1. Who defines culture as collective mental programming?

- Geert Hofstede

2. Who defines culture as “the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of
people”?

- David Matsumoto

3. Who defines culture as “a living, changing system that embraces our personal and social life”?

- John Mole

4. Who defines culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”?

- Sir Edward Burnett Tylor

5. Who initiated the culture and civilization debate?

- Matthew Arnold

6. Who proposed the famous ‘social definition of culture’ and in which book was it published?

- Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution

7. Name the three fundamental levels at which culture manifests itself.

1) observable artifacts
2) values
3) basic underlying assumptions

8. Name three examples of different levels of culture - cultural groups and categories.

- a national level according to one’s country (or countries for people who migrated during their
lifetime);

- a regional and/or ethnic and/or religious and/or linguistic affiliation, as most nations are composed
of culturally different regions and/or ethnic and/or religious and/or language groups;

- a gender level, according to whether a person was born as a girl or as a boy;

- a generation level, which separates grandparents from parents from children;

- a role category, e.g. parent – son/daughter, teacher – student;

- a social class level, associated with educational opportunities and with a person’s occupation or
profession;

- for those who are employed, an organizational or corporate level according to the way employees
have been socialized by their work organization (organizational/corporate/team culture).

9. Name the two reasons why culture is never perfectly shared by individuals in a population.
-sociogenic (having to do with social groups and institutions), and the other psychogenic (having to do
with cognitive and affective processes characteristic of individuals)

10. What is the meaning of 1) ‘emics’, and 2) ‘etics’ in cultural studies, respectively?

- The linguist Pike took the last two syllables of these terms and coined the words “etics” for universal
cultural elements and “emics” for the culture-specific, unique elements.

11. Which are the two mechanisms of change that operate within a given culture, and what is the
process of spreading cultural items from one culture to another called?

- discovery and invention; process is called cultural diffusion

12. Supply short synonyms for: 1) macroculture, and 2) microculture, respectively.

1) big C
2) little C

13. Name three youth subcultures in the UK.

- Teddy boys, hippies, Mods, Rastas, punks, skinheads, scallies, and moshers

14. Name the three basic theories of culture.

- scientific theory, evolutionary theory, functional(ist) theory

15. Who are the best-known proponents of: 1) the scientific theory of culture, and 2) the evolutionary
theory of culture, respectively?

1) Bronislav Malinowski
2) Richard Dawkins

16. What did Richard Dawkins term a unit of cultural transmission, analogous to the gene, and in which
book did he postulate its existence in 1976?

- term: meme (yes, I’m not joking); book: The Selfish Gene

17. List the Five C’s of Culture.

- cultural knowledge, cultural behaviour, cultural values and attitudes, cultural style, cultural
adaptation

18. What is cultural diversity?

- It is an understanding that individuals are unique and different

19. Name the three basic parts of the cultural iceberg metaphor developed in 1976 by Edward T. Hall.

- the part above, at and below the water line

20. To which part of the cultural iceberg do 1) habits, and 2) manners belong, respectively?

1) below the water line

2) above the water line
21. Name the four basic elements of culture in Geert Hofstede`s onion model of culture.

- values, rituals, heroes, symbols

22. Name the seven basic layers in Eugene Bunkowske’s cultural onion diagram.

- artifacts, behaviours, feelings, values, beliefs, worldview, ultimate allegiance

23. Which of the layers in Eugene Bunkowske’s cultural onion diagram are measured on a scale of: 1)
good to bad, and 2) true to false, respectively?

1) values
2) beliefs

24. Name the three basic levels in Eugene Bunkowske’s cultural onion diagram.

- foundational level, evaluating level, actualizing level

25. Who developed the best-known theory of basic values in psychology, the “hierarchy of needs,” in
the early 1940s?

- Abraham Maslow

26. Which two sets of 18 values did the Rokeach Values Survey (RVS) develop?

- terminal values, instrumental values

27. Name seven basic human values derived by Shalom H. Schwartz.

- benevolence, univeralism, self-direction, security, conformity, hedonism, achievement, tradition,

stimulation, power

28. Name the seven cultural value orientations derived by Shalom H. Schwartz.

- embeddedness (conservatism), intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy, hierarchy, egalitarianism,

mastery, harmony

29. Name four transnational cultural regions on Shalom H. Schwartz’s spatial map of cultural groups.

- West European, English-speaking, Confucian influenced, African and Middle Eastern, South Asian,
East-Central and Baltic European, Orthodox East-European

