Lecture - 4 - Analysis and Design of R. C. Water Tanks

Analysis and Design of R. C.
Water Tanks
Forth Year Civil Department
Prepared by: Dr. Kawan K. Ghafor
1
Analysis and Design of R. C. Water Tanks
- What is Storage Tanks?

- Types of Storage Tanks.
-- Based on shape:
Circular, rectangular, spherical, intz and conical bottom.
-- Based on Placement of Tank:
Underground, Resting on Ground and Elevated.
- Important notes on Design of Water Tanks.
- Design of Water tanks resting on ground:
-- Circular water tanks.
--- With Flexible Base.
--- With Fixed Base.
-- Rectangular water tanks.
- Worked examples.
2
- What is Storage Tank?

Storage tanks are those tanks built for storing water, liquid
petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids
* They are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage.
* Cement content ranging from [330Kg/m3 to 530Kg/m3] is recommended

in order to keep shrinkage low.
* Use of high strength deformed bars of grade (60,000 psi) are
recommended for the construction of liquid retaining structures.
* Correct placing of reinforcement, use of small sized and use of
deformed bars lead to a minimal distribution of cracks.
* A crack width of 0.1mm has been accepted as permissible value in
liquid retaining structures.
3
Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes
Circular Water Tanks:

Generally circular tanks rest on the ground or are elevated ones.
Under ground circular tanks are also constructed. The circular tanks may
be designed either with flexible base connection with wall or with a rigid
connection between walls and base.
4
Rectangular Water Tanks:

For smaller capacities circular tanks are uneconomical and their
form work is costly. Rectangular tanks are constructed when small
capacity tanks are required. These may be resting on ground, elevated or
under ground. Tanks should be preferably square in plan and it is
desirable that larger side should not be greater than twice the smaller
side and for Rectangular tanks.
5
INTZ Tanks:
This is a special type of elevated tank used for very large
capacities. Circular tanks for very large capacities prove to be
uneconomical when flat bottom slab is provide.
Intze type tank consist of top dome supported on a ring beam which rests
on a cylindrical wall .The walls are supported on ring beam and conical
slab. Bottom dome will also be provided which is also supported by ring
beam
6
Spherical Tanks:
7
Conical Bottom
8
Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Placement
Underground Tanks:
These tanks are built below the ground level such as clarifiers
filters in water treatment plants, and septic tanks .The walls of these
tanks are subjected to water pressure from inside and earth pressure
from outside. The base of the tanks is subjected to water pressure from
inside and soil reaction from underneath. Always these are covered at
top. These tanks should be designed for loading which gives the worst
effect.
9
Tanks resting on ground:

These tanks are used for clear water reservoirs, settling tanks,
etc. These tanks directly rest on the ground. The wall of these tanks are
subjected to water pressure from inside and the base is subjected to
weight of water from inside and soil reaction from underneath the base.
The tank my be open at top or roofed.
10
Elevated Tanks:
These tanks are supported on staging which may consist of
masonry walls, R.C.C tower or R.C.C. column braced together- The walls
are subjected to water pressure from inside. The base is subjected to
weight of (water, walls and roof). The staging has to carry load of entire
tank with water and is also subjected to wind loads.
11
Design of Water Tanks:

Design of liquid retaining structures will be according to the
recommendation of “Code of Practice for the storage of Liquids- IS3370
(Part I to IV)”. Fractured strength of concrete is computed using the
formula given in clause 6.2.2 of IS 456-2000.
- Permissible Stresses in Concrete:

(a) For resistance to cracking. For calculations relating to the
resistance of members to cracking, the permissible stresses in tension
(direct and due to bending) and shear shall confirm to the values
specified in Table 1. The permissible tensile stresses due to bending
apply to the face of the member in contact with the liquid. In members
less than 225 mm thick and in contact with liquid on one side these
permissible stresses in bending apply also to the face remote from the
liquid.
12
- Permissible Stresses in Concrete:

(b) For strength calculations. In strength calculations the permissible
concrete stresses shall be in accordance with Table 1. Where the
calculated shear stress in concrete alone exceeds the permissible value,
reinforcement acting in conjunction with diagonal compression in the
concrete shall be provided to take the whole of the shear.
13
- Permissible Stresses in Steel:
(a) For resistance to cracking.

When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for
checking the tensile stress in concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile
stress in steel will be limited by the requirement that the permissible
tensile stress in the concrete is not exceeded so the tensile stress in steel
shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of steel and concrete, and
the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.
14
- Permissible Stresses in Steel:

(b) For strength calculations. In strength calculations the permissible
stress shall be as follows:
15
- Minimum Reinforcement:
In order to minimize cracking due to shrinkage and temperature,

minimum reinforcement is recommended as:
i) For thickness ≤100 mm = 0.3 %

ii) For thickness ≥450 mm = 0.2%
iii) For thickness between 100 mm to 450 mm = varies linearly from 0.3%
to %0.2.
Cover to reinforcement is greater of i) 25 mm, ii) Diameter of main bar.
16
WATER TANKS RESTING ON GROUND
17

CIRCULAR WATER TANKS RESTING ON GROUND
Important Notes:
- Circular tanks are used when the storage capacity is large.
- The tank has tendency to increase in diameter due to hydrostatic pressure
- Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base [Rigid
base] or are set in grooves and key ways [Flexible base]. In either case
deformation of wall under influence of liquid pressure is restricted at and
above the base. Consequently, only part of the triangular hydrostatic load
will be carried by ring tension and part of the load at bottom will be
supported by cantilever action.This increase in diameter all along the height
of the tank depends on the nature of joint at the junction of slab and wall.
-
18

Important Notes: continued …….

