WHAT IS POETRY

o Type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical
arrangement of words.
o Normally, it is structured with rhyming lines and meter. But it can also be constructed in a freeform.
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TYPES OF POETRY:
Lyric Poetry
➢ refers to a short poem, often with songlike qualities, that expresses the speaker’s personal
emotions and feelings.
➢ Short, emotionally expressive poem with a songlike quality that is narrated in the first
person.
➢ It originated in ancient Greek literature and was supposed to be set to music, accompanied
by a lyre.
➢ Lyric poetry traditionally follows strict formal rules, but because of the rise of different
types of lyric poetry, there are now various different forms of lyric poetry.
Narrative Poetry
➢ is a longer form of poetry that tells an entire story, with a beginning, middle, and end. It
contains all of the elements of a fully developed story, including characters, plot, setting,
conflict, and resolution. These poems are typically told by just one narrator or speaker. It
tells stories through verse. Using a range of poetic techniques such as rhyme and meter, it
presents a series of events, often including action and dialogue.
➢ Longer form of poetry.
➢ Focuses on narrating the entire story, from beginning to end.
➢ Compare to Lyric poetry that focuses on emotions, Narrative poetry focuses on the plot.
Descriptive Poetry
➢ is the poetic equivalent of a portrait or a landscape painting. It is realistic and does not
delve into emotions and metaphor. The description in this kind of poetry becomes the
center of attention.
➢ Compare to the first two types of poetry, Descriptive Poetry is realistic and it does not dig
into emotions and metaphor.
➢ Mostly deals with a person, place, or architecture. Its main purpose is to describe these
subjects. It barely focuses on the emotions that the poet or writer did feel about the subjects.
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SUBTYPES OF POETRY:
Sonnet
 ➢ it is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries. This are made up of 14
lines and usually deal with love.
➢ This very old form of poetry was made famous by none other than William Shakespeare,
actually originated in 13th century Italy where it was perfected by the poet Francesco
Petrarch.
➢ It is derived from the Italian word ‘sonnetto’ which means ‘a little sound or little song’.
➢ From the Italian Word “sonetto”, derived from “souno” which means “a sound”.
➢ Developed by Italian poet Giacomo da Lentini in the early 13th century.
➢ But the most famous Italian author of sonnet is Francesco Petrarch. This the reason why
Italian Renaissance sonnets are called “Petrarchan sonnets.”
➢ Then the sonnet format was adopted by English poets including Elizabeth Barrett
Browning, John Donne, and the master of English sonnet William Shakespeare. And
similar to Petrarch, this is the reason why the format of English sonnets is referred to as
“Shakespearean Sonnet.”
➢ Petrarchan Rhyme Scheme: 14 lines, divided into 2 subgroups: octave (ABBA ABBA) and
a sestet (CDE CDE or CDC CDC)
➢ Shakespearean Rhyme Scheme: 14 lines, divided into 4 subgroups, 3 quatrains (ABAB
CDCD EFEF) and a couplet (GG).
➢ Spenserian – variation of the Shakespearean; more challenging rhyme scheme (ABAB
BCBC CDCD EE)
➢ Miltonic – evolution of Shakespearean sonnet. They often examined an internal struggle
or conflict rather themes of the material world, and sometimes they would stretch beyond
traditional limits on rhyme or length.

❖ Shakespearean or English sonnet

➢ of, relating to, or having the characteristics of Shakespeare or his writings. It is a variation
on the Italian sonnet tradition.
o The form evolved in England during and around the time of the Elizabethan era. These
sonnets are sometimes referred to as Elizabethan sonnets or English sonnets.
o They have 14 lines divided into 4 subgroups: 3 quatrains and a couplet. Each line is
typically ten syllables, phrased in iambic pentameter.
➢ iambic pentameter - is a line of writing that consists of ten syllables in a specific pattern of
an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, or a short syllable followed by a long
syllable.
o A Shakespearean sonnet employs the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

