ABSTRACT

Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The design and construction methods
used in reinforced concrete are influenced by the prevailing construction practices, the physical
property of the material and the climatic conditions. Before taking up the design, the most suitable
type of staging of tanks and correct estimation of loads including statically equilibrium of structure
particularly in regards to overturning of overhanging members are made. The design is made
considering the worst possible combination of loads, moments and shears arising from vertical loads
and horizontal loads acting in any direction when the tank is full as well as empty. In this project by
performing the analysis of Intze tank, deflection shape due to hydrostatic pressure and stresses, etc.
are analyzed.

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 INTRODUCTION TO VILLAGE

 Village Name:- Shendraban village

Our Team is done some survey in Shendraban Village. Our team collected all history of population
and increases in population around in 4 to 6 decade. In this village Grampanchayat is working Authority
and Sarpanch of this village is Mrs. Vimal tai bhavle.

After surveyed in this village our team understands the total number of capita, lifestyles of capita and
water required of per capita per day. We can also get information about village topography and other
information like number of Hospital, School, Hotels, Restaurant, Temple, and other public place. We had
measured various levels in this village, for check suitability of location of (Elevated) Over head water tank
and to decide water supply system.

 Introduction of Water tank and its types :-

Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and
similar liquids. These structures are made of masonry, steel, reinforced concrete and pre stressed concrete.
Out of these, masonry and steel tanks are used for smaller capacities. The cost of steel tanks is high and
hence they are rarely used for water storages. Reinforced concrete tank is high and hence they are rarely
used for water storages. Reinforced concrete tanks are very popular because, besides the construction and
designs being simple, they are cheap, monolithic in nature and can be made leak proof. Generally no cracks
are allowed to take place in any part of the structure of liquid retaining R.C.C tanks and they made water
tight by using richer mix (not less than M20) of concrete. In addition sometimes water proofing materials
are also used to make tanks water tight. Permeability of concrete is directly proportional to water cement
ratio. Proper compaction using vibrators should be done to achieve imperviousness. Cement content
ranging from 330 Kg/𝑚3 to 530 Kg/𝑚3 is recommended in order to keep shrinkage low.

The leakage is more with higher head and it has been observed that head up to 15m does not cause
leakage problem. Use of high strength deformed bars of grade 415 are recommended for the construction
of liquid retaining structures .However mild steel bars are also used. Correct placing of reinforcement, use
of small sized and use of deformed bars lead to differential cracks. A crack width of 0.1mm has been
accepted as permissible value in liquid retaining structures. While designing liquid retaining structures
recommendation of “IS Code” of Practice for the storage of liquids- IS3370 (Part I to IV)” should be
considered

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 Classification of RCC Water tank :-

 Based on Placement of tank :-

1. RESTING ON GROUND

These are used for clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. These tanks directly rest on the
ground. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from inside and the base is subjected to
weight of water inside and soil reaction from underneath the base. The tank may be open at top or roofed.
Ground water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from water well or from surface
water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

2. ELEVATED WATER TANK:-

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These tanks are supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C tower or R.C.C column
braced together. The walls are subjected to water pressure from inside. The base is subjected to weight of
water, weight of walls and weight of roof. The staging has to carry the entire load of entire tanks with water
and is subjected to wind loads. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tanks, choice of
materials of construction, as well as following:

1. Location of the water tanks (indoors, outdoors, above the ground or underground) determines color and
construction characteristics.

2. Volume of water tank will need to hold to meet design requirements.

3. Purpose for which the water tanks will be used, human consumption or industrial determines the
concerns for materials that do not have side effects for human.

4. Temperature of area where water will be stored, may create concern freezing and delivery off setting
heat.

5. Delivery pressure requirements, domestic pressure range from 35-60 PSI, the demand for a given GPM
(gallon per minute) of delivered flow requirements.

6. How the water to be delivered to the point of use, into and out of the water tank i.e. pumps, gravity or
reservoir.

7. Wind and earthquake design considerations allow a design of water tank parameters to survive
seismic and high wind events.

