The Study of Logic

INTRODUCTION
Definition
• Derived from the Greek word ”logos” which means - study,
reason or discourse

• LOGIC is the science and art of correct thinking

- it is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized body of logical

truths and principles governing correct thinking
 - as an ART, logic is a “techne” and it
teaches how to make a good argument
- often called the arts of arts because it
develops and perfects the intellect which
all artists need in their work
Logic and correct thinking
• It is “correct” when it conforms to a pattern or to
rules
• Example: A ruler is 12-inch long
Pres. GMA is a ruler
Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long
-THINKING is a mental process – involves analysis,
definition, classification, comparison and contrasts,
etc.
- It guides or directs man to form correct ideas
Branches of logic
• FORMAL LOGIC
-concerned with the aspect of form which has something to do with
the correctness or sequence or the following of rules
Ex. All men are mortal
but Pedro is a man
therefore Pedro is mortal
Branches of logic
• MATERIAL LOGIC
-concerned with the aspect of subject matter or content or
truth of the argument
• Example: A ruler is 12-inch long
Pres. GMA is a ruler
Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long
KINDS
- Deductive Logic: from more to less
- Inductive Logic: implies a sense of probability
Concepts
•
and terms
The three essential operations of the intellect
Mental Operations Products External Signs

1. SIMPLE CONCEPT ORAL AND WRITTEN

APPREHENSION TERMS

2. JUDGMENT MENTAL ORAL AND WRITTEN

PROPOSITION PROPOSITIONS

3. REASONING MENTAL ORAL AND WRITTEN

AGREEMENT OR ARGUMENTS
DISAGREEMENT
Note:
• Through simple apprehension we conceive
notions or concepts;
• by means of judgment we relate concepts with
one another; and
• through reasoning we arrive at the knowledge
of new truths through previously new ones.
Example:
simple apprehension
“to know”,
“to communicate”,
“people”
Through judgment, we can affirm
“To know languages enables me to communicate with people”
“To be able to communicate with people is highly advantageous”
• Through reasoning, we can conclude

• “To know languages is highly advantageous”

concept

• The representation of an object by the intellect through

which man understands or comprehends a thing
• It is an “idea”- starts with an outside reality and
apprehended by the senses
Kinds of concept
1.First Intention: we understand what the thing is according to what
it is in reality
Ex. A dog is an animal.
Second Intention: we understand not only what the thing is
according to what it is in reality but also how it is in the mind
Ex. “Monte Vista” (Mountain View) is the name of my subdivision
Kinds of concept
2.Concrete Concepts: expresses a “form” and a “subject”
Ex. The flower rose
Abstract Concepts: has a “form” only , has intangible quality, that
which cannot be perceived by the senses
Ex. Beauty in a woman
Kinds of concept
3.Absolute Concepts: signifies the meaning of a concept, all
definitions are absolute concepts
Ex. A triangle is a three-sided figure.
Connotative Concepts: signifies a characteristic existing in the
concept, all modifiers are connotative concepts
Ex. Drummer boy
Kinds of concept
4.Positive Concepts: signifies the existence or possession of
something
Ex. happy
Negative Concepts: signifies the absence of something
Ex. sad
Seatwork #2
Underline the simple subject of each proposition then classify
according to the four kinds of concepts in the column below:
1. Justice is a prerequisite of love.
2. Men are creatures of God.
3. “Freedom” is the name of our park.
4. Honesty is still the best policy.
5. Joy is Zeny’s friend.
 Concept I or II C or A A or C P or N
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Assignment #2
Underline the simple subject of each proposition
then classify according to the four kinds of
concepts in the column below:
1. Love is a many-splendored thing.
2. “Love” is the theme of the homily.
3. The loving couple is a model to their children.
4. Hope is the opposite of despair.
5. “Hope” is the street where I live.
6. The urban poor are people in need of hope.
 Concept I or II C or A A or C P or N
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.