COURSE TITLE

Foundation Degree Leadership & Management

MODULE TITLE

Leading People and Performance

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Definitions.......................................................................................................................................2
Similarities between leader and manager........................................................................................3
Difference between leaders and manager........................................................................................3
Need for good leader and manager..................................................................................................4
Theories of leadership......................................................................................................................5
Management Theories.....................................................................................................................5
Leadership Styles.............................................................................................................................7
Employees Motivation importance..................................................................................................8
Disciplinary and grievance procedures............................................................................................8
Need for vision................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11

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Introduction
Leadership takes in an individual who has the capability to lead their followers from the front,

who has the intellect of accepting several people sentiments existing in a group, & also have

other possibilities to cope with any problem which might arise in a group or organization.

Leadership is the relationship in which the actions and behaviors of people are influenced by the

person known as a leader. Individuals & organizations performance and operations are affected

by such a person known as a leader, and it is a two-way procedure. A leader motivates and

empowers their followers to perform efficiently and design organizational frameworks. Whereas

on the other side Management comprises of any person who has the capability to make logical

affirmative plans accordingly & taking care of the whole thing in an organization by

harmonizing three significant elements which are compulsory and essential in any kind of

organization; Cost, Schedule & Performance and planning for the future (Susca, 2019).

Leadership invokes positive philosophies, which makes it easy for all the participants to get

solved any of its problems; however, in Management, the person who is responsible for

implementing particular concepts according to the planning through harmonizing of three

foremost dynamics such as cost, time & performance is a manager.

Definitions
Leadership can be defined as ‘’the manner of inducing a group within an organization in the

direction of attaining their aims and objectives.’’ Leadership can be demarcated as the process of

persuading others to recognize and come to an agreement on what they need to be done and in

what manner they have to achieve that.

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Management can be defined as “the running of any organization in an effective and efficient

manner according to the prescribe rules and regulations, either it is a commercial organization, a

nonprofit organization, or any government or semi-government body.” In simple, it can also be

defined as “the process through which the people or things in an organization have been dealt

with.”

Keywords: Management, Leadership, manager, leader, organization, commercial, motivation.

Similarities between leader and manager

 The leader and manager essential function are to allocate the available resources in

such a way that it can be used effectively by the organization.

 Both the leader and the manager's primary aim is to maximize the profitability of the

organization.

 Both leaders and managers work in such a way to influence their subordinates, and they

lead from the front.

 Both leaders and managers are concerned with their goals and always working towards

achieving organizational goals.

 Both managers and leaders involve functioning with individuals and always being ahead

of their subordinates.

Difference between leaders and manager

The foremost dissimilarity between both the ideas is that leaders are persons who have been

following by their followers and have fans, whereas managers are the people who just follow the

established rules and regulations (Arruda, 2016). Here are some of the differences that make a

leadership different from management are as follow;

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 1. A leader is a person having its vision and mission for the achievement of the collective

goals of the group they are leading while the manager simply has focused on its setting

and targets to achieve them or exceed them.

2. The leader is innovative and always strive for the best while managers stuck to the

preplanned guidelines.

3. Leaders are unique in having their own ideas while managers are coping with others and

follow them to lead their group.

4. Leaders always seek new things and take risks while managers avoid taking risks but try

to control risk when raised.

5. Leaders are intentional and seek long term goals and objectives while managers do not

have such long term planning in their minds.

6. Leaders learn from the experiences that they gain from the innovation and transformation

that they are doing while managers rely on the existing skills that are already proven.

Need for good leader and manager

Every organization needs good leader and manager for the efficient functioning of the

organization. A good leader has vision and do thing in a creative way and bring innovation and

transformation in the organization. A leader influences their followers and keeps them motivated

to achieve the collective goals of the organization. A leader involves all his subordinates to work

in the direction of the organizational goals. The leader manages the organization in innovative

way and always has in mind the growth and development of the organization. On the other hand,

good manager effectively plans, organize, lead, and control the policies and resources of the

organization. Good managers strictly follow the organization procedures and policies in the

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accomplishment of their tasks. They are always oriented towards the goal and always guide their

subordinates and do not rely on them too much in their functioning.