8. Back flow prevention, are check valve mechanism to allow single direction of water flow.

9. Chemical injection systems for algae, bacteria and virus control to allow long term storage of water.

10. Algae in water tanks can be mitigated by removing sunlight from access to the water being stored.

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 3. Underground water tank :-

These tanks are built below the ground level such as clarifier’s filters in water treatment plants,
and septic tanks. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from inside and earth pressure
from outside. The base of the tanks is subjected to water pressure from inside and earth pressure from
outside. The base of the tanks subjected to water pressure from inside and soil reaction from underneath.
Always these are covered at top. These tanks should be designed for loading which gives the worst effect.
The design principles of underground tank same as for the tanks resting on ground. The walls are subjected
to inside a water pressure and outside earth pressure. The section of wall is designed for the earth pressure
acting separately as well as acting simultaneously,. Whenever there is possibility of water table to rise, soil
becomes saturated and earth. These types of tank are generally constructed of rectangular or circular in
shape.

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 BASED ON THE SHAPE OF TANK :-
1. Circular Tank :-
Generally circular tank rest on the ground or are elevated ones. Underground circular tanks are
also constructed. The circular tanks may be designed either with flexible base connection with wall or with
rigid connection between walls and base, in the former case the expansion and contraction of side walls are
possible but in latter case the walls are monolithic with base. The walls of tank are subjected to hydrostatic
pressure which is maximum at base and zero at top. Usually for design of circular tanks, the theory of thin
cylinders is applied for design of wall thickness and for calculation of maximum hoop tension. The main
reinforcement consists of circular hoops to take care of hoop tension and is placed on both faces and wall.
The distribution steel is placed vertically and is tied to main reinforcement.

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 2. Rectangular tank:-
For smaller capacities circular tanks are uneconomical and their form work is costly.
Rectangular tanks are constructed when small capacity tank are required. These may be resting on ground,
elevated or underground. Tanks should be preferably square in plan and it is desirable that larger side
should not be greater than twice the smaller side and for rectangular tanks. Walls of tanks either resting on
ground or elevated are subjected to water pressure from inside and when underground they are subjected to
internal water pressure and outside earth pressure. In rectangular tanks the moments are caused in two
directions, Hence exact analysis is rather difficult, they are designed by approximate methods.

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 CONSIDERATION:-

 IS 3370(part 1) recommends the following measures to be considered before the

construction of water tank –

1) Cement content :
The concrete used for tank should be minimum of M20 grade mix so as to provide
not only the strength but also higher density to prevent seepage. The cement content should not be less than
concrete. A well graded aggregate with a water-cement ratio less than 0.5 is recommended for making
impervious concrete.

2) Permissible steel requirement:-

Plain mild or HYSD steel reinforcement can be used in storage tanks.
The permissible stress in reinforcement is controlled by the strain and crack widths rather by the strength.
In view of complexities associated with crack widths, a simplified approach through the reduced
permissible stress is recommended. The permissible stress in steel is given below:

Types of stress in steel Mild steel bars HYSD steel bars

reinforcement (Mpa) (Mpa)

Tensile stress in member

115 150
under direct tension

Tension in steel bending or

shear placed within 225mm 115 150
from water face
Tension in steel placed
beyond 225mm from water
face;
In bending,Fst 125 190
In shear, fsv 125 175

Compression in column
125 175
subjected to direct load
Table 2.1: Permissible stress in steel

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3) Permissible Stresses in Concrete:-
To ensure uncracks condition, the permissible tensile stress in
concrete in reinforcement concrete members should not exceed the values listed on table 2.2 on the liquid
retaining face and also on the exterior face, for the members less than 225mm thick

Nature of stress M20 M25 M30 M35

Direct tension, fct 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6

Bending
1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2
tension,fcbt

Shear Stress,τv 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5

Table 2.2 Permissible stress in concrete
4) Cover of reinforcement:-
The minimum clear cover or nominal cover to main reinforcement in direct
tension shall be 20mm diameter of the bar, whichever is greater. The minimum nominal cover is increased
to 25 and 30mm for the case of tension in bending, and in the environment of alternate wetting and drying,
respectively, But minimum cover should be 40mm for the surface in contact with water.

