HEALTH PREPARATIONS OF THE OVERWEIGHT AND UNDERWEIGHT

CRIMINOLOGY INTERNS FOR THEIR OFF-CAMPUS DEPLOYMENT: A

PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of Criminology Department

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CORNITO, CHRISAN G.

DAGAMI, ALDREN

DIONESIO JR. RICHARD C.

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 March, 2022

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Obesity and overweight are defined as an abnormal of fat accumulation

that present health risk, a range of 25 to 29.9 of BMI is considered as

overweight while 30 above of BMI is obese and underweight is body weight

that is too low for a normal healthy adult or child. Obesity, overweight and

underweight has become a serious health problem specifically in law enforcer

interns and the prevalence has been increasing at an alarming rate in both

developed and developing countries. However, Rawal et al., (2021) find out

that underweight was associated with significantly more eating whilst studying

for exams, while excessive weight was associated with less incorrect

knowledge on behaviours causing overweight. Moreover, underweight law

enforcer intern students showed more suboptimal knowledge and unhealthy

behaviours.

In China, a study on obesity and overweight revealed in University in

China which was published in July 2020 with a collaboration of foreign and

local authors showed that among Chinese college students there were 22.7%

of males and 8.4% of females aged 19-22 years were overweight and obese

due to impair of self-control and deteriorate health behaviours such as

changing the dietary pattern turning the increasing risk of obesity and

overweight due to large amount of intake in calories, carbohydrates and

sugars when academically stress (Chen, 2020) stressed out that during the

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years up to age 19 tends to take in an overabundance of refined sugars,

unhealthy fats, cholesterol and sodium.

In national setting, a study done in University of La Salette Santiago

City, Isabela, Philippines in the collaboration of foreign and local authors

shows that the prevalence of obesity among students of the University is

higher (33%) than the Philippines prevalence which range at 31.1%. It is

concluded that the prevalence of obesity among the university students is

high due to lack of specific anti-obesity health program, abundance of food

outlets that serves high- calorie and high- fat foods, and lack of national law

about food choices to be served to students in tertiary level (Ramos 2020).

Philippine laws and policies focus only on school health programs which is

limited only to basic education, in the context tertiary and higher education

assessing health programs on preventing obesity of higher education

institutions in the Philippines are scarce (Peltzer et al., 2019; World Health

Organization, 2020).

The prevalence of overweight and obesity can reach 70-75% among

populations, which could have a negative impact on their health and

performance, especially for law enforcement interns. The general population

has a well-established relationship between overweight and underweight, but

studies on such relationships among law enforcement personnel have not yet

been reviewed, summarized, and evaluated collectively. Therefore, the

objective of this systematic review or study was to examine the existing

literature regarding the connection between interns in law enforcement being

overweight or underweight. The aforementioned issue is also observed by the

researchers of Davao De Oro State College within their premises where some

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of the criminology 4th year students are in the state of overweight and

underweight. It is apparent that some of them are not following proper diet.

For these reasons, the researchers of Davao De Oro State College decided to

conduct this study to unravel the experiences of the students in the issue of

being obese and underweight in preparation for their internship.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of conducting this phenomenological study is to prepare

the health of the overweight and underweight criminology interns for their off-

campus deployment. In order for them not to lack of energy during their off-

campus deployment.

Various aspects of interns in criminology such as their physical

preparation, specifically their physical health, along with their psychological

well-being, are being investigated for the study. The research aims to ensure

that new interns are well-prepared for the possibility of engaging in physical

work and in new positions, roles, and environments. In addition to helping

incoming interns relax and manage stress more efficiently, physical fitness

also helps officers feel more confident in their abilities and make better

judgments about how much action is required in specific task scenarios

(Moore, 2006).

Research Questions

This study aims to explore the health preparations of the overweight

and underweight criminology interns for their off-campus deployment

precisely. In addition, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

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 1. What are the experiences of the overweight/underweight Criminology

Interns in preparation for their psychological health before their off-

campus deployment?