❖ Petrarchan or Italian sonnet – denoting a sonnet of the kind used by the Italian poet
Francesco Petrarch, a lyrical poet of fourteenth-century Italy.
o He did not invent the poetic form that bears his name. Rather, the commonly credited
originator of the sonnet is Giacomo da Lentini, who composed poetry in the literary Sicilian
dialect in the thirteenth century.
 o They have 14 lines, divided into 2 subgroups: an octave and a sestet. The octave follows a
rhyme scheme of ABBA ABBA. The sestet follows one of two rhyme schemes—either
CDE CDE scheme (more common) or CDC CDC.
Haiku (Hokku)
➢ is an ancient form of Japanese poetry of seventeen syllables that has become very popular
all over the world.
o It consists of just three lines (tercet); the first and third lines have five syllables, whereas
the second has seven, 5-7-5 syllabic format
o Haikus don’t have to rhyme and are usually written to evoke a particular mood or instance
and images of the natural world.
o It consists of 17 syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables which are unrhymed
Elegy
➢ it doesn’t have rules like some of the other forms of poetry but it does have a set subject:
death.
o They are usually written about a loved one who has passed away, but can also be written
about a group of people, too.
o Although they can sound sad, elegies often end on a hopeful note. It is a poem of serious
reflection, typically a lament for the dead.
➢ Originated from the ancient Greek tradition of “elegeia” which referred to a poetic verse
that is phrased in elegiac couplets
➢ Addresses topics such as loss, death, love, and war
➢ Form of Elegy: typically versed in couplets; in the 18th century, elegiac stanza is quatrain,
contains ABAB rhyme scheme, and each line is written in iambic pentameter.
Limerick
➢ are humorous, funny, bawdy and sometimes rude poems which were made popular
by Edward Lear in the 19th century.
o They have a set rhyme scheme of three long in length (lines 1, 2 and 5) and two short lines
(lines 3 and 4) rhyming AABBA.
o The last line is often the punchline, their sound is very distinctive.
➢ Five-line poem
➢ Single stanza
➢ AABBA rhyme scheme
➢ Subject is short, pithy tale or description
➢ Most limericks are comedic, natural, and nearly all are trivial in nature
Ballad
➢ is another old and traditional form of poetry that typically tells a dramatic or emotional
story.
o They came from Europe in the late Middle Ages and were initially passed down from one
generation to another and often with music.
 o It does have a set form; they are typically four lines (quatrain) and have a rhyme scheme
of ABAB or ABCB.
o It is a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas.
➢ Narrative poem, which mostly consists of a series four-line stanzas
➢ In general, the second and fourth lines rhyme, but it can also be the first and third line.
Some features two lines instead of four lines, making it rhymed couplets of seven-stress
lines.
➢ It is not required in balladry to tell a story, that is why the structure of ballad is narrative
poem.
Ode
➢ is one of the oldest forms of poetry and a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular
subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter which is
believed to have come from ancient Greece.
o It is derived from the Greek word ‘aeidein’ which means ‘to sing or chant’, and these
poems were originally performed with a musical instrument.
o It is typically written to praise a person, event or thing and they are usually quite short in
length.
➢ From ancient Greece, originally intended to perform publicly to celebrate athletic victories.
➢ Became popular to English romantic poets, who uses odes to express emotions using rich,
descriptive language.
➢ Short lyric poem that praises an individual, an idea, or an event.
➢ Accompanied by music.
Epic
➢ is a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and
adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
o It is a lengthy, narrative work of poetry. These long poems typically detail extraordinary
feats and adventures of characters from a distant past.
o The word “epic” comes from the ancient Greek term “epos,” which means “story, word,
poem.”
➢ Long, narrative work of poetry.
➢ Typically, epic poem is:
➢ § Written in formal style
➢ § Narrated through third person
➢ § Invokes a muse who inspires the poet
➢ § Set in an era beyond the range of any living memory
➢ § Includes obstacles and circumstances wherein the hero almost got beaten by the villain
➢ § Concern to the future of a civilization or culture
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SOUND DEVICES:
Alliteration
➢ the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected
words.
➢ Technique that makes use of repeated sound at the beginning of multiple words, grouped
together.
➢ If you want catch the attention of the readers/audience, build a momentum, create or
maintain a rhythm, then this sound device will be very useful for you.
Assonance
➢ in poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or in non-rhyming stressed syllables near
enough to each other for the echo to be discernible.
➢ Repetition of similar vowel sounds in two or more words close to each other within a line
of poetry
➢ Not only create a rhythm, set a mood, and show lyrical effect of words and sounds, but it
can also help writers to stress important words.
➢ Example: clap your hAnds, And, stamp your feet
Consonance
➢ is the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text. These alike sounds can
appear anywhere in the word, but will usually be found at its end or middle, o at the end of
the stressed syllable.
➢ Repetitive sounds produced by consonants
➢ Similar to Assonace, but instead of vowel sounds, it is made up of consonant sounds
➢ Example: mike liKes his new biKe
Onomatopoeia
➢ the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.
➢ A figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense
➢ Example: the bee buzzed; the car horn beeped
Rhyme
➢ correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these
are used at the ends of lines of poetry.
➢ Repetition of syllables, typically at the end of the verse line
Rhythm
➢ is a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.
➢ Beat or flow of the poem.
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FIGURATIVE DEVICES:
Simile
 ➢ a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different
kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.
Metaphor
➢ is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that is not literally true, but
helps explain an idea or make a comparison.
Personification
➢ the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or
the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
Irony
➢ the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite,
typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
Metonymy
➢ the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing mean.
Synecdoche
➢ is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.
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DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

