AEC 51 - MODULE 2.

1
Graphical Presentation of Data
– a method of presenting values or relationships in pictorial
form

COMMON TYPES OF GRAPHS:

● Pie Chart: a circle which is divided into sectors in
such a way that the area of each scope is proportional
to the size of the quantity represented by that sector.
- Use this chart type to show proportions of a
whole.
- Data are categorical or grouped data.
Example 1: The following data are the colors of 20 randomly
selected t-shirts displayed in a department store.
4. To change the color of each pie region: Click Chart
Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options - Fill

Make a graphical presentation of the distribution of colors of

t-shirts using a Pie Chart in MS Excel.
1. The table below shows the summary of the data. Interpretation
Among the four t-shirt colors,
majority of the tshirts displayed in
the store are white which covers
40% of the total distribution. The
least displayed t-shirt color is brown

● Column Chart: consists of a series of rectangular

bars where the length of the bar represents the
2. Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories, magnitude to be demonstrated.
frequencies) Go to Insert. Click Pie Chart icon in the - Use this chart type to visually compare
tool bar values across a few categories.
- Data are categorical or grouped data
Example 2: The following table shows the distribution of colors
of 20 randomly selected t-shirts displayed in a department
store.

3. To edit the graph: Click the figure – Chart Tools:

Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options.
Utilizing the same data, make a graphical presentation of the
distribution of colors of t-shirts using a Column Chart.
 1. Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories,
frequencies) Go to Insert. Click Column Chart icon in
the tool bar.

Make a graphical presentation of the distribution of species of

fish using a Bar Chart
1. Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories,
frequencies) Go to Insert. Click Bar Chart icon in the
2. To edit the graph: Click the figure – Chart Tools: tool bar.
Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label options

2. To edit the graph: Click the figure – Chart Tools:

3. To change the color of each pie region: Click Chart Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label options
Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options - Fill

Interpretation
Among the four t-shirt colors, majority of the t-shirts displayed
in the store are white which covers 40% of the total distribution.
The least displayed t-shirt color is brown
● Bar Chart: It is better to use the Bar chart when your
data labels are long or you have too many data sets
to display.
- Data are categorical or grouped data.
Example 3: A care taker in a private aqua marine park is
making an inventory of the different species of fish raised in
separate glass fish tanks. Below is the summary of the Interpretation
distribution of fish with their scientific names.
The most number of fish found in a private aqua marine park is
sardine caerulea (sardines) while sphyraena argentea
(barracuda) is the least.
● Line Graph: graphical presentation of data especially
useful for showing trends over a period of time.
- used to display change over time as a series
of data points connected by straight line
segments.
- Data must be QUANTITATIVE.
Example 4: A new entrepreneur in an online business would
like to track her daily earnings in her first week of online selling
of cosmetic products. Interpretation
The line graph shows the trend of the daily online earnings of a
new entrepreneur in her first week of online selling of cosmetic
products. Based on her first 7 days of online business, the
least earning is on the 1st day then it’s increasing up to 7th
day.

● Scatter Plot: gives a visual picture of the relationship

between the two variables, and aids the interpretation
of the correlation coefficient or regression model.
1. Excel: Highlight the data (days, earnings). Go to - Data must be QUANTITATIVE.
Insert. Click Scatter with straight lines in the tool bar.

- If the points on the scatter plot seem to form a line

that slants up from left to right, there is a positive
relationship or positive correlation between the
variables.
- If the points on the scatter plot seem to form a line
that slants down from left to right, there is a negative
2. To edit the graph: Click the figure – Chart Tools: relationship or negative correlation between the
Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label variables.
options. - If the points on the scatter plot seem to be scattered
randomly, there is no relationship or no correlation
between the variables
Example 5: The manager of certain car company wants to
determine whether there is a relationship between the number
of sales calls and the number of cars sold in a month by a
sales representative. The manager selected a random sample
of 10 sales representatives and determined the number of
sales calls each sales representative made in a particular
month and the number of cars sold. Create a scatter plot.
 AEC 51 - MODULE 2.2
Tabular Presentation of Data
– is the process of condensing classified data and arranging
them systematically in rows and columns

COMMON TYPES OF TABLES:

● A Summary Table for Categorical: data is a form of
frequency distribution table where observations are
classified based on categorical names
Example 1: The following data are the colors of 20 randomly
selected t-shirts displayed in a department store.
1. Excel: Highlight the data (no. of sales calls, no. of
cars sold). Go to Insert. Click Scatter in the tool bar.

