Digital Signal Processing

Dr.Siddanagouda.F.B
Dept. of E&C
VITS HYDERABAD
siddu.kgp09@gmail.com
 UNIT-1
Introduction
 UNIT - I:
. Introduction: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing:
.

.
Discrete Time Signals & Sequences
.

.
conversion of continuous to discrete signal
.

.
Normalized Frequency
.

.
Linear Shift Invariant
.

.
Systems, Stability
.

.
Causality, linear
.

.
differential equation to difference equation,
.

.
Linear Constant Coefficient
.

.
Difference Equations
.

. Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Time Signals

.

.
Multirate Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, Down Sampling, Decimation, Up sampling,
Interpolation, Sampling Rate Conversion.
 What is a
signal?
Any physical quantity varying with an
independent variable

Examples:
1. x(t) = 24t2
2. s(x,t) = 4x - 3xt
 Classification of Signals
Signals

Continuous Time Discrete Time

Continuous Discrete Amplitude

Amplitude

Deterministic Random

Multichannel Multidimensional

Power Signals Energy Signals

Periodic Signals Non-periodic Signals

Even Signals Odd Signals

 Classification of Signals
Amplitud Continuous Time Signals
Signals
e
If the signal is Continuous with
Continuous Time respect to the Discrete
independent
Time
variable is known as
Continuous
Continuous Discrete
Time Amplitude
Signal
Amplitude
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tim
Deterministic e
Random

Multichannel
Amplitud Discrete Time Multidimensional
e
Signals
If the signal is discrete with respect to
Power Signals Energy Signals
the independent variable is known as
Periodic Signals
Discrete TimeNon-periodic
Signal Signals

1
Even Signals 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tim
Odd Signals
e
 Classification of Signals
Continuous Amplitude
Amplitud
e 6
Signals
Signals

5
Continuous Time Discrete Time
4
3
2
Continuous Discrete Amplitude
Amplitude
1

Deterministic Tim
Random
e

Multichannel Discrete Amplitude

Multidimensional
Amplitud
e 6 Signals
Power
5 Signals Energy Signals
4
3
Periodic Signals Non-periodic Signals
2
1
Even Signals Odd Signals
Tim
e
 Classification of Signals
Signals

Continuous Time Discrete Time

Continuous Discrete Amplitude

Amplitude

Deterministic Random

Multichannel Multidimensional

Power Signals Energy Signals

Periodic Signals Non-periodic Signals

Even Signals Odd Signals

 Deterministic Signal
. Signal having definite mathematical
relationship with respect to the
independent variable

Random Signal
. Signal having no definite mathematical
relationship known as random signal
 Classification of Signals
Multi-channel Signals One input
Signals many
Signal 1 output
Single
Continuous Time Discrete Time
Source Signal 2 Multi-
Continuous channel
Discrete Amplitude
Amplitude Signals
Signal 3
Deterministic Random

Multidimensional Signals
Multichannel Multidimensional

Power Signals Multi-

Energy Signals
Parameter 1
Signal dimensional
Parameter 2 Signals SignaNon-periodic Signals
Periodic Generato l
Signal
Parameter 3 Many input
Even Signals
r one output
Odd Signals
 Energy Signal
. An energy signal has a finite energy, energy signals
have values only in the limited time duration.
0 < E < ∞.

Power Signal
.  the power signal is not limited in time. It
always exists from beginning to end and it
never en 0 < P < ∞.
 Classification of Signals
Periodic
x (n) = {…,1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4,…}
Signals
Signals
p

No
xp(n)change
shiftedinby
the4 signal
samples
Continuous Time 4 4 Discrete
4 Time
4
3 3 3
3
2 2 2
2
Continuous
1
1 1 1 Discrete Amplitude
Amplitude
-8 - - - - - -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time
7 6 5 4 3
Deterministic Random

Multichannel Non-periodic Signals

Multidimensional
x(n) = x (n) shifted
The signal
by 4changes
samples
{1,2,3,4}
Power Signals Energy Signals
4
3
Periodic Signals 2 Non-periodic Signals
1

-8 -
Even Signals - - - - -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Odd 8 9 10
Signals 11 Time
7 6 5 4 3
 Classification of Signals
Even (Symmetric) Signal
The same Signal Signals
is obtained Amplitud
evenafter e
Continuous Time
folding 1 Discrete Time
i.e. x(n) = x(-
n)
Continuous Discrete Amplitude
Amplitude
- - - - - -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time
7 6 5 4 3
Deterministic Random

