Alternative To The BPW Students of University of Makati 2021 20222

University of Makati
J.P. Rizal Ext. West Rembo 1215 Makati, Philippines
Alternative to the BPW Students
of University of Makati 2021-2022
Researchers:
Filomeno, Anton Lester D.
Sayson, Jade Kobe Garette A.
Valenzuela, Godwin Austen G.
Villegas, Lance Jasper N.
December 2021
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
This chapter presents the basic information and principles that guided the
research proposal process. It includes the objectives and concepts which serve as
the framework of the study. Moreover, it explains the significance, scope and
limitation as well as providing the definition of terms used by the researchers
throughout their study.
1.0Introduction
This fast-paced world has come to a halt due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The
impact of this epidemic is enormous, and the only way to slow the disease’s spread
is to practice social distancing. The mandated lockdown has impacted many
elements of people’s lives, including everyday fitness activities of fitness freaks,
resulting in severe psychological disorders and serious fitness and health concerns.
Alternative Fitness During Pandemics tries to adopt techniques to stay active even
when people are unable to walk outside owing to government and health-related
organizations’ safety procedures and health regulations. These alternative methods
can benefit a large number of people, not only in terms of physical health but also in
terms of mental health. Furthermore, even with the on-going pandemic, people can
continue to undertake their fitness sessions without the use of equipment, allowing
them to perform a variety of exercises. Technology improvements also assist in
motivating individuals to engage in home workouts by providing programs that
include training sessions and track the user’s progress. Music was also commonly
used as a tool by participants while exercising. During the lockdown, they were able
to overcome psychological challenges and physical worries by doing regular fitness
workouts at home.
During the coronavirus outbreak, colleges and institutions in the United States
were forced to adjust to remote delivery of courses and services, according to Fox
(2003). Academic libraries’ electronic resources, notably streaming video, have
readily adapted to the virtual world. Using an electronic as a visual tool to promote
fitness ideas and information is a novel concept. It assists the majority of students
who study at home in some manner. Physical activities and exercise are examples of
rapid changes in people’s lifestyles, but they are not the only ones. Home
confinement has led in a reduction in all types of physical activity, an increase in
daily sitting time, and an increase in unhealthy food consumption patterns. Other
researchers have discovered similar findings as well. Although these rapid changes
impacted everyone, many people who were routinely pursuing their physical
activities in gyms, on the ground, or in other locations before the lockdown were
severely impacted. In addition, this study emphasizes the necessity of fitness,
particularly during current pandemic. This research will also allow student athletes to
improve their learning skills in order to help them acclimate to the new normal.
1.2 Background of the Study
During the epidemic, everyone is putting an extra effort to be fit and
healthy. Because there are some gyms nearby, parks nearby, and a health protocol
in place. Running with a face mask and a face shield is particularly challenging
because it’s difficult to breathe and see what’s going on around you. And, prior to the
epidemic, some kids were enrolled in physical education programs to learn how to
stay fit and healthy, but now that the virus has spread, everyone is slowly returning
to zero. In our situation, researchers will need to come up with new ways to keep
healthy and fit, as well as boost our immune systems so that we don’t become sick
as readily.
People have been compelled to stay at home due to the closure of fitness
centers and public parks, which has disrupted their daily routines and affected their
fitness activities. While being forced to stay at home for an extended period of time
can make it difficult to maintain physical fitness, the experience of limited physical
activities, limited social communication, uncertainty, and helplessness can contribute
to psychological and physical health problems. Ammar et al. (2020) Adults are
experiencing psychological issues as a result of their concern of developing the
COVID-19 sickness as they adjust to their new lifestyle. However, during the COVID-
19 pandemic, good coping skills, psychological resources, and regular physical
activity can be beneficial in dealing with such health-related issues.
It’s important to remember that physical activity and exercise not only help us
preserve our physical and mental health, but they also assist our bodies respond to
the harmful effects of diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
and respiratory disease. Physical inactivity as a result of current pandemic
restrictions is a serious public health concern that is a leading cause of reduced life
expectancy and a variety of physical health issues. Other physical functions that are
vital in resisting any known or unknown threat to our bodies have been demonstrated
to be maintained by exercise.
Regular physical activity, together with other precautions, is thought to be
useful in combating the COVID-19 pandemic’s health effects. Regular exercise,
according to Yan and Spaulding (2020), may minimize the incidence of acute
respiratory distress syndrome, which is one of the leading causes of death in
COVID-19 patients. Exercise and physical activities are also crucial for a person’s
psychological well-being. Exercise can play an important role in promoting healthy
mental health and well-being, according to a large body of evidence. However, in a
pandemic situation where health promotion activities such as sports and regular gym
exercises are not available, it is extremely difficult for individuals to meet the general
WHO guidelines (150 minutes of moderate to mild PA or 75 minutes of intensive PA
per week or a combination of both). In the face of these pandemic-related