2. What are the experiences of the overweight/underweight Criminology

Interns in preparation for their physical health before their off-campus

deployment?

3. What is the coping mechanism of the overweight/underweight

criminology interns to be psychologically/physically fit?

Theoretical Lens

This study was anchored to Health Promotion Model Theory. The

Health Promotion Model theory by Nola Pender was first published in 1982

and was later enhanced in 1996 and 2002. The goal of the Health Promotion

Model was to serve as a "complementary counterpart to health protection

models." It creates to integrate ways of behaving for further developing

wellbeing and applies across the life expectancy. As a foundation for

behavioural counseling to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles, its goal is

to help understand the major determinants of health behaviours.

In addition, the term "health promotion" refers to actions that are

motivated by the desire to improve well-being and realize one's full health

potential. It is a way to deal with wellbeing (Gonzalo, 2023). "A positive

dynamic state not merely the absence of disease" is the definition of health in

the health promotion model proposed by Pender. The goal of health

promotion is to make a client feel better. It describes people's multifaceted

nature as they interact with their surroundings to pursue health.

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 In addition, health promotion model theory will be used by researchers

to determine the health implications of overweight and underweight

criminology for their off-campus deployment. In addition, this kind of theory is

the best one for understanding this amazing study about the health of

criminology interns. As a result, researchers call for the development of some

of the behavioural health issues connected to the advantages of being a

healthy student. In particular, the researchers argue that health behaviours,

such as avoiding infections or diseases to protect against attacks during times

of increased vulnerability, direct human behaviour.

Significance of the Study

This research aims to conduct a complete examination, with the

ultimate goal of carefully analysing the physical activity of incoming

criminology internship students. The research will benefit a large number of

different elements of the community, including, but not limited to, the

following:

Criminology Aspirants. Criminology students will benefit from this

study's high-quality services for maintaining good health and overcoming

challenges while on duty. As mentioned earlier, the study's findings would

stress the implications of internships. Students may obtain information due to

their personal experiences and the insights that the study will provide. The

inquiry's conclusion will indicate how prepared they are for the internship. The

study could assist the learners in recognizing the areas of physical

preparation they need and the importance of performing preparation prior to

the internship experience.

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 Philippine National Police. The Philippine National Police will be able

to benefit from this study in identifying obstacles and assisting them in finding

solutions. Additionally, in the sense that they are able to express their most

sincere feelings while working and maintaining good health. These

experiences may have a significant impact on the initial shift toward providing

high-quality police services.

Parents. This research will also inform parents how they might

encourage or motivate their children to become more rigorous students in

their field of study. The study may help them understand the requirements

and demands of their child and educate them on what they can do to help as

guardians.

College Administration. The conclusion of the investigation would

identify the growth of criminology students. According to the investigation

findings, the students and instructors may produce new knowledge from the

analysis that might be helpful information for them in their future endeavours.

Future Researchers. The study's findings will serve as a resource and

a road map for future researchers who want to do similar research with

criminology interns.

Definition of Term

The following terms used in this study is operationally and categorically

defined:

Physical Health. It refers to a condition of health and well-being,

particularly the capacity to participate in and complete components of sports,

jobs, and everyday activities (WHO 2018). Physical health will be examined to

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determine the learners' level of preparedness for the internship (Milligan,

2017). Moreover, physical health can be defined as the normal functioning of

the body. Representing one dimension of total well-being, it's about how your

body grows, feels and moves, how you care for it, and what you put into it.

Overweight. It refers to as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation

that presents a risk to health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered

overweight, and over 30 is obese (WHO, 2016).

Underweight. It refers to a person is a person whose body weight is

considered too low to be healthy (WHO, 2016)

Physical Preparation. It is the efforts put forth by the new interns in

order for them to be successful in their future duties. Thus, physical

preparation improves their physical attributes, improving their performance

(Kamolidin, 2021).