Odd
Multichannel
(Anti-symmetric) Signal
Multidimensional
The inverse of
the original Amplitud
signal is obtained e
Power Signals 4 Energy Signals
after folding 3
2
i.e. x(n) = -x(- 1
Periodic Signals Non-periodic Signals
n)
- - -2 -1
-
0 1 2 3 4 Time
4 3 1
-
Even Signals 2 Odd Signals
-
- 3
Standard Sequences
Standard Signals (Sequences)
1. Unit Sample Sequence

δ(n)

-
3
-
2
-
1
0 1 2 3 4
Sample
s
δ(n) = 1 n=0
= 0 n≠0
Standard Signals (Sequences)
2. Unit Step Sequence
1 1 1 1 1

u(n)

-
3
-
2
-
1
0 1 2 3 4
Sample
s

u(n) = 1 n ≥ 0
= 0n < 0
Standard Signals (Sequences)
3. Unit Ramp Sequence

r(n) 5
4
3
2
1

-
3
-
2
-
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Sample
s
r(n) = n n ≥ 0
= 0n < 0
Standard Signals (Sequences)

4. Exponential Sequence: x(n) = an

Rising
Exponential
a>1 a Sequence

- - - 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1
Tim
e
Decaying Exponential
a Sequence
0<a<1
- - 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 Tim
Operations
on Signals
 Operations on
Signals:
. Folding of a . Addition of two
sequence sequences
. Multiplication
. Time Shiftingof
of two
a sequence
1) Delaying a sequence sequences
2) Advancing of a sequence

Involving
Involving a two
or more
single sequence
sequences
FOLDING
Consider the sequence x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5}
5
4
3
2
x(n) 1

0
Time

The Folding Operation:

5
4
3
2
1

0
Time
The original sequence was:
5

x(n) 4
3
2
1

0
Time

The folded sequence is as shown

x(- 4
3
n) 2
1

0
Time
TIME SHIFTING
Consider the sequence x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5}

5
4
3
2
x(n) 1

0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

This sequence can be shifted on the time axis either to

the right, or to the left.
Shifting to the right causes the signal to be delayed
Shifting to the left causes the signal to be advanced in
time
 Delaying of a Sequence
The original sequence:
5
4
3
2

x(n 1

) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

Delay of one 4
5

sample 3

x(n- 1
2

1) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time
 Delaying of a Sequence
The original sequence:
5
4
3
2

x(n 1

) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

Delay of two samples

5
4
3

x(n- 1
2

2) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
 Advancing of a Sequence
The original sequence:
5
4
3
2

x(n) 1

0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

Advance of one 4
5

sample 3

x(n+1 1
2

) -
1
0 1 2 3 4
Time
 Advancing of a Sequence
The original
sequence: 4
5

3
2

x(n 1

) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

Advance of two samples

5
4
3

x(n+2 1
2

) - - 0 1 2 3 4
Time
2 1
ADDITION
Consider two sequences x1(n) and x2(n), as
shown
5

x1(n)
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4
Time

x2(n)
1 1 1 1 1

0 1 2 3 4
Time
Addition involves adding each sample of one signal with the
corresponding sample of the other signal.
5

x1(n 3
4
Similarly, rest of the
) 2 samplesare calculated by
1
adding thecorresponding
samples ofx1(n) and x2(n)
0 1 2 3 4
Time

x2(n
)
1 1 1 1 1
1
0 1 2 3 4
Time +
1
6
5

x3(n 3
4
2
) 2

0 1 2 3 4
Time
MULTIPLICATION
Consider two sequences x1(n) and x2(n), as
shown
5

x1(n 3
4

) 2
1

0 1 2 3 4
Time

x2(n 4
3

) 2
1

0 1 2 3 4
Time
 5

x1(n 3
4

) 2
1

0 1 2 3 4
Time

x2(n 4
1
3

) 2 x
1
5
0 1 2 3 4
Time
8
9
8
5
The rest of the samples
5 5 arecalculated by
x3(n multiplyingthe
) corresponding samplesof
x1(n) and x2(n)
0 1 2 3 4
Time