Denotation
➢ is the lexical or dictionary meaning of word.
Connotation

➢ is the implied or suggested meaning associated with the word. (based on your own
definition or knowledge about the word in deeper or broader sense)
Connotative meaning of the following words. *samples given in the module*
o Baby – the greatest source of joy inside a family
o Mother – the one who keeps the family tight and cares for everyone, especially her children
o Impostor – a two-faced person
o Judge – a man of justice
o Home – a place of warmth, comfort, and affection
o depressing tears – tears out of sadness or sorrow
o mother effort – motherly love or attention
o sharp knife – painful or great pain
o sweet words – affection
o mind-changing – change in behavior
Denotative meaning of each words, based on dictionary. *samples words given in the module*
 o Impostor – one that assumes false identity or title for the purpose of deception (Merriam Webster
dictionary)
o Snatched – to seize or take suddenly without permission, ceremony, or right.
o Resembles – to be like or similar to and to represent as like
o Coincidental – occurring or existing at the same time
o Severely – causing discomfort or hardship
o Pitied – sympathetic sorrow for one suffering, distressed, or unhappy
o Scrambled – to move with urgency or panic
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EXPRESSIONS AND PHRASES

Basic Khmer Greetings
✓ Chom reap sour – Hello (formal)
✓ Susadei – Hello (informal)
✓ Soksaby – How are you? and I am fine
✓ Chom reap lear – Goodbye (formal)
✓ Lear hi – Goodbye (informal)
✓ Bah – Yes (male)
✓ Jah – Yes (female)
✓ Ot teh – No
✓ Arkun – Thank you
✓ Som dtoh – Sorry/ Excuse me
LAO phrases
✓ Saibaidee - Hello
✓ Saibaidee ton sao. - Good morning
✓ Saibaidee nyam leng. – Good evening
✓ Jao saibaidee baw? - How are you?
✓ Khop Jai or Khop Chai - Thank you.
✓ Khaw Toot - Excuse me
✓ Baw – No
✓ Baw mee – Don’t have
✓ Baw dai - Cannot
✓ Kho thot - Sorry
✓ La Gon – Good bye
✓ Nyinditonhab – Welcome!
✓ Khop jai lai lai/ khop jai deu – Thank you very much
✓ Doi – Yes
✓ Than nyinditonhab – You’re welcome
✓ Bo khop tchai – No, thank you
✓ Khoy khao jai – I understand
✓ Khoy Baw Khao Jai – I don’t understand
VOCABULARY FROM STORIES
Vietnam
➢ The cherished daughter Anonymous (c. 1700 AD)-- trans. Nguyen Ngoc Bich
magpie = used in similes or comparisons to refer to a person who collects things, especially things
of little use or value, or a person who chatters idly.
quan = coin
matchmaker = a person who arranges relationships and marriages between others, either
informally or, in certain cultural communities, as a formal occupation
areca nuts = is the seed of betel/areca palm (Areca catechu); chewed with leaves of the betel
pepper and lime as a digestive stimulant and narcotic in southeastern Asia.
suit of clothes = a set of garments (usually including jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all
of the same fabric and color
➢ A school boy’s apology by Le Thanh Huan
shrivel = to draw into wrinkles especially with a loss of moisture.
dewdrop = a drop of dew; a droplet of water formed as dew.
partitioned = the division of something into smaller parts, or something that divides a space.
➢ Inside submarines by Phan Nhien Hao tr: Linh Dinh
odd-shaped = something that is shaped like a particular object or in a particular way has the shape
of that object or a shape of that type.
plastic horizon = the line that separates two layers or divisions.
vague = not clearly, precisely, or explicitly expressed or stated; lacking clarity or distinctness
illusion = the state or fact of being intellectually deceived or misled impression of reality;
misapprehension
void = completely empty space; discharge or drain away; containing nothing
rouse = to wake someone up or make someone more active or excited
Laos
➢ There is not only you by: Dara Kanlagna
widower = who lost partner by death
descendants = originating from ancestor
anxious = uneasiness
merits = praiseworthy quality
remote = unsociable
➢ The bewail of mother By Dr. Thongkham Onemanisone Translated by Thanongsack
Vongsackd
depressing tears – tears out of sadness or sorrow
mother effort – motherly love or attention
sharp knife – painful or great pain
sweet words – affection
mind-changing – change in behavior