Internship. It is a limited-time opportunity to get job experience with

the assistance of a company.

Limitations and Delimitations of the study

This research aims to ascertain new interns' preparations of their

physical preparation before starting work. The investigation will focus only on

the study's stated objectives since the research will not seek to elicit other

opinions from criminology students. The study includes just selected learners

from Davao De Oro State College. The study will not take into account for

non-interns’ criminology as participants. The investigation will be carried out

by researchers between March and April 2022. Data from prior months and

years will not be included in the evaluation of the outcome. Finally, in order to

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collect data, this study will conduct face-to-face inquiry with 14 participants, 7

of whom will participate in a focus group discussion and 7 in an in-depth

interview.

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 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

Presented in this section are the review of related literature and studies

pertaining to the said topic which was taken from different sources such as

internet, books, newspaper articles, journals, and other reading materials.

Overweight and Underweight

In World Health Organizations, overweight and obesity are defined as

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body

mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese.

The issue has grown to epidemic proportions, with over 4 million people dying

each year as a result of being overweight or obese in 2017 according to the

global burden of disease. Rates of overweight and obesity continue to grow in

adults and children. From 1975 to 2016, the prevalence of overweight or

obese children and adolescents aged 5–19 years increased more than four-

fold from 4% to 18% globally (Kaple, 2023).

In addition, once considered a problem only in high-income countries,

overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise in low- and middle-

income countries, particularly in urban settings. Moreover, Radzi et al., (2019)

findings indicate that unhealthy eating like fast food and soft drinks, using

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social media, and stress have the greatest impact on obesity and overweight.

Thus, vast majority of overweight or obese children live in developing

countries, where the rate of increase has been more than 30% higher than

that of developed countries.

Health Preparations

A great way to acquire the knowledge and abilities necessary for

success as a healthcare professional is through higher education. However,

the most beneficial learning opportunities frequently exist outside of the

classroom (Kaple, 2023). Individuals can demonstrate what they’ve learned

on campus and gain enough practical experience through internships to be

competitive in the job market. Even better, internships can directly lead to full-

time and part-time positions in a variety of healthcare establishments. Thus,

the school’s innovative internship preparation provides practical know-how

and interpersonal communication skills essential for students to assume

responsibility for health care in their internships.

The transition from student to professional is not always

straightforward. According to Anjum (2020), students face numerous

obstacles upon entering the workplace. By applying their conceptual

knowledge to the new work environment, they must adapt to the professional

environment. In addition to enhancing students' personal abilities, these

internship programs also enhance their professional development and

experience. Furthermore, internship programs enable students to get training

during their course programs and save companies’ supervision and training

costs by providing them trained employees.

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 The study of psychological health is primarily concerned with social,

emotional, cognitive, and behavioural health. Similar to physical fitness,

psychological wellness is a crucial component of our entire holistic well-being.

In addition, Galderisi et al., (2015) specifies that healthy psychological well-

being includes having balanced emotions, thoughts, and actions as well as

the absence of symptoms of mental health problems or a diagnosis of a

mental health disease. When our psychological state is unstable, we may

have problems with indecisiveness, managing our emotions, controlling our

behaviours, dealing with people, and handling stress and other challenges. At

this point, this psychological health is really one of the factors that affects the

health preparation of the intern students most especially when they belong in

the overweight and underweight phase.

Psychological preparation can also help criminology students to gain a

better understanding of the expectations of the internship, their own goals and

values, and how to best use their skills and strengths to succeed in their job.

Addedly, Balfour et al., (2014) claims that psychological preparation is a key

factor in helping overweight and underweight criminology students to make

the most of their off-campus deployment. It can help criminology students to

better understand their own individual needs, build self-awareness and

confidence, and develop strategies for managing their emotions and

behaviours in the workplace. For overweight criminology students,

psychological preparation can include learning how to manage physical

discomfort and how to respond to bias or discrimination. For underweight

students, preparation may involve developing better eating and exercise

habits to help them maintain a healthy weight. It can also help them to

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develop better stress-management skills and identify any potential health risks

associated with their weight.

