Introduction

The aim of this project is to design an Overhead water tank under the
government scheme Jal Jivan Mission .
The Jal Jivan Mission is a significant initiative launched by the
Government of India to address the critical issue of providing safe and
sustainable drinking water to every rural household in the country. The
mission was officially launched on August 15, 2019, by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, as part of the broader Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean
India Mission) and the commitment to improve the quality of life in
rural areas.

Key objectives and features of the Jal Jivan Mission include:

1.Universal Access to Safe Drinking Water:- The primary objective of

the mission is to ensure that every rural household in India has access
to clean and safe drinking water. This access is meant to be convenient
and reliable, reducing the burden of women and girls who traditionally
carry the responsibility of fetching water.

2.Integrated Approach:- The Jal Jivan Mission adopts an integrated and

holistic approach to water supply, combining water source
development, water treatment, distribution infrastructure, and
household connections. This approach aims to ensure the long-term
sustainability of water supply systems.
3.Inclusivity:- The mission focuses on ensuring that marginalized and
vulnerable communities have equitable access to safe drinking water.
Special attention is given to areas with water quality issues, low
availability, and areas affected by water-borne diseases.

4.Source Sustainability:- The mission emphasizes the sustainable

management of water sources, such as groundwater recharge,
watershed development.

5.Convergence with Other Programs:- The Jal Jivan Mission

collaborates with other government initiatives, such as the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), to
create synergies and maximize the impact of water-related projects.

6.Funding and Implementation:- The mission is funded through a

combination of central and state government funds. States are
responsible for the planning and implementation of water supply
projects in their respective areas.

The Jal Jivan Mission is a vital step in improving the living standards and
health outcomes of rural populations in India. Access to safe and clean
drinking water is a fundamental right, and the mission aims to ensure
that this right is realized for every household in rural India, thereby
contributing to the overall development and well-being of the nation.
 Overhead Water Tank

An overhead water tank is a large container typically located at an

elevated position to store and distribute water. It is a crucial component
of many water supply systems, providing a stable and pressurized water
source for various purposes, including domestic use, industrial
processes, and firefighting.
Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid
petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. These structures are
made of masonry, steel, reinforced concrete and pre stressed concrete.
Out of these, masonry and steel tanks are used for smaller capacities.
The cost of steel tanks is high and hence they are rarely used for water
storages. Reinforced concrete tank is high and hence they are rarely
used for water storages. Reinforced concrete tanks are very popular
because, besides the construction and designs being simple, they are
cheap, monolithic in nature and can be made leak proof. Generally no
cracks are allowed to take place in any part of the structure of liquid
retaining R.C.C tanks and they made water tight by using richer mix (not
less than M20) of concrete. In addition sometimes water proofing
materials are also used to make tanks water tight. Permeability of
concrete is directly proportional to water cement ratio. Proper
compaction using vibrators should be done to achieve imperviousness.
Cement content ranging from 330 Kg/𝑚3 to 530 Kg/𝑚3 is
recommended in order to keep shrinkage low. The leakage is more with
higher head and it has been observed that head up to 15m does not
cause leakage problem. Use of high strength deformed bars of grade
415 are recommended for the construction of liquid retaining
structures. However mild steel bars are also used.
 THEORY

CLASSIFICATION OF R.C.C WATER TANK

BASED ON PLACEMENT OF TANK

1.RESTING ON GROUND:- These are used for clear water reservoirs,
settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. These tanks directly rest on the
ground. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from
inside and the base is subjected to weight of water inside and soil
reaction from underneath the base. The tank may be open at top or
roofed. Ground water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive
water from water well or from surface water allowing a large volume of
water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

2.ELEVATED WATER TANK:- These tanks are supported on staging which

may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C tower or R.C.C column braced
together. The walls are subjected to water pressure from inside. The
base is subjected to weight of water, weight of walls and weight of roof.
The staging has to carry the entire load of entire tanks with water and is
subjected to wind loads.