restrictions, how people cope and find ways to maintain their physical fitness
remains a key question.
1.3Significance of the Study
This research will give people the impression that they can still be active even
if a pandemic occurs. The alternative way is the solution, and it might be highly
advantageous to the University of Makati’s BPW student athletes. Even when kids
are not in school, they can be active, and maintaining physical and mental health is
the most crucial feature of this topic. People do not need to spend a lot of money on
exercise equipment, and if you do not have enough space for your workout time, you
may solve the problem in your own home. All you have to do now is pick a workout
that is right for you. The findings of this study will served as a good source of
accurate and useful information. The ideas presented may be used as reference
data in conducting new researches or in testing the validity of other related findings.
This study will also serve as their cross-reference that will give them a background or
an overview of the Alternative Ways of fitness During Pandemic.

1.4Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is used to understand the place of and inform the
direction of a research project. A conceptual framework uses previous research to
determine a theory and methodology for a current research project, Magher (2018).
This study has made use of Input-Output-Process (IPO) model as system of

Output
the conceptual framework of the study.
Alternative Ways of
Input Process fitness During Pandemic
to the BPW Students of
Demographic profile of the -Questionaire/ Survey University of Makati
respondents 2021-2022
a. Age among
b. Gender Participants
c. Year / Level
d. Program / Course -Data Gathering
e. Family Annual Income
Statement of the Problem -Evaluation of Surveys
-Statistical Analysis or
treatment of data
EVALUATION
Fig.1.1 Conceptual model of the study
This figure shows that the input of this study is consist of the demographic
data, statement of the problem . While within the process, it will include the
questionnaire or survey, data gathering, evaluation of the data gathered and the
statistical analysis of the data.
The output of the study is to determine Alternative Ways of fitness During Pandemic
to the BPW Students of University of Makati 2021-2022
1.5Theoretical Framework
Lack of physical activity and exercise are serious public health issues. When
asked how to help people increase their motivation for physical activity and exercise,
most exercise psychologists would probably suggest shifting the decisional balance
by instilling the belief that there are more benefits to being active than barriers to
overcome, bolstering self-efficacy, and creating social environments that promote
perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The Affective-Reflective
Hypothesis (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise is a dual-process theory in

which cues activate instinctive associations and, as a result, an automatic affective
appraisal of exercise.
Automatic affective valuation refers to the unattended assigning of positive or
negative value to a stimulus as a result of repeated exercise-related emotional
experiences mediated by cognitive evaluations or repeated experiences of core
affective reactions to stimuli. If self-control resources are present, the automatic
affective valuation can be used as the foundation for a controlled, reflective
appraisal. The reflective appraisal is based on previous experience and mental
simulation to form hypotheses regarding exercise and physical inactivity. This
process may also be aided by higher-level cognitive functions such as deliberative
reasoning about one’s needs and ideals. The automatic emotional valuation is linked
to a trigger, but the regulated response might lead to action plans.
This theory is designed to explain and predict behavior in situations when
people are either physically inactive or take action. It is assumed that exercise
experience, sentiments, and ideas determine whether someone is willing to
undertake physical strain similar to that which they have previously encountered
through exercise. This proposes that, when confronted with an exercise-related
stimulus, one’s negative emotional value of exercise will serve as a restraining
factor, potentially overriding any positive cognitive motivational urges toward action
(Deci and Ryan, 1985).