Moreover, health is an important factor to consider when discussing the

internship opportunities of overweight and underweight students. In the results

of World Health Organization (2021), for a sizable section of the world's

population, job and mental health are inextricably linked. Having a healthy

mental state can help students to be more productive and successful during

their internships. It is important to create an environment where overweight

and underweight students feel comfortable and accepted, and where they are

provided with the necessary resources to help them succeed. Furthermore,

the absence of mental health issues is only one aspect of mental health.

Instead, mental health is a condition of mental well-being that helps people to

handle life's pressures, to understand their potential, to do effectively at work

and in school, and to give back to their communities.

Poor mental health has a detrimental effect on a person's cognitive,

behavioural, emotional, social and relational well-being and functioning, their

physical health, and their personal identity and well-being as connected to

work. In addition, Kleinman (2008) states that whether or not work has been a

direct factor, mental health issues do exist. A decrease in productivity can

therefore impede a person's ability to participate in the workforce and

performance, a decline in one's capacity to work safely, or trouble keeping or

landing a job.

Burnout, depression, anxiety disorders, sleeping problems, and other

ailments might emerge from the psychological distress that follows.

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Furthermore, (Slade et al., 2012) stresses that heavy workloads, long shifts, a

fast pace, lack of physical or psychological safety, chronic care, moral

conflicts, perceived job security, bullying at school, and a lack of social

support are just a few of the variables that lead to higher stress among

students. Therefore, it is vital to identify and reduce these work-related risk

factors to preserve the mental health and well-being of the students.

Physical health can be described as the normal functioning of the body.

It is concerned with how your body develops, feels, and moves as well as how

you take care of it and what you put inside of it. It is one aspect of overall well-

being. Also maintaining good physical health decreases your risk of

developing conditions such as obesity, heart disease, stroke and some

cancers (Defence Health Hub, 2022). Being physically healthy also helps you

to manage life's challenges by protecting you against fatigue, injury and

illness. Additionally, (Knapen et al.,2015) states that regular exercise and

physical activity have proven health advantages, according to research.

Significant losses in psychological and physical functions brought on by

chronic illnesses like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension,

obesity, depression, and osteoporosis have been linked to particularly big

health benefits.

Healthy students are believed to learn more effectively and creatively.

In a study of (Basch 2010), Physical health is an important moderating factor

in a student's capacity to learn, even though academic performance results

from a complicated interaction between intelligence and contextual factors.

According to numerous studies, physical activity is linked to a variety of

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positive health outcomes, including cardiovascular and muscular fitness, bone

health, psychosocial outcomes, and cognitive and brain health.

Unintentionally, state-mandated academic success testing has

decreased opportunities for students to engage in physical activity both inside

and outside of the classroom. In this context, (Pellegrini & Bohn, 2005)

stipulates that some students are excluded from physical education courses

or recess to take part in remedial or enrichment learning activities aimed at

improving academic performance, in addition to a general movement in

school time away from physical education to make more time for academic

subjects.

However, there is scant evidence to back up the claim that studying for

longer periods of time will result in higher exam scores. In fact, 11 of 14

correlational research on physical exercise in the classroom show a

favourable correlation between academic achievement (Rasberry et al.,

2011). Overall, a rapidly expanding body of research indicates that time spent

engaging in physical activity is linked to both a healthier body and mind

(Hillman et al., 2008). Physical health preparation of overweight and

underweight students for their internship can be advantageous for both the

student and the employer. For the student, it can allow them to present

themselves in the best possible light, and demonstrate their dedication and

commitment to their internship. Being physically fit can also help to boost self-

confidence and create a positive impression with potential employers. For the

employer, having a physically fit intern can help to increase productivity, as a

healthy body is better equipped to handle the rigors of a work environment.

