Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted in fulfillment of a part of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Interior Architecture and Design
Lincoln School of Design
UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Roman history
2.3 Medieval history
2.4 Industrial history
2.5 Conclusion
3. DEFINITION OF HERITAGE 6
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of heritage
3.3 Grade listed buildings
3.4 Conclusion
4. SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS 7
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Comparing characteristics
4.2.1 Use (utilitarian)
4.2.2 Form (morphological)
4.2.3 Approach (strategic)
4.2.4 Theory (scholarly)
4.3 Character areas
4.3.1 Norman Street
4.3.2 High street
4.3.3 Cathedral
4.4 Conclusion
10. CONCLUSION 15
11. REFERENCES 16
To understand something, we must investigate its origins, As one of the oldest and most valuable cities, Lincoln has received
history, and experiences. In this piece part A, we first look at the investments for the growth and prosperity of specific areas, which
evolution of the City of Lincoln under three significant historical we will assess in this section. We identified a number of buildings
periods: the Roman, Medieval, and Industrial. Following that, in our areas that we believe require regeneration, hence in this
we will present our definition of heritage because it is crucial for section, we want to look into the sites that might be crucial for
designers to have a clear understanding of heritage and culture. the future. In episode “Recommendations to Retain Character,”
In the summary of the characteristics, we have compared we will examine two topics: historic landscape characterization
characteristics in four ways (utilitarian, morphological, strategic, and new technologies that are very practical for this kind of
scholarly) that are very important in our definition of heritage, regeneration. We select six monuments for regeneration in
and after that, we will discuss the characteristics of the specified Part B at the conclusion of the essay since they can be more
areas (Norman Street, Free school lane, High Street, Cathedral). significant in those locations. In the end, we hope that these
The key features of each zone are covered in the fifth section. reviews and information will be useful for the development of the
We look at the area’s magnificent streets and monuments and city of Lincoln and that the features available in this city can be
analysing historic sites in those locations, including the cathedral used in the best way.
and several other structures with a long history. At the ending
of this section, we’ll discuss how globalization has impacted ’s
perspectives of Lincoln as a whole.
2
PART A
CHAPTER-2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
2.5 Conclusion
2.2 Roman history
Research into the historical development of our precinct was
One of Britain’s most ancient cities is Lincoln. The earliest summarised in this first chapter of this Historic Area Assessment,
recorded settlers in Lincoln lived close to the Brayford Waterfront which will inform our design work in future. This type of research
and date back to the first century BC. The location was once is important because it forms part of the site’s landscape; not
known as Lindon since the Celtic word “Lindo” means “The merely geographically but contextually, to be achieved through
Pool” in English. Around AD 50, the Romans were the ones analysis of external factors.
who first established a large community in Lincoln (Visit Lincoln,
n.d.) One of the main commercial centers of the city of Lincoln
is High Street, which dates back to Roman times, The area’s
distinguishing feature is High Street, which is oriented to follow
“Ermine Street,” a road constructed during the Roman Military
Era (Heritage Connect Lincoln, n.d.) Over the years, Romans,
Vikings, Saxons and Normans have all made Lincoln their home.
The settlement was abandoned after the Romans departed
Britain in 407 AD. A town was not founded inside the ancient
city walls until the Danes overthrew the region in the late ninth
century. Lincoln became into a significant trading hub throughout
the era. (Visit Lincoln, n.d.)
Figure 2.4: Lincoln Timeline Map (1897) Figure 2.5: Lincoln Timeline Map (1914)
4
Figure 2.3: Lincoln Timeline Map (1885)
As previously mentioned, the exact definition of heritage is In the UK, the heritage value of the built environment is protected
debated among designers and conservationists alike. In this by applying Grade Listings to buildings, according to the level of
chapter we will consider our own definition used for the task protection deemed necessary.
moving forward. • Grade I (one) indicates that the building is of “exceptional
interest”.