3.UNDERGROUND WATER TANK:- These tanks are built below the

ground level such as clarifier’s filters in water treatment plants, and
septic tanks. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure
from inside and earth pressure from outside. The base of the tanks is
subjected to water pressure from inside and earth pressure from
outside. The base of the tanks subjected to water pressure from inside
and soil reaction from underneath. Always these are covered at top.
These tanks should be designed for loading which gives the worst
effect. The design principles of underground tank same as for the tanks
resting on ground. The walls are subjected to inside a water pressure
and outside earth pressure. The section of wall is designed for the earth
pressure acting separately as well as acting simultaneously,. Whenever
there is possibility of water table to rise, soil becomes saturated and
earth. These types of tank are generally constructed of rectangular or
circular in shape.
BASED ON THE SHAPE OF TANK
1.CIRCULAR TANK:-Generally circular tank rest on the ground or are
elevated ones. Underground circular tanks are also constructed. The
circular tanks may be designed either with flexible base connection with
wall or with rigid connection between walls and base, in the former
case the expansion 5 and contraction of side walls are possible but in
latter case the walls are monolithic with base. The walls of tank are
subjected to hydrostatic pressure which is maximum at base and zero at
top. Usually for design of circular tanks, the theory of thin cylinders is
applied for design of wall thickness and for calculation of maximum
hoop tension. The main reinforcement consists of circular hoops to take
care of hoop tension and is placed on both faces and wall. The
distribution steel is placed vertically and is tied to main reinforcement.

2.RECTANGULAR TANK:- For smaller capacities circular tanks are

uneconomical and their form work is costly. Rectangular tanks are
constructed when small capacity tank are required. These may be
resting on ground, elevated or underground. Tanks should be preferably
square in plan and it is desirable that larger side should not be greater
than twice the smaller side and for rectangular tanks. Walls of tanks
either resting on ground or elevated are subjected to water pressure
from inside and when underground they are subjected to internal water
pressure and outside earth pressure. In rectangular tanks the moments
are caused in two directions, Hence exact analysis is rather difficult,
they are designed by approximate methods.

3.INTZE TYPE TANK:- This is a very special type of elevated tank used for
very large capacities. Circular tanks for very large capacities prove to be
uneconomical when flat bottom slab is provided. Intze type tank consist
of top dome supported on a ring beam which rests on cylindrical wall.
The walls are supported on ring beam and conical slab. Bottom dome
will also be provided which also supported by ring beam. The conical
and bottom dome are made in such manner that the horizontal thrust
from the conical base is balanced by that from the bottom dome. The
conical and bottom domes are supported on circular beam which is in
turn, supported on a number of columns. For large capacities the tank is
divided in two compartments by means of partion walls supported on a
circular beam.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
IS 3370(part 1) recommends the following measures to be considered
before the construction of water tank –
1.Cement content:- The concrete used for tank should be minimum of
M20 grade mix so as to provide not only the strength but also higher
density to prevent seepage. The cement content should not be less
than 300Kg/𝑚3 to get water tightness and not more than 530Kg/𝑚3 to
avoid cracking due to shrinkage of concrete. A well graded aggregate
with a water-cement ratio less than 0.5 is recommended for making
impervious concrete.

2.Permissible steel requirement:- Plain mild or HYSD steel

reinforcement can be used in storage tanks. The permissible stress in
reinforcement is controlled by the strain and crack widths rather by the
strength. In view of complexities associated with crack widths, a
simplified approach through the reduced permissible stress is
recommended.

3.Permissible Stresses in Concrete:- To ensure uncracks condition, the

permissible tensile stress in concrete in reinforcement concrete
members should not exceed the values listed on table 2.2 on the liquid
retaining face and also on the exterior face, for the members less than
225mm thick.

4.Cover of reinforcement:- The minimum clear cover or nominal cover

to main reinforcement in direct tension shall be 20mm diameter of the
bar, whichever is greater. The minimum nominal cover is increased to
25 and 30mm for the case of tension in bending, and in the
environment of alternate wetting and drying, respectively, But
minimum cover should be 40mm for the surface in contact with water.

5.Minimum Steel:- A minimum amount of steel shall be provided in two

principle directions to minimize cracking due to shrinkage, temperature
etc. The minimum HYSD reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs should
be 0.35% of the surface zone cross section in either of direction of right
angles.

6.Water proofing material:- Primary consideration in water tanks,

besides, strength is water tightness of tank. Complete water –tightness
can be obtained by using high strength concrete. In addition, water
proofing materials can be used to further enhance the water tightness.
To make concrete leak proof or water tight, internal water proofing or
water proofing linings are frequently used. In the method of internal
water proofing, admixtures are used. The objects using them are to fill
the pores of the concrete and to obtain a dense and less permeable
concrete. Some of most commonly used admixtures are hydrated lime
in quantity from 8 to 15%, by weight of cement of powdered iron
fillings, which expands upon oxidation and fills in pores of concrete.
Other agents like powdered chalk or talc, sodium silicate, zinc sulphate,
calcium chloride etc. are also used. In water proofing linings, paints,
asphalt, coal tar, waxes, resins, and bitumen are used. These materials
have property to repel water.
 DESIGN COMPONENTS OF INTZE TYPE TANK