Theories of leadership
It is generally known that good leaders have a lot of skills, information, potential, determination,

and high quality of exposure to exchange them with others and work continuously to reach their

target aims and objectives. There are numerous different visions of management as they

differentiate leaders from non-leader. There are some of the leadership theories are as below;

1. Contingency Theories

Contingency theories of leadership emphasis on specific variables connected to the environment

that has the power to regulate the style of leadership that is supremely suited for a particular

condition. Giving to this theory, not only leadership style is suitable in all situations (Burns,

1961). Achievement is liable upon a number of variables, that covering leadership style,

potentials of supporters, and conditional trait.

2. Transactional Theory

The transactional theory is also recognized as an organizational theory that emphasizes the

character of observation, association and collection presentation, and the connections that take

place amongst leaders and groups. The transactional theory leaders mainly focus on

organizational change. In further words, on the knowledge that a leader’s job is to create a new

structure that makes it lavishly clear what is predictable of followers and some specific concerns

(prizes and penalties) related to assembly or not gathering opportunities (Lamb, 2013).

Management Theories
In order to explain further the concepts of management and leadership, we will briefly discuss

some of the theories related to management and leadership.

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 1. Theory X, Y, and Z

This theory was presented by McGregor in his famous book, "The Human Side of Enterprise,"

and explains two different styles of management in his theory, one is authoritarian (Theory X) &

the other is the participative style of management (Theory Y).

Theory X explains that when the team members do not like their work & have low level of

motivation then authoritarian style of management can be used to effectively manage the

participants of the group because it ensures that they will do their work properly. While on the

other side of the team members like their work and take it as a challenge, then participative style

of management can be used. In this approach manager have trust in their subordinates.

Management professor William Ouchi presented theory Z, and in this theory workers have

wisdom of unity with their coworkers, develop an intellect of command, discipline, & a moral

responsibility for working hard. The theory assumes factual management support, workers trust

& looking after against each other.

2. George Elton Mayo theory of management

Elton Mayo lived from 1880 to 1949 has given a theory that workers are not just worried about

the wages, but might also be encouraged by full filling their societal requirements as they are

working for the organization. This idea was ignored by Taylor in their theory. Mayo brought

together the human relationship with the environment in which they were working and treated

them as a human and highlights their social needs. Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the

Hawthorne factory, which is owned by Western Electric Company located in Chicago

(employees, 2010).

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 a) He isolated two teams of female employees & observed the outcome on their

effectiveness intensities of continuous changing issues, such as light & working

environments.

b) He expected the reduction in production as brightness or other environments became

progressively weaker in eminence.

c) He was shocked by the outcomes of this experiment as whatever the fluctuation in

brightness or other operational settings, the effectiveness level of the workers improved

or is unchanged.

Leadership Styles
Here will briefly explain some of the leadership styles that are mostly in use;

1. Autocratic Style of leadership

In an authoritarian style of leadership, decisions are taken by the executives unilaterally and

implement on the subordinates. As a result, the strong and capable juniors may become annoyed

because of the limitations placed on their freedom and decision making, and it turns into a higher

turnover rate, and it negatively suffer the organization (Benfari, 2013). In the leadership of this

style, the leader gives order to their followers and give them directions to follow the rule.

2. Persuasive Style of leadership

This style of management has some of the common characteristics with that of the autocratic

style of management, as the leaders maintain some of the control over the subordinates in the

decision-making process (Prez-Cerezo, 2013). The main difference between the persuasive style

of management and autocratic style is that the leaders spend a lot of time with subordinates to

convince them about the benefits of the decision that have been taken by the leader. To achieve

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its objective, the leader will have to be more aware of its employees. This style of leaders helps

the Alibaba group to flourish more rapidly (Schepp, 2010).

3. Democratic Style of leadership

In a democratic style of management, the executives allow their workers to have a part in

decision making. In this style, communication flows in both directions from up to bottom and

from bottom to top (Sharma, 2013). It is more useful when there is a complex and technical

decision that involves the specialists of the related field. As a result, the workforce will be kept

motivated, and their efficiency will be improved by their more contribution (Sin-Kwok W,

2010). This style also has some of the limitations as it slows down the process of decision

making.

Employees Motivation importance

Motivated employees help the organization to achieve its aims and objectives quickly by

working hard towards the collective goals and its accomplishment. Employees' motivation

increases their efficiency and results in increase in their production resulting in growth in the

organization's revenue and its profitability. It also decreases the cost of production for the

organization and even their loyalty towards the organization increases. Motivation in the

organization keeps the employee’s turnover ratio low, and the organization retains the experience

persons which helps the organization in their growth and development. The motivation of

employees creates a healthy environment for the working of the organization and have the desire

to put their part in the development of the organization.