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 This study looks at how physical health preparation for overweight and

underweight students impacts their internship experience. It is important to

understand the physical and mental effects of weight on students so that

appropriate interventions can be employed to help support students as they

transition into their internships. Specifically, this study seeks to identify if

physical health preparation such as nutrition counselling, physical activity, and

health education can help overweight and underweight students better

prepare for their internships. The findings of this study could be used to inform

strategies and interventions that support the physical and mental health of

students transitioning into the workforce. Furthermore, having a physically fit

intern can also help to reduce the risk of workplace injuries and the

associated costs. In addition, physical health preparation can help to promote

a healthy, active lifestyle among students that can lead to long-term health

benefits. Overall, physical health preparation of overweight and underweight

students for their internship can be beneficial for both the student and the

employer.

This study looks at how psychological preparation can help overweight

and underweight students better prepare for their internships. The study found

that students who received psychological preparation before their internships

had better outcomes than those who did not. This research suggests that

psychological preparation can be an effective way to help students better

prepare for a career-related experience. The findings could be especially

helpful for students who are struggling with their weight, as the psychological

preparation could help them better manage their expectations and challenges

related to the internship. It could also help them build self-confidence in order

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to succeed. Overall, this study provides important insights into how

psychological preparation can help students better prepare for their

internships.

Existing Coping Strategies

The advantages of health preparation for overweight and underweight

students for their internships are numerous. Firstly, it can provide a more

positive experience for the student as they will feel more confident and

capable of completing the internship. Secondly, it can help to reduce the

potential risks associated with being overweight or underweight. This includes

reducing the risk of developing chronic illnesses or conditions that may arise

from an unhealthy lifestyle.

Additionally, it can help to improve the overall physical and mental

health of the student, as well as providing them with the skills and knowledge

needed to properly manage their weight in order to stay healthy and achieve

their goals. Finally, it can help to provide students with a sense of

accomplishment, as they are able to see the tangible results of their hard

work.

In the research conducted by (LeBoutillier et al., 2012). The health

preparation of overweight and underweight students for their internship can be

a challenge, especially if they are not used to a certain lifestyle. However,

there are several coping mechanisms that can help them to better prepare

themselves for the upcoming internship.

First, it is important to focus on healthy eating habits. This is especially

true for overweight students, as they need to watch their calorie intake and

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focus on eating nutrient-dense foods. For underweight students, they should

focus on adding more calories to their diet and not skipping meals. Eating

regular meals and snacks throughout the day will help them to maintain a

healthy weight. Second, regular physical activity is important for both

overweight and underweight students. Exercise helps to maintain proper

weight and keep the body functioning properly. Exercise can also help to

reduce stress and improve mental health.

Third, proper sleep hygiene is important. Sleeping enough hours each

night will help to keep the body healthy and boost the immune system. It will

also help students to stay focused and alert during their internship. Finally, it

is important to practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques. This will help

to reduce stress levels and keep the body and mind balanced.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

As previously stated, this study aims to explore the physical

preparation of incoming interns. The analysts will devise a comprehensive

plan of action to achieve the aim. While sticking to the essential objectives

and conceptual framework, empirical evaluation is carried out. In addition to

the numerous processes described, models are built based on the material

that has been reviewed. Scientific techniques include study design, sample

collecting, and data processing, to name a few examples. This chapter

describes choosing a representative population sample from a larger

population. Data collection and analysis are equally important. Even greater

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emphasis has been placed on it. Finally, this section discusses the database

interpretation mechanism used in the report.

Research Design

In order to obtain essential data for this qualitative research, a

phenomenological technique is to be employed. When it comes to studying

qualitative research, it is defined as the study of their quality, the context in

which they exist, or the perspectives from which they may be observed.

However, it does not include studying the range, frequency, or location in an

objectively specified chain of cause and effect (Busetto et al., 2016).