➢ The mosquito
Sometimes unbearable = more than can be put up with; not able to be endured or tolerated
dram taste and pleasure = a very small amount
deep a frivolous and lazy girl = of little weight or importance
who is feeble and inconstant = lacking bodily strength
whining and pleading incessantly = in an unceasing manner; without interruption or relief
Cambodia
➢ The crocodile and the 5 judges
pitiful = full of commiseration, meanness
prejudices = preconceived judgment
miseries = state of suffering
indecisive = not definite
bribes = unjust bait
➢ Bed bug and the louse
swarms of bed bugs = group of bed bugs with large in number
kinky hair = natural hair texture in Africa; frizzy hair
laughed mockingly = involves laughing at someone unkindly
end of the world = finish; termination; end time of everything
crushing with thumbnail = pressing hard between the nail of the thumb
 ➢ The two women scrambled for a baby
Baby – the greatest source of joy inside a family
Mother – the one who keeps the family tight and cares for everyone, especially her children
Impostor – a two-faced person
Judge – a man of justice
Home – a place of warmth, comfort, and affection
Brunei
➢ The oilfield labourers
distraught = deeply upset and agitated with doubt or mental conflict or pain, extremely worried,
nervous and distracted
conflagration = a destructive, very intense, uncontrollable, large disastrous and extensive fire
which destroys a great deal of land or property.
suspended = to stop, to hold or to cease something from being active, either temporarily or
permanently.
mist = a light rain or a collection of very small drops of water in the air that is like a thin fog
stumps = is a small part of something that remains when the rest of it has been removed or broken
off. (the base part)
smouldering = burn slowly with smoke but no flame. undergo slow or suppressed combustion
derrick = a tall machine with a long part like an arm that is used to move or lift heavy things
especially on ships; a type of crane used with ships
taunting = to reproach or challenge someone in a mocking or insulting manner and in a sarcastic
or scornful way; unkind remarks made to intentionally annoy and upset someone.
emblazoned = to write, print, decorate or draw (a name, picture, etc.) on a surface so that it can
be seen very clearly and in a noticeable way.
protrude = to stick out, to thrust or cause to thrust forwards, onwards or outwards.
akimbo = with hands on the hips and elbows turned outward.
frantic = emotionally out of control; extremely worried and frightened about a situation
➢ Borneo’s green heart
den = the shelter or resting place; a quiet or private room in a home.
oasis = a green spot in the desert; a place with water and plants in desert; pleasant or peaceful place
or situation.
tranquility = a state of peace and quiet; calmness and serenity
neoclassical = was a new approach to the classic era of the past. It is a term related to artistic and
creative movements that reflect qualities of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, culture, and art.
comport = to behave in a manner conformable to what is right, proper, or expected
sultanate = a state, territory or country governed or ruled by a sultan.
➢ Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem - Bandar Seri Begawan by John Tiong Chunghoo
gleaming = giving off or appearing to give off light or brightness; radiant; shining:
flora (plant life) and fauna (animal life) = a collection of plants and animals specific to a given
geographic location.
sampan = a small boat with a flat bottom skiff, used along the coasts and rivers of China and
Southeast Asia and usually propelled by two short oars.
stilts = one of a set of upright posts that are used to hold a building up above water or the ground
poignant = something that has a strong effect on emotions or the senses, especially smell; causing
or having a very sharp feeling of sadness.
rucksack = a backpack or knapsack
Baju Melayu = describes the two main parts of this outfit. The first is the Baju, a long-sleeved
shirt with a tight, high collar called a Cekak Musang. And the Seluar pants are the second element.
Similar fabrics, often cotton or a blend of polyester and cotton, are used for both parts. A traditional
Malay costume for men.
egret = any of several usually white herons that grow long-legged wading birds, graceful plumes
during the breeding season.