5) Minimum Steel:-
A minimum amount of steel shall be provided in two principle directions to minimize
cracking due to shrinkage, temperature etc. The minimum HYSD reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs
should be 0.35% of the surface zone cross section in either of direction of right angles.

6) Water proofing material:-

Primary consideration in water tanks, besides, strength is water tightness
of tank. Complete water –tightness can be obtained by using high strength concrete. In addition, water
proofing materials can be used to further enhance the water tightness. To make concrete leak proof or
water tight, internal water proofing or water proofing linings are frequently used. In the method of internal
water proofing, admixtures are used. The objects using them are to fill the pores of the concrete and to
obtain a dense and less permeable concrete. Some of most commonly used admixtures are hydrated lime
in quantity from 8 to 15%, by weight of cement of powdered iron fillings, which expands upon oxidation
and fills in pores of concrete. Other agents like powdered chalk or talc, sodium silicate, zinc sulphate,
calcium chloride etc. are also used. In water proofing linings, paints, asphalt, coal tar, waxes, resins, and
bitumen are used. These materials have property to repel water.

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 POPULATION FORECAST:

 DESIGN PERIODS & POPULATION FORECAST:-

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of
the future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as the
design period.

Design period is estimated based on the following:

1) Useful life of the component , considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

2) Expandability aspect.
3) Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments & migration-
immigration.
4) Available resources.
5) Performance of the system during initial period.

 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS:-

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular
method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city Depends largely on the factors discussed
in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and intelligence of the designer

1. Incremental Increase Method

2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3. Simple Graphical Method
4. Comparative Graphical Method
5. Logistic Curve Method
6. Arithmetic Increase Method
7. Geometric Increase Method

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 DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE:-
In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required therefore, proportion of
fine and course aggregates to cement should be such as to give high quality concrete. Concrete mix
weaker than M20 is not used. The minimum quantity of cement in the concrete mix shall be not less than
30 kN/m3.The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete issue efficiently
impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential. The permeability of the thoroughly
compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases
permeability, while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of leakage
in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey combing. All joints should be made water-tight as
these are potential sources of leakage. Design of liquid retaining structure is different from ordinary
R.C.C, structures as it requires that concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete should
be within permissible limits. A reinforced concrete member of liquid retaining structure is designed on the
usual principles ignoring tensile resistance of concrete in bending. Additionally it should be ensured that
tensile stress on the liquid retaining ace of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed the permissible
tensile strength of concrete as given in table 1. For calculation purposes the cover is also taken into
concrete area. Cracking may be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and contraction of concrete
due to temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects. Such restraint may be caused by.

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  JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES:-
 MOVEMENT JOINTS:- There are three types of movement joints.

(i) Contraction Joint:-

It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete on
either side of the joint. The purpose of this joint is to accommodate contraction of the concrete.

A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint. A complete
contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are interrupted and a partial contraction joint is one
in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through

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 (ii)Expansion Joint:-
It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete and it is to
accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure.

 CONTRACTION JOINTS:-
This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This type of joint requires the
provision of an initial gap between theadjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening
accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure.

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(iii) Sliding Joint:-
It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete and with special
provision to facilitatemovement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is shown in Fig. This type of joint is
provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.

 CONTRACTION JOINTS:-
This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. Arrangement is made to achieve
subsequent continuity without relative movement. One application of these joints is between successive
lifts in a reservoir wall.

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  GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (I.S.I):-

1) Plain Concrete Structures:-

Plain concrete member of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structure may be designed against
structural failure by allowing tension in plain concrete as per the permissible limits for tension in
bending. This will automatically take care of failure due to cracking. However, nominal reinforcement
shall be provided, for plain concrete structural members.

 Permissible Stresses in Concrete:-

(a) For resistance to cracking:-
For calculations relating to the resistance of members to cracking, the permissible stresses in
tension (direct and due to bending) and shear shall confirm to the values specified in Table 1.The
permissible tensile stresses due to bending apply to the face of the member in contact with the liquid. In
members less than 225mm. thick and in contact with liquid on one side these permissible stresses in
bending apply also to the face remote from the liquid.

