What is NADPH?
Anabolic Reaction
- Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide
(NAD)+hydrogen(H)
What is Metabolism
- Metabolism is the
set of life-sustaining chemical
transformations within the cells
of living organisms. These
enzyme-catalyzed reactions
allow organisms to grow and
reproduce, maintain their
Structures, and respond to
their environments.
Metabolic Processes
● Catabolism - releases
energy by breaking
down complex
molecules to simpler
molecules
(degradation)
Examples:
glycolysis,glycogenolysis,citric
acid cycle, pentose phosphate
pathway
● Anabolism - consumes
energy to build
complex molecules
from simpler ones
(biosynthesis)
Examples:
Gluconeogenesis &
glycogenesis
Catabolic Reaction
Ex. Cellular Respiration
Ex. synthesis of glycogen from
glucose & photosynthesis
Stages of Metabolism
1. BIODEGRADATION
-food is broken down into
smaller units; involves
digestion and absorption
-a single biological reaction or
sequence of reactions that
result in the
conversion of an organic
substrate to a simpler
molecule
-CO2, H2O and NH3
2. BIOSYNTHESIS
-molecular building blocks are
converted into a few very
simple units that play the
central role in metabolism or a
multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed
process where substrates are
converted into more complex
products in living
organisms.
3.ENERGY PRODUCTION
-glucose through the glycolytic
pathway to produce pyruvate,
which may be converted to
lactate, or entered into the
tricarboxylic acid (CA) cycle to
begin the process of oxidative
phosphorylation.
Metabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway is a step-by-step
series of interconnected biochemical
reactions that convert a substrate
molecule or molecules through a
series of metabolic intermediates,
eventually yielding a final product or - captures chemical
products.
energy obtained from
the breakdown of food
Cellular Respiration molecules and
- a series of chemical releases it to fuel other
reactions that break cellular processes.
down glucose to
produce ATP, which
may be used as
energy to power many
reactions throughout
the body.
- are catabolic reactions
involved in cellular
respiration that involve
the breakdown of
larger organic
molecules into smaller
forms
- when the cell needs
energy, it breaks down
ATP (Adenosine
tri-phosphate) to ADP What is the role of
(Adenosine Glucagon and Insulin?
di-phosphate) - Glucagon works along
with the hormone
● Aerobic respiration insulin to control blood
uses oxygen sugar levels and keep
● Anaerobic them within set levels.
respiration does not - Glucagon is released
use oxygen. to stop blood sugar
levels dropping too low
● ATP (hypoglycemia)
- adenosine - Insulin is released to
triphosphate (ATP), stop blood sugar
energy-carrying levels rising too high
molecule found in the (hyperglycemia).
cells of all living things
Stereocenters or Chiral
Centers
● Carbons are stereocenters
if they are attached to four
unique molecular
groups(atoms or groups of
atoms) in single bond
● They are stereocenters if
they are attached to a
carbon in a double bond and
each of those carbons is
attached to two unique
moleculargroups.
Anomeric Carbon
● The anomeric carbon is the
carbon derived from the
carbonyl carbon
compound(the ketone and
aldehyde functional group)
of the open-chain form of
the carbohydrates molecule

ENANTIOMERS