• Grade II (two) indicates that the buildings are special
3.2 Definition of heritage interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.
• Grade II* (two star) indicates that the buildings are
For this research essay, we have aligned with the World Heritage particularly important more than special interest.
Convention’s (Pocock citing World Heritage Convention, 1972)
official definitions and later provided a list of criteria (1977).
Value was organised into two areas: cultural heritage and 3.4 Conclusion
natural heritage. Architectural works that are considered ‘cultural
heritage’ if they are of “outstanding universal value from the As designers, it is imperative the heritage, or cultural significance,
point of view of history, art or science.” Comparatively, natural of a site is researched and understood fully to be sure the design
occurrences which are of “outstanding universal value from the proposal is respectful to the existing.
aesthetic or scientific point of view” (Pocock citing World Heritage
Convention, 1997). This definition continues to be relevant and
the working standard in Conservation Principles, Policies and
Guidance (Historic England, 2008).
Figure 3.1: 13. The Royal Theatre (Grade-II) Figure 3.2: 6. The Greyfriars (Grade-I) Figure 3.3: 22. Church of St.Benedict’s (Grade-II*)
6
CHAPTER-4. SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS
As design is a subjective field of study, the definition of heritage The High Street Character Area, the city of Lincoln’s commercial
is not a fixed term, and rather up for interpretation. When and retail hub, has seen numerous phases of development and
considering our definition of heritage for this project, we have rebuilding dating back to the Roman Military Era. The enormous
considered comparing in four ways, as covered in 3.2. variety of structures along its length demonstrates how High
Street was developed plot by plot as well as the various statuses
and functions of each building. (Heritage Connect Lincoln, n.d.)
4.2 Comparing characteristics
4.3.4 Lincoln Cathedral-
4.2.1 Use (utilitarian)-
Due to the massive cathedral, the continuous line of 2-3-story
Designing according to the use of a building has been constantly buildings encircling Minster Yard, and the numerous long, high
referred to throughout history, and the “doctrine of functionalism” stone and brick walls, there is a strong sense of enclosure,
has impacted contemporary architectural streams of thought including rather large enclosed public spaces and greens. The
(Spector, 2012). In our fieldwork, we studied both function and open spaces surrounding the cathedral are connected to other
form, to allow for form to follow function, but also to explore the open spaces, such as gardens, yards, or roadways. (Heritage
inverse of that truth. Connect Lincoln, n.d.)
In our precinct the buildings that we have covered do reflect 5.3.1 Lincoln Cathedral-
the characteristics that we discussed in 4.2. through the further
detail study, we have found following key features across all Lincoln Cathedral was built in 1072 AD by William the Conqueror,
three areas. it is considered one of the finest England’s gothic cathedrals. For
a brief period of time, it was considered as world’s tallest building
and it was constructed on the site of Anglo-Saxon church.
5.2 Character Areas Lincoln Cathedral is one of the few cathedrals in England that
is through and through with the process of conservation. The
5.2.1 Norman street- cathedral is to have its own personnel:
• Stonemasonry and conservation
Norman street is a street in the city of Lincoln, England that is • Glazing
0.14 miles south from the city centre of Lincoln. It covers around • Carpentry
0.12 miles (197 m). • Lead work
• Engineering and maintenance
Landmarks- Talking about the heritage buildings in Lincoln without the
• Lincoln central railway station cathedral, is missing the heart while discussing about the body.
• Lincoln central bus station when we observe all the development of the of the Lincoln as a
• Lincoln car park county since AD, it has always maintained the importance of the
heritage buildings along with the modern structures developing
Streets- around. Even the landscapes of the structure have never been
• Melville street just the elements built, they are the extensions or very much a
• Oxford street character part of the buildings. the characteristics we discussed
above which are form, use, approach and theory can be seen
5.2.2 Free School Lane- in most of the buildings whether they are heritage or modern or
altered.
Free school lane is a street in the city of Lincoln, England that is
0.04 miles north from the city centre of Lincoln. It covers around 5.3.2 Stone bow and the Guildhall-
0.09 miles (146 m).