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Disciplinary and grievance procedures
The organization needs some standards to be followed by the employees of the organization,

such as suitable standards of performance, being present, and positive behavior within the

organization. To ensure these standards, just & wide-ranging disciplinary practice is essential to

cope with such problems when an employee departs from these principles. The main drive of

such a procedure is not only to enforce such corrective act on a worker but also to make them

aware of any deficiencies in respect to their action, presence or behavior.

In disciplinary procedure an investigation process starts, and the employers establish facts and

interview the person against whom the action is to be taken and also related persons to find out

the facts. In this, the alleged person is notified against the schedule of disciplinary meetings and

actions. If the person found guilty disciplinary action is taken against him.

But when informal negotiations failed to reach an acceptable decision. The worker ought to raise

their grievance with the top management & a meeting is arranged according to the organization

grievance policy. After hearing from all the sides, the decision is taken and communicated

through written notice.

These actions also arise certain legal and ethical issues; when the employee is found guilty and

based on the intensity of his misconduct the organization can take legal action against the

employee and can file lawsuit of him, terminate him, or impose certain penalties on him. There is

also right of appeal against the decision, and the employee has the right to challenge the decision

and prove himself innocent. When there is any action taken against the employee for his

unethical conduct, he has the right to prove himself innocent, and if prove guilty then action will

be taken against the persons according to the rules and regulations of the organization state

whichever is applicable.

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Need for vision
The main purpose of the vision or vision statement of an organization is inspiring the workers

and management of the organization to strive towards this planned target. It gives direction to the

organization because without any target no one cannot accomplish their task. It helps the

organization that what they want to do, what to achieve, and when to achieve. Leader are the

persons who creative persons and has some target in their mind to which they want to reach, so

they always have a vision in their mind.

Jack Ma, the leaders of Alibaba group, has the vision for its organization and is simply stated the

company vision to build an infrastructure of commerce in the future where their customers meet,

and they are a company for at least 102 years (alibabagroup.com, Retrived 2019).

Conclusion
It is concluded from the above report that a leader is an individual who encourages and

influences their followers to achieve the anticipated objective, and for this, they take challenges

and risk to eliminate problems for his followers. It is known that leaders are at every level in our

life, such as class, school, family, organization, and at the national level. These are the persons

that have the ability to decide based on their knowledge, education, skill, training, and

experience, while management is a nearly similar concept and talks over the general

management skills that help the management to achieve organizational aims and objectives.  A

manager needs to identify the organizational goals and have to regulate the actions and means

that is essential to accomplish those goalmouths.

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References
Abel, S., Retrived 2019. What Is a Trait Two Basic Formulations, .: Personality Psychology.
alibabagroup.com, Retrived 2019. OUR VISION, China:
https://www.alibabagroup.com/en/about/overview.
Arruda, W., 2016. 9 Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager, -:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2016/11/15/9-differences-between-being-a-leader-
and-a-manager/#24af49694609.
Benfari, R., 2013. Understanding and changing your management style:. 2nd edition ed. San
Francisco: s.n.
Burns, T. S. G. M., 1961. The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock.
Carlyle, T., 1840. The Hero as Divinity, .: Heroes and Hero-Worship.
employees, M., 2010. The Hawthorne Studies. s.l.:lumenlearning.com.
Guilford, G., 2014. Alibaba has a new way of explaining its controversial Alipay spinoff..
McLeod, S. A., 21 may 2018. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.. s.l.:Retrieved from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.
Prez-Cerezo, J., 2013. The chinese entrepreneurship way: A case study approach. Business
Expert Press..
Schepp, B. S. D. &. e., 2010. The official alibaba.com success guide. s.l.:s.n.
Sharma, D. &. S. D., 2013. A Study on the Democratic Style of Leadership.. International
Journal Of Management & Information Technology., pp. 3. 54-57. 10.24297/ijmit.v3i2.1367..
Sin-Kwok W, R., 2010. Chinese entrepreneurship in a global era. Strategic Direction,. s.l.:s.n.
Susca, P. T., 2019. The Major Leadership Theories. Academic Journal, pp. 64, 2, p18-21.4p.
Turan, H., 2015. Taylor’s “Scientific Management Principles. Journal of Economics, Business
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