Meanwhile, phenomenological research is a qualitative research

technique that focuses on the shared experiences of one or more persons in a

group setting. The approach's primary purpose is to provide a detailed

description of the witnessed event (Creswell, 2013).

Research Locale

The present study will be conducted in Davao De Oro State college

students in one of the state colleges in Compostela Province. This province is

found at the heart of Agusan del Sur (North), Davao Oriental (East and South)

and Davao del Norte (West). Compostela Valley Province is popularly known

as one of the largest gold reserves in Southern Mindanao and the third in the

whole country along with its agricultural industries and its one of kind natural

tourists’ destinations.

The state college is a neophyte institution that exists for more than five

years now. It has produced licensed professional teachers last 2018 and now

tagged as the Top 2 and 3 performing school nationwide in the board

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examination for teachers, for Montevista and Compostela Branch,

respectively. The said institution is now on its second year to produce globally

competent graduates that could compete in the global arena through their

skills.

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Figure 2. Map of the Research locale – Davao De Oro, Region XI

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Role of the Researcher

In qualitative research, the researcher's involvement in the study is

very crucial since they attempt to access the thoughts and feelings of study

participants. This is not an easy task, as it involves asking people to talk about

things that may be very personal to them. Furthermore, one of the

researchers' primary responsibilities is to adhere to protocols and principles,

which state that qualitative inquiry is for researchers who are eager to devote

significant time to data collection, data analysis, reflexivity, and writing long

passages on their own to produce credible and cogent results, and the

primary responsibility of the researcher is to protect participants and their

confidentiality data (Creswell, 2012).

Researchers in this study also figure out numerous roles, such as a

note-taker, translator/interpreter, recorder, reviewer and interviewer when

deciding on the phenomenological design of our study. It is researchers’

responsibility take down notes everything that is gathered from the

participants, to translate words, and to interpret data given by the participants.

In addition, it is researchers’ duties to record everything that is gather from the

research for future use, and most specially, researcher’s biggest role is to

interview the participants to produce a reliable and valid research study.

As a result, the researchers will explain the study without biasing

potential participants, conduct interviews properly according to the design,

make appropriate field observations, and select relevant books, reviews,

literature, and journal portions related to the study (Creswell, 2013).

Furthermore, the researchers maintain the confidentiality and privacy of the

participants during and after the interview. Moreover, it is the researcher's

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responsibility to develop or link questions from the internet about the chosen

topic, which is critical in setting a direction for the entire research project.

Research Participant

The study will use purposive samples from 4 th year criminology intern

students of Davao De Oro State College Main Campus. The included

participants were a total of 14, 4 th year criminology intern students, these will

seven (7) for the In-depth interview and seven (7) also for the focus group

discussion and are currently studying in the first semester of academic year.

Purposive sampling will be employed to find the included intern students who

are capable of answering the questions based on their degree alignment with

this research. They will be chosen because they need to be totally fit to in

order for them to proceed on their internship. This study will exclude students

who are not 4th year criminology intern students. The researcher's primary

concern is for the participant's well-being. The researchers are safeguard the

security and confidentiality of the participants' information. Prior to the study's

conduct, consent will be requested. Thus, participants may withdraw from the

study at any point if they feel intimidated or uncomfortable.

Data Collection

In phenomenological data collection, it is expected to collect data in a

variety of ways to better assess the significance of the findings. During the

collection phase, it is essential to ensure that your data is complete and

collected in a legal and ethical manner. The researchers request the DDOSC

College President's permission to carry out the study in a formal letter. After

receiving an official approval, researchers then undergo the research ethic

committee for further validity, and lastly, a request letter were sent to the

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respondents known as participants informed consent for the participants to

fully aware that they are the chosen participants in the study.