(b) For strength calculations:-

In strength calculations the permissible concrete stresses shall be in accordance with Table 1.
Where the calculated shear stress in concrete alone exceeds the permissible value, reinforcement acting in
conjunction with diagonal compression in the concrete shall be provided to take the whole of the shear.

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  Permissible Stresses in Steel:-

(a) For resistance to cracking:-

When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stress in concrete
for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel will be limited by the requirement that the permissible
tensile stress in the concrete is not exceeded so the tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of
modular ratio of steel and concrete, and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete

(b) For strength calculations:-

In strength calculations the permissible stress shall be as follows:

(i) Tensile stress in member in direct tension 1000 kg/cm2

(ii) Tensile stress in member in bending on liquid retaining face of members or face away from liquid for
members less than 225mm thick 1000 kg/cm2

(iii)On face away from liquid for members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm2

(iv )Tensile stress in shear reinforcement, For members less than 225mm thickness 1000 kg/cm2 For
members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm2

(v)Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load 1250 kg/cm2

 Floors:-

i) Floors of tanks resting on ground:-

If the tank is resting directly over ground, floor may be constructed of concrete with nominal
percentage of reinforcement provided that it is certain that the ground will carry the load without
appreciable subsidence in any part and that the concrete floor is cast in panels with sides not more than
4.5m. with contraction or expansion joints between. In such cases a screed or concrete layer less than
75mm thick shall first be placed on the ground and covered with a sliding layer of bitumen paper or other

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suitable material to destroy the bond between the screed and floor concrete. In normal circumstances the
screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 10,where injurious soils or aggressive water are expected,
the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 15 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other
special cement should be used.

iii) Floor of tanks resting on supports:-

(a) If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be designed as floor in
buildings for bending moments due to water load and self weight.
(b) When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the bending moments at the
junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into account in the design of floor together with
any direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or from the floor to the wall due to suspension
of the floor from the wall.If the walls are non-monolithic with the floor slab, such as in cases, where
movement joints have been provided between the floor slabs and walls, the floor shall be designed only
for the vertical loads on the floor.

(c) In continuous T-beams and L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid, the tension in
concrete on the liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed the permissible stresses for
controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab shall be determined in usual manner for calculation
of the resistance to cracking of T-beam, Lbeam sections at supports.

(d) The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded in both the slab and the
walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is necessary under the wall, provided the wall
of the tank itself is designed to act as a beam over the supports under it.

(e) Sometimes it may be economical to provide the floors of circular tanks, in the shape of dome. In such
cases the dome shall be designed for the vertical loads of the liquid over it and the ratio of its rise to its
diameter shall be so adjusted that the stresses in the dome are, as far as possible, wholly compressive.
The dome shall be supported at its bottom on the ring beam which shall be designed for resultant
circumferential tension in addition to vertical loads.

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  Overhead Water Tanks And Towers:-
Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a balancing tank in
water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes. Reinforced concrete water
towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by climatic changes, are leak proof, provide greater
rigidity and are adoptable for all shapes.

-Components of a water tower consists of:-

a) Tank portion with –

1) Roof and roof beams (if any)
2) sidewalls
3) Floor or bottom slab
4) floor beams,includingcircular girder

(b) Staging portion, consisting of–

(5) Columns
(6)Bracings
(7)Foundations

Types of water Tanks may be –

(a) Square-open or with cover at top
(b)Rectangular-open or with cover at top
(c) Circular-open or with cover at which may be flat or domed.

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 Among these the circular types are proposed for large capacities. Such circular tanks may
have flat floors or domical floors and these are supported on circular girder. The most common type of
circular tank is the one which is called an Intze Tank. In such cases, a domed cover is provided at top with
a cylindrical and conical wall at bottom. A ring beam will be required to support the domed roof. A ring
beam is also provided at the junction of the cylindrical and conical walls. The conical wall and the tank
floor are supported on a ring girder which is supported on a number of columns. Usually a domed floor is
shown in fig a result of which the ring girder supported on the columns will be relieved from the horizontal
thrusts as the horizonal thrusts of the conical wall and the domed floor act in opposite direction.
Sometimes, a vertical hollow shaft may be provided which may be supported on the domed floor.