1.6Statement of the Problem
The study aims to explore the alternative ways of fitness during the pandemic.
Withal, this paper specifically aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents, in terms of:
Age
Gender
Year level
Program/Course
Family Annual Income
2. Are the respondents practicing regular exercises with the knowledge of the
effects of physical inactivity?
3. How the BPW students of University of Makati maintain fitness, in terms of :
Time of exercise
Body Clock
4. What are the respondents’ DIY equipment for exercising?
1.7Research Objectives
The main objective of this study is to identify alternative ways of fitness During
Pandemic to BPW students in University of Makati. This study will also aim:
• To maintain one’s mental health in addition to one’s physical appearance.
• To substitute alternative methods where you can do within your home
without the need of equipment.
• To find answers to the problem of not having enough space in their homes.
• To seek for a solution to their financial struggles because they do not have
enough money to give the necessary equipment.
1.8Hypothesis
The researchers want to show that alternative ways can assist everyone in
general, not simply BPW students at the University of Makati. Student athletes must
be active even when doing basic training. Alternative approaches are used to
compensate when an athlete is unable to do an activity due to a lack of equipment.
They must also address the issue of not having enough workout space in their home.
They only need to vary the types of activity they do to stay active, even if it is merely
basic exercise. There are also alternatives if you don’t have the funds to purchase
the more expensive fitness equipment.
1.9Scope and Delimitation
This issue mostly focuses on the several actions that BPW students at the
University of Makati can do in the event of a pandemic. Because a pandemic has yet
to strike, this is the case. Student athletes train at school, but they are also adjusting
to the new normal of having to do something to be active even when they are at
home. They must do workouts that are appropriate for their environment if they do
not have a large space, as well as exercises that involve the use of equipment,
which they can do yourself or choose activities that are just appropriate for them.
They also don’t need to spend a lot of money on equipment because one of the main
problems is a lack of funds.
The percentage rate of eighty (80) University of Makati students’ views will be
gathered through a survey-questionnaire. The scope of the study involves the
different qualifications and standards related questions provided by the researchers
in order to provide a reliable and non-biased results

The participants of the study are only limited on eighty (80) BPW students of
Makati University regardless of their differences. The coverage of the study will be
conducted in University of Makati s.y. 2021- 2022.
1.10Definition of Terms
Athletes – defined as a full-time student who competes in athletics is referred to as
an athlete.
BPW – defined as Bachelor in physical wellness
Chaotic - defined as a state of complete confusion and disorder.
COVID-19 – defined as a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) triggered an outbreak.
DIY – known as Do-it-yourself activity and defined as the process of decorating,
building, and repairing one's own home rather than hiring a professional.
Exercise – defined as a combination of physical effort and diets with the goal of
creating a greater degree of physical fitness, mental health, and overall health
Fitness – defined as the shed light on the benefits and drawbacks of exercise, good
food, and the role of the nurse in encouraging physical activity and a healthy lifestyle
Implement- defined as a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, especially as
used for a particular purpose or an act or instance of implementing something.
Pandemic – described as an epidemic that occurs across a big geographic area,
crosses international borders, and usually affects a huge number of individuals.
Substitutes- defined as the act, process, or result of substituting one thing for
another.
Visual Instrument – defined as the use of customisable software and modular
measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems known as
virtual instruments is referred to as virtual instrumentation.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
2.0Introduction
In this literature review, the researcher have found a good representative
literature discussing the need of exercise to one's body and mental health. I am
grateful to some of the authors who identified some of the effects of lack of exercise
to our body and mental health. By studying the relevant literature, it will help the
researcher to fully understand why the students have to stay fit and how they do
exercises at home during the pandemic.
2.1State of the Problem and Chapter Overview

