3.

2 Notes
● Tudors of England relied on justices of peace
● Justices of the Peace became the most important & powerful groups in the kingdom
○ Gave legitimacy to monarch’s claim of authority
● The French government became more absolute in the 17th & 18th century
● Louis XIV wanted to hold absolute power and expand France’s borders
○ Kept nobles close so they wouldn’t plot against him
● Social hierarchy in Russia: highest: boyars: middle: merchants: lowest: serfdom
● Boyar class experienced tension similar to those of Western Europe
● Ivan IV established paramilitary force loyal to him know as oprichnina
○ Drawn from lower level bureaucrats and merchants to assure loyalty
● 3 main groups of Russia had conflicting desires
○ The Church- bent on conserving traditional values and beliefs
○ The boyars- desiring to gain & hold power
○ Members of the tsar’s royal family
● Sophia’s supporters were known as the Streltsy
○ Peter temporarily disbanded them, then integrated them into Russia’s regular army
● Peter was also known as the Defender of Orthodoxy ;lost support of Russian clergy but reorganized Russian gov
● Devshirme system derived from that of earlier slavery systems
○ Since law prohibited slavery of “people of the book” Christian boys were forcibly taken from their families
● Janissaries were groomed to become administrators of newly conquered territories; some became scribes, bodyguards,
etc
● Ming Dynasty wanted to rid of all Mongol influence on China; did so by bringing their own influences to the empire
● Shoguns ruled Japan from 12th-15th century
● 1st powerful daimyo was Oda Nobunaga by unifying about ⅓ of present day Japan
● Japan consisted of 250 hans each ruled by a daimyo
○ Daimyo must maintain residences in both their home territory and capital
● Zamindars were in charge of taxation, construction, and the water supply (worked well under Akbar)
● Russian capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg after Peter the Great seized lands on Baltic Seas of Sweden
● Askia supported efficient bureaucracy to bring empire together
● Great changes of government and and religion took place in the ottoman empire
● Mehmed II ordered construction on famous landmark: Topkapi Palace
● Suleiman I ordered construction for the Suleymaniye Mosque
● Istanbul was a center for the arts and for learning
● Louis XIV used the Versailles as a political instrument
● Peter established new industries in St. Petersburg especially shipyards
● In 1718 tax on land in Russia was replaced by tax on individuals
● Burden of taxes and the military eventually led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire
● Tax collection was responsibility of private citizens in Ming China
○ Collected in forms of grain and later silver
●

VOCAB
● Divine Right of Kings- common clam from Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God
● Justices of the Peace- officials selected by the land gentry to maintain peace in the countries of England
● English Bill of Rights-assured individual civil liberties & guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy
● Absolute Government (France)- directed by 1 source of power, the king, w/ complete authority
● Cardinal Richelieu- minister to Louis XIII helping to build greater centralization of the government & development of
the systems of intendants
● Intendants- royal officials sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government
● Tax farming (france)- intendants who oversaw collection of various taxes in support of the royal government
● Louis XIV- he was a virtual dictator and espoused theory of divine rights
● Ivan IV (Russia)- confiscated lands of his boyar opponents & forced them & their families into Moscow
● Romanov Dynasty- took control of Russia in 1613 after period of turmoil following Ivan’s death
● Peter I- ruled from 1682 to 1725 & known as Peter the Great; defeated ½ sister Sophia to gain full control
● Devshirme- the act of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats in the Ottoman Empire
● Janissaries- formed elite forces in the Ottoman Empire
● Daimyo- consisted of an army of warriors known as samurai
● Edo- city controlled by daimyo Tokugwa & power shifted here after death of Nobunga
● Tokugawa Ieyasu- ruled Japan from 1600-1616 and declared shogun in 1603
● Period of Great Peace- successors of Ieyasu who led Japan into this time period until the mid-19th century
● Tokugawa shogunate- sert about reorganizing governance of Japan to centralize control over what essentially was a
feudal system
● Askia the Great (Songhai)- who came to power in 1493 and promoted Islam throughout his kingdom and made an
impeccable journey to Mecca
● Akbar- ruled from 1556-1605 and proved to be most capable of the Mughal rulers
● Delhi-established by Akbar an efficient government and system of fairly administered laws
● Shah Jahan- ruled Mughal India from 1628-1658 and built the Taj Mahal
● Tax farming (Ottoman Empire)- was local officials and private tax collectors who were distant from central gov.
● Tributes (China)- the act of empires collecting from other states to demand recognition of power and authority; sign of
respect
● Taj Mahal- a magnificent agricultural accomplishment which as built in use of a tomb for the wife of emperor Shah
Jahan
● Versailles- palace of Louis XIV where he kept nobles
● Boyars- stood at the top of the social pyramid in Moscow/Russia
● Serfdom (Russia)- the level where serfs were peasants and received a plot of land & protection from a noble