Linear and Quadratic Functions

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Learning Outcomes:

1 Distinguish whether an equation/relation is a Function or

Not a function.
2 Determine the domain and range of functions and identify
whether it is 1 to 1 and/or onto function.
3 Describe and draw substantially the graph of linear/quadratic
functions.
4 Solve word problems involving linear/quadratic functions.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first components
of each ordered pair is called the domain and the set of the second
components of each ordered pair is called the range.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first components
of each ordered pair is called the domain and the set of the second
components of each ordered pair is called the range.

Example
1 {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (5, 10)}

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first components
of each ordered pair is called the domain and the set of the second
components of each ordered pair is called the range.

Example
1 {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (5, 10)}
2 {(0, 3), (4, 1), (8, 1), (1, 4)}

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first components
of each ordered pair is called the domain and the set of the second
components of each ordered pair is called the range.

Example
1 {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (5, 10)}
2 {(0, 3), (4, 1), (8, 1), (1, 4)}
3 {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 8), (d, 0)}

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Relation

Definition
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first components
of each ordered pair is called the domain and the set of the second
components of each ordered pair is called the range.

Example
1 {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (5, 10)}
2 {(0, 3), (4, 1), (8, 1), (1, 4)}
3 {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 8), (d, 0)}

Note: each value in the domain is also known as an input value, or independent variable and each value in the
range is known as an output value, or dependent variable.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function

Definition
A function is a relation in which each possible input value leads to
exactly one output value.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function

Definition
A function is a relation in which each possible input value leads to
exactly one output value. We say “the output is a function of the
input.”

Example
1 {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (5, 10)}
2 {(0, 3), (4, 1), (8, 1), (1, 4)}
3 {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 8), (d, 0)}
J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph
Function

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function

1 Identify the input values.

2 Identify the output values.
3 If each input value leads to only one output value, classify the
relationship as a function.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

Is price a function of the item?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

Is price a function of the item?

Is the item a function of the price?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

Is grade point average a function of the percent grade?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function or Not

Is grade point average a function of the percent grade?

Is percent grade a function of the grade point average?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function Notation
Definition
The notation y = f (x ) defines a function name f . This is read as
y is a function of x . The letter x represents the input value, or
independent variable. The letter y , or f (x ), represents the output
value, or dependent variable.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function Notation
Definition
The notation y = f (x ) defines a function name f . This is read as
y is a function of x . The letter x represents the input value, or
independent variable. The letter y , or f (x ), represents the output
value, or dependent variable.

Example
Use function notation to represent a function whose input is the
name of a month and output is the number of days in that month.
Assume that the domain does not include leap years.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function Notation
Definition
The notation y = f (x ) defines a function name f . This is read as
y is a function of x . The letter x represents the input value, or
independent variable. The letter y , or f (x ), represents the output
value, or dependent variable.

Example
Use function notation to represent a function whose input is the
name of a month and output is the number of days in that month.
Assume that the domain does not include leap years.

Answer: D = f (m)

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function Notation
Definition
The notation y = f (x ) defines a function name f . This is read as
y is a function of x . The letter x represents the input value, or
independent variable. The letter y , or f (x ), represents the output
value, or dependent variable.

Example
Use function notation to represent a function whose input is the
name of a month and output is the number of days in that month.
Assume that the domain does not include leap years.

Answer: D = f (m)

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Function Notation

Example
A function N = f (y ) gives the number of police officers, N, in a
town in year y . What does f (2005) = 300 represent?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Evaluating Functions

Example
Evaluate f (x ) = x 2 + 3x − 2 at:
1 0

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Evaluating Functions

Example
Evaluate f (x ) = x 2 + 3x − 2 at:
1 0
2 2

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Evaluating Functions

Example
Evaluate f (x ) = x 2 + 3x − 2 at:
1 0
2 2
3 c

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Evaluating Functions

Example
Evaluate f (x ) = x 2 + 3x − 2 at:
1 0
2 2
3 c
4 c+a

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Finding an Equation of a Function

Example
1 Express the relationship 2n + 6p = 12 as a function p = f (n),
if possible.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Finding an Equation of a Function

Example
1 Express the relationship 2n + 6p = 12 as a function p = f (n),
if possible.
2 Express the relationship x − 8y 3 = 0 as a function y = f (x ).

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Finding an Equation of a Function

Example
1 Express the relationship 2n + 6p = 12 as a function p = f (n),
if possible.
2 Express the relationship x − 8y 3 = 0 as a function y = f (x ).
3 Does the equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 represent a function with x as
input and y as output?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

Definition
A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value
corresponds to exactly one input value.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

Definition
A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value
corresponds to exactly one input value.