According to Bentlage et al. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is a recent
global health problem that is rapidly expanding. When compared to other pandemics
around the world, the current COVID-19 pandemic is presently at the top of the list in
terms of global coverage. This is the first time that the entire planet gets touched at
the same moment and in such a powerful way in such a short period of time. The
death rate from COVID-19 was around 2% at first, but it has since risen to around 4–
6%. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020). Although the numbers may not
appear to be alarming, the total number of instances and the rate at which they are
expanding day by day make the situation concerning. The exponential rise in
COVID-19 instances has resulted in billions of people being isolated and the planet
being put under lockdown. COVID-19 has had an impact on practically everyone on
the planet. Due to work-from-home instructions, the gap between personal and
professional life has reduced, and people’s lives are circling around these two as a
result of the lockdown. People have also been thinking about an important issue at
home, namely, the importance of their health and fitness.
Although implementing a community lockdown or quarantine has been one of
the most extensively employed techniques around the world to slow the spread of
COVID-19, it has serious repercussions. COVID-19 limitations have been
demonstrated to have a detrimental impact on social involvement, life satisfaction
(Ammar et al., 2020b), mental well-being, psychological and emotional illnesses,
sleep quality (Xiao et al., 2020), and employment status in recent global studies
(Ammar et al., 2020d). Furthermore, fitness amidst pandemic research among
students is often investigated from a qualitative lens that generates data based on
positivist assumptions rather than exploring students’ lived experiences. There is a
lack of quantitative research on fitness identity within student identity literature.
2.2Physical Activities
Jiménez-Pavón et al. (2020). Discussed that the authorities’ announcement of
a sudden lockdown of all services and activities, with the exception of a few essential
services, has caused a radical change in the lifestyle of those affected and has
severely harmed their mental health, manifested in increased anxiety, stress, and
depression (Chtourou et al., 2020). Physical activities and exercise are examples of
rapid changes in people’s lifestyles, but they are not the only ones. COVID-19 home
confinement, according to Ammar et al. (2020a), resulted in a decrease in all levels
of physical activity, a 28 percent rise in daily sitting time, and an increase in
unhealthy food consumption patterns. Other researchers (Ammar et al., 2020c; de
Oliveira Neto et al., 2020) have reported similar findings. Although these rapid
changes impacted everyone, many people who were routinely pursuing their
physical activities in gyms, on the ground, or in other locations before the lockdown
were severely impacted. People have been compelled to stay at home due to the
closure of fitness centers and public parks, which has disrupted their daily routines
and affected their fitness activities. While being forced to stay at home for an
extended period of time can make it difficult to maintain physical fitness, the
experience of limited physical activities, limited social communication, uncertainty,
and helplessness can contribute to psychological and physical health problems
(Ammar et al., 2020a, c).
Varshney et al. (2020) discovered that adults experience psychological
problems as they change to their current lifestyle in response to their concern of
developing the COVID-19 disease. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, good
coping skills, psychological resources, and regular physical activity can be beneficial
in dealing with such health-related issues (Chtourou et al., 2020).
Bentlage et al. (2020) stated in a recent assessment of 31 published studies
that physical inactivity as a result of current pandemic restrictions is a major public