 The design of the tank will involve the following:-

1) The dome at top usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along the meridians and
latitudes. The rise is usually l/5th of the span.
2) Ring beam supporting the dome:- The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal component of
the thrust of the dome. The ring beam will be designed for the hoop tension induced.
3) Cylindrical walls :- This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal water pressure.

4) Ring beam at the junction of the cylindrical walls and the conical wall:- This ring beam is
provided to resist the horizontal component of the reaction of the conical wall on the cylindrical wall.
The ring beam will be designed for the induced hoop tension.
5) Conical slab:- This will be designed for hoop tension due to water pressure. The slab will also be
designed as a slab spanning between the ring beam at top and the ring girder at bottom.
6) Floor of the tank:- The floor may be circular or domed. This slab is supported on the ring girder.
7) The ring girder:- This will be designed to support the tank and its contents.The girder will be
supported on columns and should be designed for resulting bending moment and Torsion.
8) The ring girder:- This will be designed to support the tank and its contents.The girder will be
supported on columns and should be designed for resulting bending moment and Torsion.
9) Foundations:- A combined footing is usuals provided for all supporting columns. When this is done it is usual
to make the foundation consisting of a ring girder and a circular slab.

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 POPULATION FORECASTING:-

Water need to be supply is depend upon the population of the are so basically civil engineers have
calculate and also forecast the population of the area

 Methods of population fore casting:

1. Arithmetical Increase method.

2. Geometrical increase method.

3. Incremental Increase method.

4. Graphical method.

 Arithmetical Increase method:-

Arithmetical Increase method: In this method Rate of growth of population is to be assumed as constantly
increasing.This method is useful for large and old city.

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In this method the average increase in population per decade is. calculated from the past census reports.
This increase is added to the present population to find out the population of the next decade.

Formula: Pn= P0 + n X

{where “n” no of decade, And “X” is Average increase in population in last decade.}

P0 is population of latest decade.

Pn is population to be forecasted

 Geometrical increase:-

In this method the percentage increase in population from decade to decade is assumed to remain
constant.
Since this method gives higher values and hence should be applied for a new industrial town at the
beginning of development And also for young and developing cities.

Formula: Pn= P0 (1 + r/100)ⁿ

Where:
Pn= Population After n decade.
r = Geometrical Growth rate
n = No of decade.

 Incremental Increase method:-

Suitable for an average size town under normal condition where the growth rate is found to be in
increasing order. This method is combination of both previous method. The incremental increase is
determined for each decade from the past population and the average value is added to the present
population along with the average rate of increase.

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 Formula: Pn= P0 + n X +{(n(n+1)/2)y}

Where:- y is Average incremental increase of known decade.

 Graphical method.

In This type of method graph is ploted using variables as polulation increase against past
decades.This graph is then extended by considering tendency of the curve plotted to know the population
at a given year.
Such as:

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 Factors affecting rate of water demands:

1. Size of city.
2. Habits of people.
3. Climatic condition.
4. Cost of Water.
5. Quality of water.

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 6. Efficiency of water supply system.
7. System of sanitation.
8. Metering of Supply.

 Design period of water supply scheme:

 This is future period in years in which designing the capacities of various

components of water supply scheme is known as Design period .

 The population to be served at the end of the Design period is calculated using
suitable method as we studied.

 Factors affecting design period:-

1. Rate of increase of population.

2. Quantity of water available from source.
3. Expected life of pipe and other material used.
4. Funds available for completion of work.

 Calculation of Water Demand:-

-There some types of water demand as follow:

 Domestic water Demand

 Public and industrial Demand

 Commercial And Institutional Demand.

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 Fire Demand.

 Losses and wastage of Demand.