Example
1 Is the area of a circle a function of its radius? If yes, is the
function one-to-one?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

Definition
A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value
corresponds to exactly one input value.

Example
1 Is the area of a circle a function of its radius? If yes, is the
function one-to-one?
2 Is a balance a function of the bank account number?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

Definition
A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value
corresponds to exactly one input value.

Example
1 Is the area of a circle a function of its radius? If yes, is the
function one-to-one?
2 Is a balance a function of the bank account number?
3 Is a bank account number a function of the balance?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

One-to-One Function

Definition
A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value
corresponds to exactly one input value.

Example
1 Is the area of a circle a function of its radius? If yes, is the
function one-to-one?
2 Is a balance a function of the bank account number?
3 Is a bank account number a function of the balance?
4 Is a balance a one-to-one function of the bank account
number?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Vertical Line and Horizontal Test
Definition
1 The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a

graph represents a function.

2 The horizontal line test can be used to determine whether a
graph represents a one-to-one relation.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Vertical Line and Horizontal Test
Definition
1 The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a

graph represents a function.

2 The horizontal line test can be used to determine whether a
graph represents a one-to-one relation.

Example

1 Is this a function?

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Vertical Line and Horizontal Test
Definition
1 The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a

graph represents a function.

2 The horizontal line test can be used to determine whether a
graph represents a one-to-one relation.

Example

1 Is this a function?
2 Is this a one-to-one function?
J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph
Onto Function

Definition
An onto function is such that for every element in the range there
exists an element in domain which maps to it.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain and Range

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain and Range

Ways to write the Domain and Range of a Function

1 Interval Notation
2 Set Builder Notation
3 Inequality Notation

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Interval Notation

Conventions in Interval Notation

The smallest number from the interval is written first.
The largest number in the interval is written second, following
a comma.
Parentheses, ( or ), are used to signify that an endpoint value
is not included, called exclusive.
Brackets, [ or ], are used to indicate that an endpoint value is
included, called inclusive.

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Interval Notation

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Interval Notation

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain of a Function

Finding the Domain

Identify the input values.
Identify any restrictions on the input. If there is a denominator in the
function’s formula, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x . If
the function’s formula contains an even root, set the radicand greater
than or equal to 0, and then solve.
Write the domain in interval form, making sure to exclude any restricted
values from the domain.

Example
Find the domain in each of the following functions:
1 f (x ) = 2x 2 + 5

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain of a Function

Finding the Domain

Identify the input values.
Identify any restrictions on the input. If there is a denominator in the
function’s formula, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x . If
the function’s formula contains an even root, set the radicand greater
than or equal to 0, and then solve.
Write the domain in interval form, making sure to exclude any restricted
values from the domain.

Example
Find the domain in each of the following functions:
1 f (x ) = 2x 2 + 5
√
2 f (x ) = x + 3

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain of a Function

Finding the Domain

Identify the input values.
Identify any restrictions on the input. If there is a denominator in the
function’s formula, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x . If
the function’s formula contains an even root, set the radicand greater
than or equal to 0, and then solve.
Write the domain in interval form, making sure to exclude any restricted
values from the domain.

Example
Find the domain in each of the following functions:
1 f (x ) = 2x 2 + 5
√
2 f (x ) = x + 3
x −3
3 f (x ) = x +2

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain of a Function

Finding the Domain

Identify the input values.
Identify any restrictions on the input. If there is a denominator in the
function’s formula, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x . If
the function’s formula contains an even root, set the radicand greater
than or equal to 0, and then solve.
Write the domain in interval form, making sure to exclude any restricted
values from the domain.

Example
Find the domain in each of the following functions:
1 f (x ) = 2x 2 + 5
√
2 f (x ) = x + 3
x −3
3 f (x ) = x +2
√
4 f (x ) = 3−x

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain and Range of Functions

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain and Range of Functions

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Domain and Range of Functions

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Learning Activity

Determine the Domain of the following functions using interval

Notation.
1 f (x ) = x 3 + 9
√
2 f (x ) = x − 10
√
x −10
3 f (x ) = x −5

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Piecewise Function

Definition
A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula
is used to define the output. Each formula has its own domain,
and the domain of the function is the union of all these smaller
domains. We notate this idea like this:

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Linear Function

Definition

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Graph of Linear Function

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Graph of Linear Function

Remark

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Linear Function

Example

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Linear Function

Example

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Graphing Linear Function

Steps in Graphing Linear Function

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Problems related to linear functions

Example

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

Problems related to linear functions

Example

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph

REFERENCES

https://blog.prepscholar.com/single-variable-equations-
algebra-act-math-strategies
Abramson, J. (2015). College Algebra. OpenStax.
https://openstax.org/details/books/college-algebra

J.A. Dayap Functions and Their Graph