The researchers will conduct in-depth one-on-one interviews with

participants who speak multiple languages in order to collect data. Bisaya,

English, or a combination of these three languages will be used by

participants to respond. In collecting the data, the researchers followed the

ethics and principles of conducting the study. The researchers will present

and gather the data through the structured questionnaire through face to face

to unravel the experiences of the 4 th year intern criminology students in

preparation of their internship as being overweight and underweight. The

researchers will interpret the data and information and will make everything as

confidential for the participants.

In addition, the descriptive, phenomenological, and human scientific

perspective that the researchers in this study gain from interviewing is

examined. Moreover, concerning phenomenological researcher-related

reflective and evaluative criteria, methodological issues are brought up.

Furthermore, the selection of participants, the number of participants in a

study, the interviewer and the questions, and data collection procedures are

all discussed as data collection issues. Thus, it was concluded that

phenomenological research methods must be criticized within a

phenomenological theory of science rather than evaluated using an empiricist

theory of science.

Data Analysis

To assess the data for the study, the researchers shall follow a

Thematic Analysis method that is commonly used to analyse qualitative data.

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According to Caulfield (2022), thematic analysis often refers to a collection of

texts, such as interviews or transcripts. Through thematic analysis, the

researchers are able to find common themes, such as concepts or patterns,

that are consistent with the answers of each individual, which is carefully

analysed in the study.

In addition, the data in this study will be analysing using a thematic

approach, which is a good way to find important or interesting themes,

patterns, and responses from the participants and use these themes to

discuss the research or an issue. Furthermore, this is much better suited for

interpreting data and doing more than just summarizing it when it comes to

the health preparations of criminology intern students who are overweight or

underweight.

Ethical Considerations

There are certain limits to phenomenology because it is done on actual

individuals. Before you begin, there are a few unique ethical considerations to

be aware of. Individuals imprisoned in compliance with the code of ethics are

the primary focus of our research. Because they are experts, we must assure

them safety and total protection in order to keep their faith in us. In performing

this investigation, we shall adhere to the following ethical criteria as stated by

(Boyatzis, 1998; Mack et al, 2005).

Vulnerability. The vulnerable of this research study are those people

whose ability to protect their own interests as research subjects is jeopardized

by the procedure of informed consent or refusal. Thus, the theoretical

25
foundation and practical application of ethics in human subject’s research are

built on this foundation.

Recruitment. Participants are encouraged to participate by accepting

to the researcher's agreement, but they are under no obligation to do so.

Furthermore, the persons who are being recruited for this study are those who

have lived the activities associated with the concept or phenomenon under

investigation.

Assent. It is one of the important to consider in a study since this

assent provide subject's willingness to participate in research by persons who

are by definition too young to give informed consent but who are old enough

to understand the proposed research in general, its expected risks and

possible benefits, and the activities expected of them as subjects.

Risks. The researcher guarantees that the volunteer will not be placed

in a difficult circumstance. As a result, the researcher will gather information

through Google Meet.

Benefits. Students studying criminology will profit from the conclusions

of this study.

Incentives or Compensation. This study is purely voluntary.

However, the participants are benefited in the conclusion of this endeavor.

Community Consideration. In conducting the study, the researchers

need to recognized the community as a unit of identity and attempt to work

with existing communities to adjust and understand the behavior of the

participants.

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Collaborative study term or reference. The researchers credit the others work

with the proper source and author information.

Conflict of Interest (COI). The study has no touch of personal

considerations, and should be carried out completely.

Privacy or Confidential. In a study, confidentiality or privacy should

be observed toward the results and findings, as well as the protection of

participants' identities. It is also recommended that all materials, such as

videotapes, encode transcripts, notes, and other materials, be destroyed after

the data has been analyzed.

Inform Consent Process. It is one of the most important ways to

demonstrate respect to individuals before collecting data in a study by

informing participants about the aim and objectives of the research study in

which they will be participating. As a result, formal consent must be presented

in order to obtain their approval.

Other Issues. Issue and concerns such as difficulties in collecting and

gathering data from participants as a result of the pandemic will be addressed

during the conduct of the study.

27
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