructions the teacher gives.

6. ANS:
Cellular organization: All organisms consist of one or more cells, and the basic cell structure in all organisms
is the same.
Homeostasis: All living organisms maintain a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external
environment.
Metabolism: All living things carry out many chemical reactions in order to obtain energy. The sum of all the
chemical reactions carried out by an organism is called metabolism.
Responsiveness: Living organisms respond to their external environment.
Reproduction: Organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next.
Heredity: When an organism reproduces, it passes its own traits to its offspring.
Growth: All living organisms grow, or increase in size, by adding materials to their bodies.

7. ANS:
The toads must maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) in order to function properly. Burying
themselves in the soil is a way to keep their body temperature from rising too high and to keep their bodies
from drying out.

8. ANS:
Answers will vary. Sample answer: Since its introduction to the United States in 1999, West Nile Virus has
spread from the area around New York City to every part of the lower 48 states. As of 2006, the central part
of the United States was by far the most affected by the virus. Many locations in the northern half of the
central United States reported the incidence of West Nile Virus at greater than 100 persons for every 1 million
people. Another pocket of areas with a relatively high incidence of the disease was located in parts of the
northwestern United States. The eastern United States was least affected by the virus, with relatively few
areas reporting an incidence of the disease even as high as 10 people per 1 million.

9. ANS:
Answers may vary. Sample answer: Increasing our understanding of biology will help extend human life and
make us healthier in several ways. First, it will help reduce the incidence and effects of various diseases that
shorten lives and make people unhealthy. Learning the causes of serious genetic diseases and how genes may
be modified will help us to prevent or treat genetic diseases. Understanding how pathogens cause disease and
are transmitted will help us to defeat them. Genetic engineering will provide new ways to produce medicines
and perhaps replace damaged tissues with healthy ones. Second, it will help us provide food for a growing
population while protecting the environment from chemicals used in producing food. Genetically modified
foods can be made more nutritious and easier and less expensive to produce, which will improve the health of
people in developing countries. Finally, many areas of science, including chemistry and physics, contribute to
the development of medicinal drugs and technologies that assist people in their everyday lives, as well as to a
better understanding of natural processes that shape the environment that provides all the resources we need
to live healthy lives.

10. ANS:
Answers may vary. Sample answer: Both methods are able to accurately identify individuals because both are
unique to individuals. Fingerprints are an easier way to identify someone because the technology is simpler
and a huge database of fingerprints from individuals is available. However, fingerprints can be changed
surgically or through injury to the skin. Therefore, some people could avoid being identified by their
fingerprints. DNA fingerprints are more difficult to obtain and require more expertise for analysis. However,
a person’s DNA fingerprint is based on his or her genetic make-up, which cannot be changed. Therefore, it is
a more reliable means of identifying individuals.

11. ANS:
Answers will vary. Sample answer: People have different points of view about what is right and what is
wrong. Some kinds of biotechnology will be developed more quickly because more people agree they are
ethical than disagree. An example of this would be using genetic engineering to make bacteria that produce
human insulin. Other kinds of biotechnology may be possible but may never be developed or used because
most people agree they are unethical. An example of this would be cloning a human. Individuals can make
decisions for themselves about whether or not to eat genetically modified foods or seek medical treatments
developed through the study of human stem cells. Society as a whole will discuss the issues involved in
different kinds of biotechnology and guide which ones are developed and used, and when.

12. ANS:
Such new discoveries indicate that our knowledge of the organisms that live on Earth is not complete. They
also show that different kinds of organisms that may be important to our survival and to the health of the
environment could be lost if natural and remote places are not protected.

Cell Structure

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Cell Structure

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CELL STRUCTURE

____ 1. Accepting ideas is the cornerstone of scientific thought. _________________________

____ 4. Scientific investigations require ethical behavior. _________________________

____ 6. A hypothesis is a possible explanation that can be tested by observation or experimentation.

____ 8. A hypothesis is a general explanation for a broad range of data. _________________________

____ 10. A centimeter is equal to 10 millimeters. _________________________

____ 12. A technique is a way of doing something. _________________________

____ 14. Biology is the study of nonliving things. _________________________

____ 1. Which of the following do scientists not use to support ideas?

4. ____________________ are a system of moral principles and values.

5. Most scientific investigations begin with ____________________ that lead to questions.

6. A reason to set up an experiment is to test a ____________________.

9. In an experiment, the ____________________ group receives no experimental treatment.

12. Scientists use the ______________________________ system to make measurements.

13. SI is the abbreviation for the ____________________ System of Units.

14. The SI base unit for length is the ____________________.

15. A kilogram is equal to ____________________ grams.

17. Scientists use ____________________ techniques to minimize the risk of contamination.

22. Every living organism is composed of one or more ____________________.

23. All cells have the same basic ____________________.

4. What two groups are part of a controlled experiment?

6. How does a scientist verify the conclusions of an experiment?

7. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

8. What makes SI easy to use?

13. What is heredity?

14. Name the seven properties of life.

27. What do the initials GIS stand for?

28. What is satellite tagging?

4. Summarize the steps in the development of a theory.

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.1

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.2.3

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.3.2

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.4.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.1.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.2.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 2.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 2.2.3

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.2.4

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.3.1

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 2.3.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 2.3.3

1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.1

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.2

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.1.3

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.2

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.2.3

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 1.3.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.3.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.3.1

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 1.3.1

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 1.3.2

1. Accepting ideas is the cornerstone of scientific thought. _____________________

4. Scientific investigations require ethical behavior. _____________________

8. A hypothesis is a general explanation for a broad range of data. _____________________

10. A centimeter is equal to 10 millimeters. _____________________

12. A technique is a way of doing something. _____________________

14. Biology is the study of nonliving things. _____________________