cutlery = the equipment or tools you use when you eat food. It refers to any hand implement used
in preparing, serving, and especially eating food in the Western world such as knives, forks and
spoons.
harem = the part of the house in traditional Muslim society reserved for women — either wives,
servants, or concubines.
Myanmar
➢ Close proximity by Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay
rubbish = unwanted material that is rejected or thrown out; debris; litter; trash.
pagoda = a tall temple or sacred building which is used for religious purposes.
bickering = often arguing about things that are not important; a petty quarrel
toddler = a young child approximately 12 to 36 months old, who has only just learned to walk or
who still walks unsteadily with small, quick steps.
heave = to push, pull, or lift a heavy object with effort or force.
stingy = unwilling to share, give, or spend possessions or money to others
spinster = an unmarried woman who is past the usual age for marrying.
nirvana = a place of perfect peace and happiness, like heaven. A place or state characterized by
freedom from or oblivion to pain, worry, and the external world.
➢ The kindergarten teacher by aung thinn
shriek = a short, loud, high cry, especially one produced suddenly as an expression of a powerful
emotion
reluctant = resisting or unwilling; feeling or showing doubt about doing something not willing or
eager to do something.
gape = to look at something or someone with your mouth open because you are very surprised or
shocked.
dame = an elderly or mature woman.
plum = is a small, sweet round fruit with a thin, smooth red or yellow skin and a stone in the
middle related to peach and cherry fruit.
➢ The wedding reception by nyi pu lay
jetty = a wide stone wall or wooden platform where boats stop to let people get on or off, or to
load or unload goods
sprigs = an ornament that resembles a spray of leaves or flowers; a small twig or stem
sauntered up = walk in a slow, casual or relaxed way without hurry or effort
shuddered = shake, vibrate or tremble suddenly and violently.
spick and span = fresh, very clean and neat;
goner = a person or thing that has no chance of succeeding or continuing to live or exist
mend = to progress toward recovery, as a sick person.
high chignon = is a sleek, elegant hairdo that's similar to a bun. A roll or knot of hair worn at the
back of the head or especially at the nape of the neck. A French term for a “hair bun”
false tress = hairpiece consisting of a tress of false hair; used by women to give shape to a coiffure,
a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness or a wig.
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WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how
we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make
choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through
adulthood.
Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking,
mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems,
including: biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry, life experiences, such as trauma or
abuse and family history of mental health problem
Mental health problems are common but help is available. People with mental health
problems can get better and many recovers completely.
Early Warning Signs
➢ Eating or sleeping too much or too little
➢ Pulling away from people and usual activities
➢ Having low or no energy
➢ Feeling numb or like nothing matters
➢ Having unexplained aches and pains
➢ Feeling helpless or hopeless
➢ Smoking, drinking, or using drugs more than usual
➢ Feeling unusually confused, forgetful, on edge, angry, upset, worried, or scared
➢ Yelling or fighting with family and friends
➢ Experiencing severe mood swings that cause problems in relationships
➢ Having persistent thoughts and memories you can't get out of your head
➢ Hearing voices or believing things that are not true
➢ Thinking of harming yourself or others
➢ Inability to perform daily tasks like taking care of your kids or getting to work or school

Mental Health and Wellness

Positive mental health allows people to:
➢ Realize their full potential
➢ Cope with the stresses of life
➢ Work productively
➢ Make meaningful contributions to their communities
Ways to maintain positive mental health include:
➢ Getting professional help if you need it
➢ Connecting with others
➢ Staying positive
➢ Getting physically active
➢ Helping others
➢ Getting enough sleep
➢ Developing coping skills