MUTANGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD 2018/BME/098/PS

DISPLAY DEVICES AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

MUTANAGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD
2018/BME/098/PS
ASSIGNMENT

1.
I. On the basis of applications
(a) Analog Displays e.g. CRT.
(b) Digital Displays e.g. Nixie tubes, alphanumeric display, LED.
II. On the basis of physical dimensions and size
(a) Symbol Displays e.g. Alphanumeric, Nixie tube, LED.
(b) Console Displays e.g. LED, CRT
III. On the basic of display format:
(a) Direct View Type(Flat Panel) e.g. Segmental display, dot matrix
(b) Stacked Non-planer type e.g. Nixie tube
IV. On the basis of resolution
(a) Simple single element indicator
(b) Multielement displays
V. On the basic of planar or non-planer
(a) Planer e.g. LEDs and LCDs
(b) Non-planer e.g. Nixie
2. LED
Principle of operation

An N-type layer is grown on a P-type substrate (not indicated in Figure) by a diffusion process.
Then a thin P-type layer is grown on the N-type layer. The metal connections to both the layers
make anode and cathode terminals as indicated. The light energy is released at the junction,
MUTANGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD 2018/BME/098/PS

when the recombination of electrons with holes take place. After passing through the P-region,
the light is emitted through the window provided at the top of the surface.

Advantages
a. Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent bulbs Their efficiency is not
affected by shape and size, unlike Fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
b. Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional
lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
c. Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm) and are easily populated onto printed
circuit boards.
d. On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full
brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices can have even
faster response times.
e. Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000
hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes
typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of
use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours.
f. Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external
shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
g. Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light.
h. Low toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lamps.

Disadvantages of LED
a. High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive
b. Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature
of the operating environment.
c. Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the threshold and a
current below the rating. This can involve series resistors or current-regulated power
supplies.
Applications
a. In 7-segment, 16-segment and dot matrix displays. Such displays are used to indicate
alphanumeric characters and symbols in various systems such as digital clocks, microwave
ovens, stereo tuners, calculators electronic d.c. power supplies etc.
b. For indicating power ON/OFF conditions, power level indicators in stereo amplifiers.
c. In optical switching applications.
d. For solid state video displays, which are rapidly replacing cathode ray tubes (CRT’s).
e. In the field of optical communication, where LED’s are used to transfer (or couple) energy
from one circuit to another. They are also used to send light energy to fiber optical cable,
which transmits energy by means of total internal reflection. The fiber optical cable is of
light weight, flexible, often transparent and as small a 0.043 mm in diameter.
f. For image sensing circuits in picture phone.
g. In burglar alarm systems. In such applications, LED’s radiating infrared light are preferred.
MUTANGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD 2018/BME/098/PS

Liquid Crystals Displays

A liquid crystal is a material (usually, an organic compound) which flows like a liquid at room
temperature but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with
solids (examples of such compounds are : cholestery l nonanoate and p-azoxyanisole).

Principle of operation

In (a), a liquid crystal ‘cell’ consists of a thin layer about 10 mm) of a liquid crystal sandwiched
between two glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on their inside faces. With
both glass sheets transparent, the cell is known as transmittive type cell. When one glass is
transparent and the other has a reflective coating, the cell is called reflective type. The LCD
does not produce any illumination of its own. It, in fact, depends entirely on illumination falling
on it from an external source for its visual effect.
The two types of display available are known as
(i) field-effect display and
(ii) dynamic scattering display.
When field-effect display is energized, the energized areas of the LCD absorb the incident light
and, hence give localized black display. When dynamic scattering display is energized, the
molecules of energized area of the display become turbulent and scatter light in all directions.
Consequently, the activated areas take on frosted glass appearance resulting in a silver display.
Of course, the un-energized areas remain translucent.
In (b), a digit on an LCD has a segment appearance. For example, if number 5 is required, the
terminals 8, 2, 3, 6 and 5 would be energized so that only these regions would be activated
while the other areas would remain clear.

Advantage
Extremely low power requirement (about 10-15 micro watt per 7-segment display as compared
to a few mili watts for a LED).
MUTANGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD 2018/BME/098/PS

Disadvantages
a. This is very slow device compared to LED. The turn ON and OFF times are quite large. The
turn ON time it typically of the order a few milliseconds while the turn OFF is 10
milliseconds.
b. Due to chemical degeneration, life of LCD is limited.
c. They occupy a large area.
d. Operating range of temperature form 0 to 60°C only.

Applications
a. Field-effect LCDs are normally used in watches and portable instruments such as digital
thermometers, blood pressure, blood sugar, pressure monitoring instruments etc. where
source of energy is a prime consideration.
b. Recent desk top LCD monitors.
c. Notebook computer display.
d. Cellular phone display,
e. To display data on personal digital assistant (PDAs) such as Palm Vx and pocket PCs etc.

3.
a) Resolution
It is the number of digit positions or simply the number of digits used in a meter.
b) Repeatability of digital meters
A better repeatability can be realized by making large number of measurements of a precision
source under conditions.
c) Sensitivity of digital meters
This is the smallest change of the measured signal that can be detected.
d) Accuracy specification
Accuracy is the largest allowable error that will occur under specific operating conditions. It
indicates of how close the digital meter displayed measurements is to the actual value of the
signal being measured.

4.
A data logger is any device that can be used to store data. It is applied in vehicle data logging,
environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, and machine condition monitoring.

5.
Single Channel Data Acquisition System
It consists of a signal conditioner followed by an analog to digital converter. The output are
digital code, which is further supplied to a storage or printout device, or to a digital computer
for analysis.
MUTANGANA HABIRAH MAHMOOD 2018/BME/098/PS

Multichannel Data Acquisition System

There are several single data acquisition system preceded by a multiplexer. The individual
analog signals are applied directly to the multiplexer. These signals are further converted to
digital signals by using analog to digital converter. The multiplexer is made to seek the next
channel to be converted while the previous data is stored in the sample and hold circuit is
converted into digital form. When the conversion is complete, the status line from the
converter causes the sample and hold circuit to return to the sample made and acquires the
signal of the next channel.