The Guildhall was constructed in 1520, occupying the entire
Landmarks- second floor of the Stone bow, which is utilised for City Council
• St. Swithin’s Church events and for holding Full Council meetings. It is an early
• The Greyfriars 16-century structure forms an archway at the main High Street
• The Drill Hall area, houses City Council Meetings and heritage of Lincoln’s
• Lincoln Library local politics.
• Lincoln Constitutional Club The name Stone bow is derived from ‘stennibogi’, a Norse word
that means stone arch.
Streets-
• Silver street 5.3.3 The Greyfriars-
• Saltergate street
Behind St. Swithin’s church in the Downhill area of Lincoln
5.2.3 High Street- between Free School Lane and Broadgate, stands the oldest
Franciscan church building in England, the Greyfriars. The
High street is a street in the city of Lincoln, England that is 0.43 friary stretches over the west by Free School Lane and east by
miles southwest from the city centre of Lincoln. It covers around Broadgate. The friary was initially was utilised as the infirmary
1.18 miles (1,914 m). hall for the monks who formed medieval friaries in the city of
Lincoln.
Landmarks- The construction of the friary was started in 1237 and was
• High bridge completed in 1280, it took around 40 years to complete it, and it
• Guildhall stands still from the 13th century.
• Stonebow
• The Mailbox 5.3.4 High bridge-
• Church of St. Benedict’s
• Midland bank High bridge is the oldest bridge in England, that stretches over
• The Royal Theatre the river Witham near the bottom of High Street. The construction
for the bridge was completed around 1160 in order to replace the
Streets- ford across the Witham.
• Guildhall street
• Mint street
• Corporation street
• Silver street
• Clasketgate street
When you walk around the Lincoln its very obvious to see
the development of all the new buildings may it be any of in
university or may it be extensions to the existing ones, they
all have kept the Lincoln cathedral view intact. While maintain
the heritage aspects of the area intact the globalisation shows
its impact on all the characteristics. We can witness its impact
on approach people have, the changing global form and use.
This globalisation shows the elaborated approach, it shows the
economic pool. Post pandemic the world is facing multifaceted
challenges across all the sectors. It has given a new aspect to
approach, purpose and overall wellbeing of human society.
5.4 Conclusion
10
CHAPTER-6. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING PROPOSALS FOR
CHANGE
Figure 6.1: Cornhill Quarters (backside) Figure 6.2: Cornhill Quarters (frontside)
7.1 Introduction
Site-
• 311, Boots Building High Street
• 320, High street
• 302, High street
• Stonebow Centre
Assessment-
When we observed these buildings, the most important aspect
that got attention was the underutilisation of the available space.
All these structures are located in a prime location of the city
where it needs more attention. It has a potential to cater to better
purposes for commercial utilisation.
Site-
• 42, Silver Street
• 19, Fabric Corner
• 12, Fabric Corner
• 14, Fabric Corner
Assessment-
These structures need a major attention in terms of complete
change of the form and the purpose. these are big potential to
cater the future potential and expansions.
7.3 Conclusion
12
CHAPTER-8. RECOMMENDATIONS TO RETAIN CHARACTER
Character within the historic environment is important to retain Therefore, qualitative research we conducted stated the
as it provides a meaning to the places, we inhabit by providing importance of use modern technologies to conserve and restore
an identity and sense of continuity (Historic England, 2008:67). historic structures that are important to our culture and heritage,
to be used in public projects like discussed in 8.2.
9.1 Introduction
• 320
Area- High Street
Reason- Underutilisation (entire building)
• 302
Area- High Street
Reason- Underutilisation (1st floor), character and
aesthetics facing the Witham River.
• Stonebow
Area- High Street
Reason- Underutilisation of Interior spaces.