 Domestic water Demand:-

Domestic demand includes water for drinking, cooking, washing, laundering, and other household
functions. Public demand includes water for fire protection, street cleaning, and use in schools and other
public buildings.
According to IS-1172-1983 the minimum requirement of water for domestic consumption is 135
lit/capita/day. Or Liters per head per day LHD.

5. Domestic Demand:-

Use Consumption/capita/day
Sr.No
1] Bathing 55 liters
2) Flushing 30 liters
3) Washing cloths 20 liters
4) Washing Utensils 10 liters
5) Cleaning of house 10 liters
6) Cooking 05 liters

 Public and industrial Demand:-

Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as for washing and sprinkling of roads
cleaning of sewers, watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains etc., comes under public demand.

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 Water Demand for Public Use is taken about 5 % of the total Water Demand. Estimation of Water
Demand plays a key role in planning water supply scheme. Includes water required in the private
buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing and gardening purposes, etc. It is about 50 - 60 % of the total
water consumption.

Industrial demand includes the goods and services that are required by all individuals and
organizations that are engaged in the production of other goods and services. The sum total of demand
for products of all organizations in a particular industry is known as industry demand. For example, the
demand for cars of various brands, such as Toyota, Maruti Suzuki, Tata, and Hyundai, in
India constitutes the industry' demand.

6. Public Demand:-

Sr.No Use Consumption/capita/day

1] Public Parks 1.4 lit/m2/day

2) Street Washing 1-1.5 lit/m2/day

3) Sewer Cleaning 4.5 lit/head/day

7. Industrial Demand:-

Sr.N
Use Unite Of Production Consumption/capita/day
o
1) Automobile Vehicle 40 kilo lit/vehical
2) Fertilizer Tonne 80-200 kilo lit/tonne
3) Paper Tonne 200-400 kilo lit/tonne
4) Sugar Tonne 10-100 kilo lit/tonne
5) Textile Quintal 80-200 lo lit/Quintal

 Commercial And Institutional Demand:-

On an average, per capita demand of 20 lpcd is required to meet institutional and commercial water
demand. For highly commercialized cities, this value can be 50 lpcd.On an average, per capita demand of

Page26
20 lpcd is required to meet institutional and commercial water demand. For highly commercialized cities,
this value can be 50 lpcd

8. Commercial And Institutional Demand:-

Sr No Type of Building Demand

Hospital With Laundry:-
1] –100 Beds 340 lit/bed
< 100 Beds 455 lit/bed
2] Nurse And doctors quarter 135 lit/capita
3] Hotel 180 lit/bed
4] Restaurant 70 lit/seat
Schools:-
45 lit/head
5] Day
135 lit/ head
Residential
6] Hostel 135 lit/ head
7] Office 45 lit/head
8] Theaters 15 lit/ seat

 Fire Demand:-

During the break down of fire large quantity of water required for extinguish it, so for this purpose
Sufficient quantity of water should be stored in reservoir.

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 As per manual published by government of India at fire water demand can be calculated by the
farmula:100√P ,Where p is the population of the area

It is the amount of water required for firefighting purposes if in case a fire breaks out in an area. This
water is required to be available at a pressure of about 100 to 150 kN/m^2 or 10 to 15m head of water.
Fire demand is not calculated for smaller towns where the population is less than 50,000.

 Losses and wastage of Demand:-

Due to losses of water in supply system because of leakage and other rezones water losses may be
occurred so to feel up this losses additional water needed to supply.Generally 15% of total water quantity
is considered to compensate the losses ,thefts, and wastage.

The term “water loss” refers to the unintentional waste of drinking water that occurs in various
ways in a supply system. These losses have negative impacts for society, because they mean the waste
of a large amount of water that would be consumed by the population.

 Water Demand calculation:-

 Design period of the water tank is 3 Decade [30 years]

 Design Population of Shendraban village is 9069 Capita

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Step [1]:- Calculating Domestic capita water demand

9069x135=12,24,315 liters/capita/day …{ By referring IS:1172-193 }

Step [2]:- Calculating Public and Intuitional water demand

- In Shendraban village some Public and Intuitional place are there as follow:-

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