- When the joints at base are flexible,
hydrostatic pressure induces maximum
increase in diameter at base and no
Increase in diameter at top
- When the joint at base is rigid, the base
does not move
19

Flexible Base
Important Notes:
- When the thickness ≤ 225 mm, the steel placed at centre.
- When the thickness > 225mm, at each face Ast/2 of steel as hoop
reinforcement is provided
The stress in concrete is computed as
T γHD / 2
σc = =
Ac + (m  1 )Ast 1000t + (m  1 )Ast
If c  cat, where cat=0.27fck , then no crack appears in concrete
20

Flexible Base
Important Notes:
- While designing, the thickness of concrete wall can be estimated as
t=30H+50 mm
where H is height of wall (meter).
- Distribution steel in the form of vertical bars are provided such that
minimum steel area requirement is satisfied
- As base slab is resting on ground and no bending stresses are induced
hence minimum steel distributed at bottom and the top (0.20 to 0.30)% are
provided.
21

Rigid Base
Important Notes:
- Due to fixity at base of wall, the upper part of the wall will have hoop
tension and lower part bend like cantilever.
- For shallow tanks with large diameter, hoop stresses are very small and
the wall act more like cantilever
- For deep tanks of small diameter the
cantilever action due to fixity at the
base is small and the hoop action is
predominant.
22

Rigid Base
Important Notes: continued ……
- The exact analysis of the tank to determine the portion of wall in which
hoop tension is predominant and the other portion in which cantilever action
is predominant, is difficult. The followings are Simplified methods of
analysis:
1. IS code method.
2. Carpenter’s simplified method
3. Approximate method
4. Reissner’s method
23

Rigid Base
1. IS code method.
Tables 9,10 and 11 of IS 3370 part IV gives coefficients for computing hoop
tension, moment and shear for various values of H2/Dt
Hoop tension, moment and shear is computed as
T= coefficient (wHD/2)
M= coefficient (wH3)
V= coefficient (wH2)
24
25
26
27

Rigid Base
1. IS code method.
Thickness of wall required is computed from BM consideration
M
d
Qb
Where;
Q= ½ cbc jk
cbc = ft = 0.27 f’c
k = m / (m+r)
r = fs /fc
fc = 0.40 f’c
j=1-(k/3)
b = 1000mm 28

Rigid Base
1. IS code method.
Over all thickness is then computed as
t = d+cover.
Area of reinforcement in the form of vertical bars on water face is computed
as M
A st 
st jd
st = fs
Area of hoop steel in the form of rings is
computed as T
A st1 
 st
29

Rigid Base
1. IS code method.
- Distribution steel and vertical steel for outer face of wall is computed from
minimum steel consideration
- Tensile stress computed from the following equation should be less than
the permissible stress for safe design
T
c 
1000 t  (m  1)A st
the permissible tensile stress is c = ft = 0.27 f’c
Base slab thickness generally varies from

150mm to 250 mm and minimum steel
(0.20 to 0.30)% are distributed to top
30
and bottom of slab.

RECTANGULAR WATER TANKS RESTING ON GROUND
Important Notes:
- Rectangular tanks are used when the storage capacity is small
- Rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from point of
view of economy.
- It is also desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice the
smaller side. (L< 2 B).
- Moments are caused in two directions of the wall [ie., both in horizontal
as well as in vertical direction]
31

Important Notes: continued…..
- Exact analysis is difficult and are designed by approximate methods.
- When the length of the wall is more in comparison to its height, the
moments will be mainly in the vertical direction, [ie., the panel bends as
vertical cantilever]
- When the height is large in comparison to its length, the moments will be in
the horizontal direction and panel bends as a thin slab supported on edges.
- For intermediate condition bending takes place both in horizontal and
vertical direction.
- In addition to the moments, the walls are also subjected to direct pull by
water pressure on some portion of walls.
The walls are designed both for direct tension and bending moment.
32

Maximum vertical moment = Mxwa3 ( for x/a = 1, y=0)

Maximum horizontal moment = Mywa3(for x/a = 0, y=b/2)
Tension in short wall is computed as Ts=pL/2 33
Tension in long wall TL=pB/2
34
35
36
Solved Examples…………………………………………………
37
38

Lecture - 4 - Analysis and Design of R. C. Water Tanks

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Analysis and Design of R. C.

Forth Year Civil Department

Prepared by: Dr. Kawan K. Ghafor

- What is Storage Tanks?

- What is Storage Tank?

* They are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage.

* Cement content ranging from [330Kg/m3 to 530Kg/m3] is recommended

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes

Circular Water Tanks:

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes

Rectangular Water Tanks:

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Shapes

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Placement

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Placement

Tanks resting on ground:

Types of Storage Tanks: Based on their Placement

Design of Water Tanks:

- Permissible Stresses in Concrete:

Design of Water Tanks:

- Permissible Stresses in Concrete:

Design of Water Tanks:

- Permissible Stresses in Steel:

(a) For resistance to cracking.

Design of Water Tanks:

- Permissible Stresses in Steel:

Design of Water Tanks:

In order to minimize cracking due to shrinkage and temperature,

i) For thickness ≤100 mm = 0.3 %

Cover to reinforcement is greater of i) 25 mm, ii) Diameter of main bar.

WATER TANKS RESTING ON GROUND

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Important Notes: continued …….

Design of Water Tanks:

If c  cat, where cat=0.27fck , then no crack appears in concrete

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Hoop tension, moment and shear is computed as

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Base slab thickness generally varies from

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Design of Water Tanks:

Maximum vertical moment = Mxwa3 ( for x/a = 1, y=0)

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