• 42
Area- Silver Street
Reason- Aesthetically underutilised, 1st floor underutilised
9.3 Conclusion
14
CHAPTER-10. CONCLUSION
Abowardah, E.S., 2016. Design Process; Strategic Thinking Caldwell, D. (2022) What you need to know about high street
in Architecture – Research Gate. Available at: https://www. in the of Lincoln, Street List. Available at: https://www.streetlist.
researchgate.net/publication/328130631_Design_Process_ co.uk/ln/ln2/ln2-1/high-street
Strategic_Thinking_in_Architecture (Accessed: November 11, (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
2022).
Britain Express (2013) Lincoln Guildhall and stonebow,
Ching, F.D., 2014. Architecture: Form, space, and order. John lincolnshire travel guide, Britain Express. Available at: https://
Wiley & Sons. www.britainexpress.com/counties/lincs/properties/Lincoln-
Guildhall.htm
Díaz-Andreu, M., 2017. Heritage values and the public, Taylor (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
& Francis. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.
1080/20518196.2016.1228213 (Accessed: November 11, 2022). Guildhall and stonebow | things to do | visit Lincoln (no date).
Available at: https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/guildhall-
Historic England, n.d. What are listed buildings? How and-stonebow
England’s historic buildings are protected: Historic England (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
| Historic England. Available at: https://historicengland.org.
uk/listing/what-is-designation/listed-buildings/ (Accessed: Britain Express (2013) Greyfriars, Lincoln, Lincolnshire Travel
November 11, 2022). Guide, Britain Express. Available at: https://www.britainexpress.
com/counties/lincs/properties/Greyfriars.htm
Konigk & Van der Wath, 2019. Designed Futures: Design (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
educators interrogating the future of design knowledge, research
and education. International DEFSA Conference. Britain Express (2013) High bridge and the Glory Hole, Lincoln,
Britain Express. Available at: https://www.britainexpress.com/
Pocock, D., 1997. Some reflections on world heritage. Area, counties/lincs/properties/Glory-Hole.htm
29(3), pp.260-268. (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
Spector, T., 2012. The ethical architect: the dilemma of City of Lincoln Council (2018) Lincoln redevelopment and
contemporary practice. Chronicle Books. Growth, City of Lincoln Council. Available at: https://www.lincoln.
gov.uk/resident/lincoln-redevelopment-growth-1
Stoppani, T., Ponzo, G. and Themistokleous, G., 2016. This (Accessed: November 13, 2022).
Thing Called Theory. Routledge.
Historic UK, n.d. Second battle of Lincoln, Historic UK. Available
Historic England, 2008. Conservation principles, policies at: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/
and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic Second-Battle-Of-Lincoln/ (Accessed: November 14, 2022).
environment. Swindon: Historic England.
Vale, D., 1997. Lincoln a place in time. Lincoln: FLARE
Basir, W.N.F.W.A., Setan, H., Majid, Z. and Chong, A., 2014. Santos, C., 2014. Lincoln, birthplace of the tanks: A brief history,
Geospatial database for heritage building conservation. In IOP The Lincolnite. The Lincolnite. Available at: https://thelincolnite.
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 18, co.uk/2014/05/lincoln-tanks-for-the-memories/ (Accessed:
No. 1, p. 012087). IOP Publishing. November 13, 2022).
Penttilä, H., Rajala, M. and Freese, S., 2007. Building information Pullen, R., n.d. Lincoln: Birthplace of the Tank, Visit Lincoln.
modelling of modern historic buildings. Available at: https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-
heritage/birthplace-of-the-tank (Accessed: November 17, 2022).
Lincoln Cathedral Connected., Lincoln Cathedral., August
13, 2018., https://lincolncathedral.com/history-conservation/ Firth, F., n.d. Old photos of Lincoln, Old Photos of Lincoln -
connected/ (accessed on November 16, 2022) Francis Frith. Available at: https://www.francisfrith.com/lincoln/
photos (Accessed: November 17, 2022).
Lincoln Cathedral http://www.famous-historic- buildings.org.uk/
lincoln.html (accessed on November 13, 2022)
16