30. Name the four social structural variables according to Shalom H. Schwartz.

- socioeconomic level, political system, types of economic system, family/household size

31. Name two most important Geert Hofstede’s books.

- Culture’s Consequences (1980) and Cultures and Organisations - Software of the Mind (1991)

32. Name the three levels of human mental programming according to Geert Hofstede.

- human nature, culture, personality

33. Name Geert Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture.

1.Power Distance Index (Small vs. Large Power Distance)

2. Uncertainty Avoidance Index
3. Individualism vs. Collectivism
4. Masculinity vs. Femininity
5. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint

34. Into which three branch offices did Geert Hofstede split the Yugoslav data obtained in 1971 when he
reanalysed it after the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991?

- Zagreb branch office (Croatia), Belgrade branch office (Serbia), Ljubljana head office (Slovenia)

35. Name Geert Hofstede’s four types of organisational culture.

- Pyramid culture, Machine culture, Market culture, Family culture

36. Which three countries that are not in Europe are also included in John Mole’s Mind Your Manners -
Managing Business Cultures in the New Global Europe?

- USA, China and Japan

37. Name three culture metaphors provided by John Mole.

- spiral, triangle, map

38. Name the three general categories in John Mole’s culture triangle.

- communication, organisation and leadership

39. Which two types of cultures does John Mole distinguish according to the category of
communication?

- relationship cultures and non-relationship cultures

40. Which two types of cultures does John Mole distinguish according to the category of organization?

- systematic, organic

41. Which two types of cultures does John Mole distinguish according to the category of leadership?

- individual and group cultures

42. Which two dimensions from his culture triangle did John Mole combine to get the MOLE map?

- dimension of leadership and dimension of organisation

43. Who is the author of The Silent Language?

- Edward Twitchell Hall

44. Name Edward Twitchell Hall’s four important cultural factors.

-context, time, space and information

45. Give three examples of low context cultures according to Edward Twitchell Hall.

- English, American, German, Australian, Swiss…

46. Give three examples of high context cultures according to Edward Twitchell Hall.

- Japanese, Chinese, Greek, French, Italian, Korean, Russian…

47. Name Edward Twitchell Hall’s two types of culture according to the use of time.

- monochronic and polychronic cultures

48. What did Edward Twitchell Hall call the use of space for purposes of communication, and which are
the three categories of space surrounding people according to him?

- The study of proxemics; personal space, social space and public space

49. Name Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s seven dimensions of culture.

1. Universalism vs. Particularism

2. Individualism vs. Collectivism (Communitarianism)
3. Neutral vs. Affective (Emotional)
4. Specific vs. Diffuse
5. Achievement vs. Ascription
6. Sequential vs. Synchronic
7. Internal vs. External control

50. In which cultures, according to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, do rules come before
relationships?

- in univeralist cultures (US, Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, New Zealand,
Australia and Switzerland)

51. In which cultures, according to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, do people make a great effort to
control their emotions?

- in neutral cultures (the U.K., Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland, and Germany)

52. In which cultures, according to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, do people keep work and
personal lives separate?

- in specific cultures (the U.S., the U.K., Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands)

53. Which cultures, according to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, are marked by “Extensive use of
titles”?

- in ascription cultures (France, Italy, Japan, and Saudi Arabia)

54. Give three examples of typical sequential-time cultures according to Trompenaars and Hampden-
Turner.

- Germany, the U.K., and the U.S. (events are separate items in time, sequence after sequence, order
is in a serial array of actions)
55. In what way does Ronald Inglehart’s model of cultural values differ from other models?

- all the previous models are synchronic whereas his is the diachronic aspectof cultural values

56. Who is the author of The Silent Revolution?

-Ronald F. Inglehart

57. According to the World Values Survey data, which are the two major dimensions of cross-cultural
variation in the world, including the four cultural values?

1. x-axis: survival values versus self-expression values

2. y-axis: traditional values versus secular-rational values

58. Name four Inglehart–Welzel’s clusters of countries.

- the English-speaking, Latin America, Catholic Europe, Protestant Europe, African-Islamic, Baltic,
South Asian, Orthodox and Confucian

59. Who led Britain through WWII, and whose succession to the position of British Prime Minister in
1945 marked the beginning of the post-war period?

- Winston Churchill; Clement Attlee’s succession

60. In which period did the British version of Rock’n’Roll separate from the American version, and which
name is widely used when referring to British rock artists?

