Bats use ultrasonic echo location to find it’s flying path, search and

catch insects. Bats operate in the frequency range of 50 – 150 KHZ.

Ultrasonic testing is the process of applying ultrasonic
sound to a specimen and determining its soundness,
thickness or some physical property.
Sound is a vibration that transmits energy by a series of
small material displacements. Vibrations above human
ultrasonic inspection
Ultrasonic testing is the process of applying ultrasonic
sound to a specimen and determining its soundness,
thickness or some physical property.
Sound is a vibration that transmits energy by a series of
Ultrasonic Testing :

High frequency [ 0.5 to 15 MHz ] ultrasound waves [ mechanical

vibrations ] are introduced into a material to detect changes in material
properties. A piezoelectric transducer is excited with a pulsating voltage
to generate ultrasound waves in the test material. The sound is
reflected back from something--either the back side of the part or from a
flaw--depending on what is in the material. When it reflects back, the
signals are detected, displayed and interpreted to determine the
thickness of the metal or the flaw that’s inside the metal.
Common uses of Ultrasonic
testing :
Thickness measurements
Corrosion mapping
Metal cracking
Bonding
Plates
Pipes
Forged products
Cast products
Rolled products
Welded joints
Concrete
Advantages :
Provides immediate information
Good penetration power. Allowing the inspection of thick
sections
Accurate determination of imperfection position and estimation
of imperfection severity.
Fast response time, Permits high speed automatic testing.
One surface access. Access is required to only one surface of
the product being inspected.
Very small imperfections can be detected
Highly sensitive to planar defects like Crack and Lack of Fusion
Disadvantages :
Provides indirect indication, Discontinuities can not be identified directly.
Requires surface preparation.
Requires full scanning of entire test area.
Requires a coupling medium which makes recording difficulties.
Conventional techniques does not provide permanent record of test signals.
Less sensitive to smaller flaw like porosity and slag fragments.
Discontinuities must be intercepted perpendicularly.
Test reliability depends on operator’s skill and attention.
Ultrasound waves are high frequency mechanical vibrations traveling
through a medium, which may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. These waves
will travel through a given medium at a specific speed or velocity, in a
predictable direction, and when they encounter a boundary with a different
medium they will be reflected or transmitted according to simple rules. This
is the principle of physics that underlies ultrasonic flaw detection.
Ultrasonic testing :
The reflections from discontinuities and the back wall are detected and
displayed as information of the test object.

Display
Frequency : All sound waves oscillate at a specific frequency, or number of
vibrations or cycles per second, which we experience as pitch in the
familiar range of audible sound. Human hearing extends to a maximum
frequency of about 20,000 cycles per second [ 20 KHz ], while the majority
of ultrasonic flaw detection applications utilize frequencies between
500,000 and 10,000,000 cycles per second [ 500 KHz to 10 MHz ]. At
frequencies in the megahertz range, sound energy does not travel
efficiently through air or other gasses, but it travels freely through most
liquids and common engineering materials.
Velocity : The speed of a sound wave varies depending on the medium
through which it is traveling, affected by the medium's density and elastic
properties. Different types of sound waves will travel at different velocities.