02/12/2022

ORDERS
OF
ATCHITECTURE

•An architectural order describes a style of

building. In classical architecture each order
is readily identifiable by means of its
proportions and profiles, as well as by
various aesthetic details

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Greek architectural orders

• The Doric order

• The Doric order is the earliest of the three Classical

orders of architecture and represents an important
moment in Mediterranean architecture when
monumental construction made the transition from
impermanent materials (i.e. wood) to permanent
materials, namely stone.

• The Doric order is characterized by a plain, unadorned

column capital and a column that rests directly on the
stylobate of the temple without a base. The Doric
entablature includes a frieze composed of trigylphs
(vertical plaques with three divisions) and metopes
(square spaces for either painted or sculpted
decoration). The columns are fluted and are of sturdy,
if not stocky, proportions

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Iktinos and Kallikrates, The Parthenon, 447 –

432 B.C.E., Athen

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The Ionic order

• Volutes (scroll-like ornaments) characterize the Ionic capital and a
base supports the column, unlike the Doric order. The Ionic order is
notable for its graceful proportions, giving a more slender and elegant
profile than the Doric order. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius
compared the Doric module to a sturdy, male body, while the Ionic
was possessed of more graceful, feminine proportions. The Ionic
order incorporates a running frieze of continuous sculptural relief, as
opposed to the Doric frieze composed of triglyphs and metopes

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Ionic capital, north porch of the Erechtheion,

421-407 B.C.E., marble, Acropolis, Athen

The Corinthian order

• The defining element of the Corinthian order is its elaborate, carved
capital, which incorporates even more vegetal elements than the
Ionic order does. The stylized, carved leaves of an acanthus plant
grow around the capital, generally terminating just below the abacus.
The Romans favored the Corinthian order, perhaps due to its slender
properties. The order is employed in numerous notable Roman
architectural monuments, including the Temple of Mars Ultor and the
Pantheon in Rome, and the Maison Carrée in Nîmes

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Corinthian capital

Acanthus leaf

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Roman architectural orders

•Tuscan
•Composite

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Parts of Roman Order

• Pedestal
•Column
• Entablature

The pedestal can be omitted in modern

Architecture.

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The 17th century Saint Peter's Square, Vatican

City

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Composite Order
• The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the
Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.

Composite capital with acanthus leaves

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Volutes of the Ionic order capital

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Roman
Architectural
Revolution

• The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the

concrete Revolution. was the widespread use in Roman
architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms
of the arch, vault, and dome. For the first time in history,
their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a
wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings,
and military facilities. These included amphitheaters,
aqueducts, baths, bridges, circuses, dams, domes, harbors,
and temples

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• A crucial factor in this development that saw a trend

to monumental architecture was the invention of
Roman concrete which led to the liberation of the
shape from the dictate of the traditional materials of
stone and brick.

Pantheon in Rome

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Roman concrete with brick facing on the

Palatine Hill in Rome

Apollodorus of Damascus, Markets of Trajan,

Rome, c. 106-12 AD

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Severus and Celer, octagon room, Domus

Aurea, Rome, c. 64-68 AD

END

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