1. Encode the data in one column.

2. To edit the graph: Click the figure – Chart Tools:
Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label option.
- To determine the frequency: Use countif
function in Excel. =countif(range,”criteria”)
- To get the total frequency. =sum(data)
- To compute the relative frequency.
=frequency/total
- To get the percentage Ctrl+Shift+% (or
click on % icon in the tool bar)

The scatter plot shows that there is a linear association of the

points. The scatter plot shows a direct linear relationship
between number of sales and number of cars sold. Sales
representatives with less number of sales calls have lower
number of cars sold while those with more number of sales
calls have higher number of cars sold.
 Table 1. Distribution of T-shirt Colors in a Department Store

Interpretation
Among the four t-shirt colors, majority of the t-shirts displayed
in the store are white which covers 40% of the total distribution.
The least displayed tshirt color is brown.

Practice Test
A survey was conducted among a sample of 250 housewives
in a certain community. They were asked to choose what
teleserye of a TV network they often watched. The following
table shows the percentage distribution. Based on the given
table, determine the number of housewives who often watched
Legal Wives?

Table 2. Distribution of Employees in a Shoe Factory According

to Years of Service

A. 17 B. 43 C. 95 D. 72 Interpretation
● Single-value Grouping for Numerical Data: a form Based from the collected data, there are four identified
of frequency distribution table where distinct values common values for the years of service: 14, 15, 16 and 17
are used as classes. years. Eight out of twenty employees fall under 16 years. Only
two employees have served the factory for 14 years.
● Frequency Distribution Table (Grouping by Class
Intervals): refers to the tabular arrangement
(grouping) of all observations into intervals or classes
together with the count of the number of observations
that fall in each interval.

Example 2: The following data are the years of service of 20

randomly selected employees in a shoe factory

Example 3: The following table shows the weights (in pounds)

of 50 randomly selected tuna in a fish port.
1. Determine an adequate number of intervals (K). (usually
between 5 to 20 class intervals) Suggested Formulas: 𝐾 = √𝑛;
or K = 1+ 3.322log n, where n is the sample size.
K = 1+ 3.322log n
= 1+ 3.322log 50
= 6.64 (rounded off to K=7)
2. Determine the range (R). R = highest-lowest
R = highest – lowest = 139-70 = 69
3. Compute the class width (c). c = R/K Round off c to a value
that is easy to work with. (Suggested Rule: c must have the
same number of decimal places as the original data)
c = R/k = 69/7 = 9.857 (rounded off to c=10
4. List the class intervals. You may choose the lowest value as
the starting lower limit of the 1st class interval
5. The next class intervals are obtained by adding the class
width c
To determine the frequency of each interval using MS EXCEL:
Excel Function: (Highlight the cells under frequency.)
=frequency(data_array, bins_array) For the data _array,
highlight the data set while for the bins array, highlight the
upper limit. Then Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter
Table 3. Distribution of Weights of Selected Tuna (in Pounds)
Interpretation
There are seven weight groups for the selected group. The
lowest weight group is 70- 79 lbs. while the highest weight
group is 130-139 lbs. 24% of the selected tuna fall under the
2nd weight group of 80-89 lbs
Practice Test
The following table shows the age distribution of out-of-school
youth in a certain community. According to the Bureau of Labor
and Employment Statistics, individuals who are 15 years old
and over are the working age population in the Philippines.
1. Based on the given table, how many percent of these
out-of-school youth belong to the working age
population?
A. 40% B. 24% C. 47% D. 78.33%
2. Based on the table, what percentage of these
out-of-school youth are older than 14 but younger
than 29? A.24 B. 17 C. 41 D. 68
Additional Columns in a FDT:
● Class Marks – midpoint between the lower limit and
the upper limit of the class interval; also the midpoint
of the class boundaries.
● Class boundaries – are the numbers used to
separate classes. They are not part of the classes or
the dataset. It is the midpoint between the lower limit
of the class interval in question and the upper limit of
the previous class.
● Less than Cumulative Frequency – sum of the
frequencies starting from the lowest class boundary.
Practice Problem
Use the frequency distribution below to complete questions 1
through 5.

3. Excel: How to Create Histogram Using Class

Boundaries

1. What is the class width?

a. 10 b. 15 c. 9 d. 5
2. What is the midpoint of the 2nd (60–69) class?
a. 65 b. 65.5 c. 64.5 d. none
3. What percent of the students got a “B” (the 80–89 class)?
a. 15.9% b. 27.0% c. 19.0% d. 23.8%

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION TABLE
1. Creating Column Chart Using Class Intervals in MS
Excel.

4. Excel: How to Frequency Ogive Using Cumulative

Frequency

2. Constructing Frequency Polygon Using Class Marks

in Excel
Practice Test
The histogram below represents scores achieved by 400 job
applicants on a personality profile.

1) 80 percent of the job applicants scored between 40 and 50.

2) 100% percent of the job applicants scored below 70.
3) The number of job applicants who scored between 20 and
below 60 is 240.
4) The number of job applicants who scored 50 or above is 80