- the 1960s; ‘progressive rock’

61. Which British MP made the ‘Rivers of Blood speech’ in 1968?

- Enoch Powell

62. Which British PM addressed the ‘enemy within’: the IRA, powerful trade unions, immigrants, etc.?

- Margaret Thatcher

63. Who coined the term ‘Cool Britannia’?

- Tony Blair's New Labour government

64. Which party/ies formed the British government following the 2010 general election?

- the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats

65. Which party/ies formed the British government following the 2017 general election?

- the Conservatives and Labour

66. Which party/ies called for a second Scottish independence referendum in 2017?

- the SNP
67. On which date did the process of UK’s leaving the EU formally begin and on which date did the UK
finally leave the European Union?

- formally began on 29 March 2017 and finally left on 31 January 2020

68. Which single word has been used for the following possible Brexit scenarios:

- a future where the UK retains some form of membership of the European Union single market in
return for a degree of free movement
the soft Brexit

- the UK is to leave the EU and the single market entirely and then have a relationship based - at least
initially - on World Trade Organisation rules
the hard Brexit (supporters call it ‘clean’ Brexit)

- the UK leaves the EU without clarity on the terms of a future trade deal
the blind Brexit

69. Name three representatives of the so-called Angry Young Men.

- John Osborne, John Wain, Alan Stillitoe, Kingsley Amis, John Braine

70. Name three representatives of the so-called ‘campus novel’.

- Charles Percy Snow, Malcolm Bradbury and David Lodge

71. Name three novels by Salman Rushdie.

- Grimus, Midnight’s Children, Shame, The Satanic Verses, The Ground Beneath Her Feet, Fury,
Shalimar, The Clown, The Enchantress of Florence, Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights,
The Golden House

72. Which British authors received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007 and 2017, respectively?

- Doris Lessing in 2007 and Kazuo Ishiguro in 2017

73. Who is the author of The Remains of the Day?

- Kazuo Ishiguro

74. Name the respective authors of the following novels:

- Buddha of Suburbia - Hanif Kureishi

- Flaubert's Parrot - Julian Patrick Barnes

- Amsterdam - Ian Russell McEwan

75. Who is the author of The Remains of the Way?

- David Boyle
76. Name three ‘post-BrexLit’ authors.

- Adam Thorpe, Douglas Board, Anthony Cartwright, Amanda Craig, Mark Billingham, David Boyle,
Stanley Johnson, Michael Paraskos

77. Name the four founding fathers of British Cultural Studies.

- Raymond Williams, Edward Thompson, Stuart Hall and Richard Hoggart

78. In which year was the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies founded, and who
were its first two directors?

- 1964; Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall

79. Name three of the most important journals which assumed a significant role in the history of cultural
studies.

- New Left Review; Theory, Cultures and Society; Marxism Today; Screen (the film journal)

80. Name three works by Richard Hoggart.

-The Uses of Literacy, Teaching Literature, Contemporary Cultural Studies: An Approach to the Study
of Literature and Society, Only Connect: On Culture and Communication, An Idea of Europe, Everyday
Language and Everyday Life, Mass Media in a Mass Society: Myth and Reality

81. Name three works by Raymond Williams.

- Culture and Society 1780–1950, The Long Revolution, Communications, Television: Technology and
Cultural Form, Marxism and Literature

82. Who has been celebrated as the “godfather of multiculturalism”?

- Stuart Hall

83. Name the three periods in the development of British Cultural Studies.

- Culturalism, Marxist Structuralism, Post-Structuralism and Cultural Materialism (the p-s and c-m is
one title, not two)

84. Which two British scholars together stand for the Culturalist phase of British Cultural Studies?

- Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart

85. Name three authors by whose teachings the structuralists of the so-called ‘New Left’ were deeply
influenced in the 1960s.

- Roland Barthes, Louis Althusser. Stuart Hall

86. Who were the founders of ‘cultural materialism’?

- Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield

87. Name three areas to which stereotypes are mostly related.

- nationality, ethnic origin, religion, age, gender, sexuality, culture, heritage of the Other
88. Name three characteristics on which the creation of stereotypes is based.

- oversimplification, exaggeration of the generalisation and stating one’s cultural

attributes as ‘inborn’ or ‘natural’

89. Name three factors that account for the formation of stereotypes.

- Correspondence bias, Illusory correlation, Common environment, Socialisation and upbringing,

Intergroup relations

90. Name three theoretical ways in which our stereotypes can be modified or adjusted

1) Bookkeeping model
2) Conversion model
3) Subtyping model