health issue that is a major risk factor for shortened life expectancy and a variety of
physical health disorders (Jurak et al., 2020). Physical activities (PA) and exercise
help our bodies respond to the harmful effects of a variety of conditions, including
diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease (Owen et
al., 2010; Lavie et al., 2019; Jiménez-Pavón et al., 2020). Other physical functions
(respiratory, circulatory, muscular, nervous, and skeletal systems) have been shown
to be maintained by exercise, as well as other systems (endocrine, digestive,
immune, or renal systems) that are important in combating any known or unknown
threat to our bodies (Lavie et al., 2019; Jiménez-Pavón et al., 2020).
2.3Review of Postmodern Development
Chen et al. (2020). Specified that regular physical activity, together with other
precautions, is thought to be useful in combating the COVID-19 pandemic’s health
effects Regular exercise, according to researchers from the University of Virginia
Health System (Yan and Spaulding, 2020), may minimize the risk of acute
respiratory distress syndrome, which is one of the leading causes of mortality among
COVID-19 patients. Exercise and physical activities are also crucial for a person’s
psychological well-being (Stathi et al., 2002; Lehnert et al., 2012). Exercise can play
an important role in promoting healthy mental health and well-being, according to a
large body of evidence (Mazyarkin et al., 2019). Individuals will find it difficult to
satisfy the overall WHO requirements (150 minutes moderate to mild PA or 75
minutes intensive PA per week or a combination of both) because health promotion
activities such as sports and regular gym exercises are not available in this
pandemic circumstance (Bentlage et al., 2020). How people survive and find ways to
maintain their physical fitness in the face of pandemic-related restrictions (home
confinement and shuttered gyms, parks, and fitness facilities) remains an important
subject.
Current studies demonstrate that, despite their first feelings of nervousness
and panic, as well as a lack of motivation to exercise at home, fitness freaks were
able to transition to home exercises with the help of social media and music. One
could argue that theses studies mainly featured fitness freaks who have a hard time
separating themselves from physical activities for lengthy periods of time, and that
this was the driving force for their transition to home-based exercises. However,
there is no doubt that the outcomes of this study have indicated that physical
exercise, when undertaken on a regular basis, has the ability to reduce the negative
physical and psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of
these studies might thus be applied to the general population in order to urge them
to participate in physical fitness routines, which would result in improved physical
health as well as psychological health and well-being. To use social media, music,
and/or similar techniques to increase adherence to physical exercises; and to
practice dancing and yoga to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as
erectile dysfunction (Chennaoui et al., 2015). It should also be mentioned that one
should begin physical activity and its alternatives in a gradual manner, and that one
should choose the volume and intensity of these exercises based on his or her
fitness levels.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.0Introduction
This chapter discusses the methods that have been used in the collection and
analysis of data to answer the primary and secondary research questions of the
study. It explains the research design, sampling techniques and data collection
methods used; and describes how data collected from the research has been
analyzed. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used in
carrying out this research. However, the overall approach will be qualitative because
qualitative methods focus on the experiences of people involved, and attempt to
understand the reasons behind certain behavior description (Taole, 2008). The
evaluation has been carried out using survey questionnaires through Google form.
The literature review and interviews are used to collect qualitative data while
questionnaires are used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data; thus the two
will complement each other.
3.1Research Design
According to Yin (1994: 19) as stated in Taole 2008, a research design is a plan that
guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting
observations. It is a logical model of proof that allows the researcher to draw
inferences concerning causal relations among the variables under investigation
(Taole, 2008). The research design covers sampling techniques as well as the data
collection methods that are used in this research.This chapter shows the research
procedures used in the study. The research procedures were as follows: researched
method used; population, sample size; description of respondents; research
instruments; data gathering procedure; statistical treatment of data.
3.2Population and Samples
This study will benefit the researcher to collect data from the participant. A
qualitative research design was used for the participant observations, using survey
questionnaires through Google forms, and focusing on the 1st year to 4th year
students of Bachelor in Physical wellness at the University of Makati. The
participants of this study will be eighty (80) student of Bachelor in Physical Wellness
at the University of Makati. Described qualitative research as often defined as being
subjective and findings are gathered in a written format as opposed to numerical.
The participants will answer the survey questionnaire to gather the information that is
needed for the study.
3.3Research Instrument
The research instrument used as a part of this research study is a survey
questionnaire through google forms by using internet connection. The instrument is
composed of two sections, the first part of the questions are related to how the
students of bachelor of physical wellness (BPW) how their maintaining their being fit
and the second what is the alternative ways they do to their exercise. This was done
to know what are the alternative ways to execute the exercise and maintaining being
fit and healthy.
3.4Description of Respondents
The respondents of this research study were the students of Bachelor in Physical
Wellness at the University of Makati. All participants of this study were chosen by the
researchers to participate in this study.
3.5Data Gathering Procedure
The first step used was to share the survey to the different years and level in the
course of bachelor of physical wellness and know the result and they response in the
survey. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents after securing the
permission. Copies questionnaires were distributed in order to gather the relevant
data. The instruments were retrieved after they were finished answering.
The data gathered from this researched instrument were collected and
organized according to the answers responded by the participants. Along with this
survey and questionnaires they answer.