TANK PORTION
The various components of elevated tank are as follows
1. Top Roof Dome
The dome at top usually 100mm to 150mm thick with reinforcement
along the meridian and latitudes. The rise is usually 1/5th of the span.
2. Ring Beam
The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal component of the
thrust of the dome. The ring beam will be designed for hoop tension
induced.
3. Circular Wall
This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal water
pressure and to resist bending moment induced to wall by liquid load.
4. Bottom Slab
This will be designed for total load above it. The slab will also be
designed for the total load above it. The slab will also be designed as a
slab spanning in both directions.
5. Bottom Beams
The bottom beam will be designed as continuous beam to transfer all
the load above it to the columns.
STAGING PORTION
1. Columns & Braces
Columns These are to be designed for the total load transferred to
them. The columns will be braced at intervals and have to be designed
for wind pressure and seismic loads whichever govern.
Braces The braces are the members connecting the columns at
intermediate height of columns. It is provided in slender columns to
increase the column’s load carrying capacity.
2. Foundation As per is11682-1985, a combined footing or raft footing
with or without tie beam or raft foundation should be provided for all
supporting columns.

DOMES
A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by revolution of a
regular curve about one of its axis. The shape of dome depends on the
type of the curve and the direction of axis of revolution. Domes are
used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular
tanks, in hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums and bottom of tanks,
bins and bunkers. Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber
and reinforced concrete. However, reinforced domes are most
commonly used nowadays, since they can be constructed over large
spans. Membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be
developed neglecting effect of bending moment, twisting moment and
shear assuming that loads are carried wholly by axial stresses. The
meridional thrust and circumferential forces are calculated to design
the domes. However, minimum amount of 0.3% of steel should be
provided on both direction of the dome.

CYLINDRICAL WALL
Circular wall tanks are generally more economical than those having
other shape. The tanks are subjected to uniformly varying load due to
hydrostatic pressure increasing from zero at the free water surface to
the water surface to the maximum at the bottom. In the circular tank,
the lateral pressure causes hoop tension in the wall.
The magnitude of the hoop tension depends on nature of joint between
wall and bottom slab.
Two types are generally considered in the design:
1.Flexible joint between base and wall in flexible joint, the deflection at
the bottom of the wall is unrestricted. For the height H of the liquid in
the tank. The maximum lateral pressure at the base is γw H. This will
cause hoop tension of γw H × D/2.
2.In rigid joint, the wall is rigidly fixed with the base hence; deflection
at the bottom of the joint is not possible. The upper part of the wall
will predominantly have a hoop tension, while the lower part will bend
like a cantilever fixed at the base. Thus, a part of the load will be
carried by the hoop tension and a part by cantilever action.

In this project, the method suggested is IS: 3370 (part IV) will be used.
This method gives the hoop tension and bending moment at different
heights and shear at base. In this method, coefficients are given at
different height of the wall, from which, we can obtain hoop tension,
bending moment and shear at different height.
 CONCLUSION

My internship experience working on the construction and

management of the overhead water tank has been both enlightening
and rewarding. Throughout this internship, I had the opportunity to
apply theoretical knowledge into practical, real-world situations,
gaining valuable insights into the intricacies of water supply systems,
engineering, and project management.
I had the privilege of being involved in various aspects of the project,
from the initial design phase to monitoring and maintenance. This
hands-on experience has deepened my understanding of the critical
role that water infrastructure plays in providing a vital resource to
communities.
Moreover, I learned the significance of effective communication and
collaboration in a project of this magnitude. Coordinating with
multidisciplinary teams, local authorities, and community members
was crucial in ensuring the project's success. This experience has not
only enhanced my technical skills but also improved my interpersonal
and teamwork abilities.
During the internship, I encountered and overcame numerous
challenges, including dealing with unforeseen construction issues,
adhering to safety protocols, and managing project budgets. These
challenges provided me with the opportunity to develop problem-
solving skills and adaptability, both of which are invaluable in the field
of civil engineering and infrastructure development.
I am grateful for the guidance and mentorship provided by the project
team and the insights gained from practical work on the overhead
water tank. The knowledge and skills acquired during this internship
will undoubtedly shape my future career in civil engineering and
infrastructure development. I am now better equipped to contribute to
projects that address critical water supply needs and promote
sustainable development.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr.Ashish Kumar Soni(M/S MAA
GANGA CONSRUCTION) for providing me with this opportunity and for
their unwavering support throughout the internship. I look forward to
applying the lessons learned and contributing to similar meaningful
projects in the future.