3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Issues relating to data quality
As mentioned by Taole (2008), reliability and validity are two main criteria for
determining data quality where validity presumes reliability, that is, if a measure is
not reliable, it cannot be valid.
3.6.1 Reliability
In order to maintain reliability in the study, the researcher administered the
same type of questionnaire to all the subjects, that is, all BPW students of University
of Makati who participated in this research were given the same type of questions
with the same type of wording thus carrying the same meaning to all. The
assumption here is that all the respondents will have the same interpretation of the
questions; however, the researcher made sure that all the questions were
constructed in the English language so as to be easily read and understood by all
subjects.
3.7.2 Validity
As mentioned by Taole (2008) and Gray (2004), an instrument is valid if it
measures what it was intended to measure and covers all research issues both in
terms of content and detail. The research instruments have been designed to obtain
both validity and reliability, using the following steps:
• The researcher made an extensive analysis of the literature and research that has
been published during pandemic in order to get more details of how much emphasis
was required to address the issues in this research
• The research instruments were pre-tested using a sample of respondents to ensure
that they cover the research questions in terms of content and details (Taole, 2008)
• The questionnaires were concise and clear to increase the response rate, and to
avoid ambiguity and waste of respondents’ time.
• Neither personal nor institutional data was collected concerning the respondents
and their respective institutions and this encouraged freedom of expression and
allowed sharing both positive and negative experiences finding an alternative ways
to exercise during pandemic.

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Presentation of Data
~ Tabular / Textual / Graphical
• Analysis of Data
~ State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences, e.g.
in the studies involving
• Interpretation of Data
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Summary Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
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University of Makati

J.P. Rizal Ext. West Rembo 1215 Makati, Philippines

Alternative to the BPW Students

of University of Makati 2021-2022

Filomeno, Anton Lester D.

Sayson, Jade Kobe Garette A.

Valenzuela, Godwin Austen G.

Villegas, Lance Jasper N.

The Problem and Its Background

limitation as well as providing the definition of terms used by the researchers

throughout their study.

is to practice social distancing. The mandated lockdown has impacted many

elements of people’s lives, including everyday fitness activities of fitness freaks,

organizations’ safety procedures and health regulations. These alternative methods

them to perform a variety of exercises. Technology improvements also assist in

motivating individuals to engage in home workouts by providing programs that

to overcome psychological challenges and physical worries by doing regular fitness

(2003). Academic libraries’ electronic resources, notably streaming video, have

confinement has led in a reduction in all types of physical activity, an increase in

severely impacted. In addition, this study emphasizes the necessity of fitness,

1.2 Background of the Study

During the epidemic, everyone is putting an extra effort to be fit and

activities, limited social communication, uncertainty, and helplessness can contribute

experiencing psychological issues as a result of their concern of developing the

activity can be beneficial in dealing with such health-related issues.

the harmful effects of diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease,

and respiratory disease. Physical inactivity as a result of current pandemic

Regular physical activity, together with other precautions, is thought to be

useful in combating the COVID-19 pandemic’s health effects. Regular exercise,

respiratory distress syndrome, which is one of the leading causes of death in

psychological well-being. Exercise can play an important role in promoting healthy

mental health and well-being, according to a large body of evidence. However, in a

WHO guidelines (150 minutes of moderate to mild PA or 75 minutes of intensive PA

per week or a combination of both). In the face of these pandemic-related

remains a key question.

1.3Significance of the Study

an overview of the Alternative Ways of fitness During Pandemic.

A conceptual framework is used to understand the place of and inform the

direction of a research project. A conceptual framework uses previous research to

This study has made use of Input-Output-Process (IPO) model as system of

Statement of the Problem -Evaluation of Surveys

Fig.1.1 Conceptual model of the study

statistical analysis of the data.

to the BPW Students of University of Makati 2021-2022

overcome, bolstering self-efficacy, and creating social environments that promote

perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The Affective-Reflective

Hypothesis (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise is a dual-process theory in

Automatic affective valuation refers to the unattended assigning of positive or

negative value to a stimulus as a result of repeated exercise-related emotional

experiences mediated by cognitive evaluations or repeated experiences of core

affective reactions to stimuli. If self-control resources are present, the automatic

affective valuation can be used as the foundation for a controlled, reflective

appraisal. The reflective appraisal is based on previous experience and mental

simulation to form hypotheses regarding exercise and physical inactivity. This

process may also be aided by higher-level cognitive functions such as deliberative

to a trigger, but the regulated response might lead to action plans.

This theory is designed to explain and predict behavior in situations when

experience, sentiments, and ideas determine whether someone is willing to

through exercise. This proposes that, when confronted with an exercise-related

stimulus, one’s negative emotional value of exercise will serve as a restraining

(Deci and Ryan, 1985).

1.6Statement of the Problem

Withal, this paper specifically aims to answer the following questions: