The Impact of Underage Intervention to Alcoholism

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the

Senior High School Department
SAN NICOLAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Practical Research 2

ARIANA JANELLE FIESTA

Researcher

March 2022
 CHAPTER I

Research Design

This study was designed to undertake a systematic review of underage intervention to

alcoholism. The harms and benefits of alcohol consumption for young people, heavy drinking by

young people is more pronounced in areas with high social deprivation. The term “review” can

be used to describe a wide range of work, from an expert commentary on a topic, a narrative

description of several papers in a field or a full systematic review. The latter involves: a pre-

specified question and protocol; a defined search strategy; clear inclusion and exclusion criteria

for studies; a clear quality assessment of included studies and, if appropriate, meta-analysis or

pooling of data across similar research studies in a field. It is generally accepted that a systematic

review is the most likely form of review to minimize bias, as it uses a transparent approach that

attempts to access all the relevant information of a topic.

Materials

 Given the existence of several reviews examining the social and/or medical

impact of alcohol on young people, this study comprises a synthesis of published

reviews to establish an up-to-date and robust picture of the available and

authoritative evidence in this field. Standard systematic reviewing methods were

tailored to utilize existing reviews rather than primary research;

 Humans
 Questionnaires
 Pens

General Procedure
 Ask you several questions related to your drinking habits. The researcher may ask for

permission to speak with family members or friends. However, confidentiality laws prevent your

researcher from giving out any information about you without your consent.

Experiment Set-up

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

A1 -  nondrinker, occasional drinker (alcohol < 3 a) the reliability and effectiveness of

times/week) alcohol.
A2- light regular drinker (alcohol intake ≥ 3 b) the pleasure associated with alcohol
times/week but < 170g/week) use.
A3- moderate regular drinker (alcohol intake c) the stigma attached to being an
alcohol user.
≥ 3 times/week and ≥ 170g/week)

A4- heavy drinker (alcohol intake > 5 d) embarrassment about negotiation and
times/week and > 190g/week use of alcoholism.

A5- life drinker (alcohol intake > everyday e) embarrassment about purchase of
and 650g/week alcohol.

Legend:

A1 – Non-Drinker o Occasional Drinker

A2 – Light Regular Drinker

A3 – Moderate Regular Drinker

A4 – Heavy Drinker

A5 – Life Drinker

Experimentation was the main tool used to gather data. The survey questionnaire was

provided to the selected respondents from Brgy. San Miguel, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, field up
and answered accordingly. The data gathered were tabulated and evaluated through so as seek

answers to the stated problems of the study including the best strategy determine.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researcher will determine if there was a significant difference in drinkers and non-

drinkers of the intervention to underage alcoholism. The research will utilize the One-Way

Analysis of Variance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Underage drinking, especially heavy drinking and frequent, heavy drinking, is associated with

numerous negative consequences. The consequences of alcohol use can be acute and immediate

outcomes of a single episode of alcohol-impaired functioning, such as accidental death and

injury, or they can be the accumulated and diverse effects of a chronic pattern of drinking, such

as poor school performance and fractured relationships secondary to alcohol abuse and addiction.

By ages 19 and 20. 70 percent of all drinkers engage in heavy drinking, suggesting that the

majority of young people are at great risk of making poor decisions that have significant long-

term consequences (Flewelling et al., 2004). But underage drinkers need not drink heavily to be

at high risk of experiencing negative consequences. The crash risk associated with driving after

drinking is higher for youths than for adults at all blood alcohol content (BAC) levels (Hingson

and Kenkel, 2004). In other words, adolescents and young adults do not need to drink heavily to

significantly increase their risk of negative consequences.

Alcohol impairs one's decision-making capacity. As a result, young people who drink are more

likely to engage in risk-taking behavior that can result in illness, injury, and death. Acute

consequences of underage drinking include unintentional death and injury associated with

driving or engaging in other risky tasks after drinking, homicide and violence, suicide attempts,

sexual assault, risky sexual behavior, and vandalism and property damage. In addition, these

consequences appear to be more severe for those who start drinking at a young age. Hingson and

Kenkel (2004), report on a series of studies that controlled for history of alcohol dependency,

frequency of heavy drinking, years of drinking, age, gender, race or ethnicity, history of cigarette

smoking, and illicit drug use. These studies reveal that youth who started drinking before age 15,

compared to those who waited until they were 21, were 12 times more likely to be

unintentionally injured while under the influence of alcohol, 7 times more likely to be in a motor

vehicle crash after drinking, and 10 times more likely to have been in a physical fight after

drinking.

When young people drink and get into a car, they also tend to make poor decisions that bear on

their safety. For example, young people who have been drinking are less likely to wear a safety

belt. They are more likely to get in a car with an intoxicated driver: 41 percent of frequent heavy

drinkers reported riding with an intoxicated driver, compared with only 14 percent of those who

never drank (Hingson and Kenkel, 2004). In alcohol-related traffic crashes, there were three

times more deaths among young people who were not wearing their seat belts than among those

who were wearing them. In sum, alcohol-related crashes involving underage drinkers are more

likely to result in death and serious injury than those involving other drivers.

Alcohol is implicated in a large proportion of unintentional deaths and injuries caused by other

forms of dangerous behavior than driving. In 1999, nearly 40 percent of people under age 21
who were victims of drownings, burns, and falls tested positive for alcohol. Youth constituted 7

percent of nonfatal and 30 percent of fatal alcohol-related drownings and burns. Drinking not

only increases one's risk of being involved in a traffic accident or suffering another unintentional

injury, it is also implicated in deaths and injuries associated with violence and suicidal behavior.

Frequent heavy alcohol use is associated with increased feelings of hopelessness, suicide

ideation, and suicide attempts.

In addition to being more vulnerable to experiencing (or committing) sexual assault, young

people who are drinking are also more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Young people

are less likely to use a condom if they have been drinking, which puts them at risk for unplanned

pregnancies and contracting sexually transmitted diseases and HIV (the virus that causes AIDS).

More disturbing still is that young people seem to be aware that using alcohol influences their

decisions about sexual behavior: 29 percent of 15- to 17-year-olds and 37 percent of 18- to 24-

year-olds said that alcohol or drugs influenced their decision to do something sexual. In other

words, young people choose to drink even though they realize that alcohol affects their decision

making and may cause them to engage in sexual behaviors they would not do while sober. Early

onset of alcohol use has also been associated with unplanned and unprotected sex.

They don’t think right when they’re drunk and Vandalism and property damage represent yet

another set of consequences influenced by alcohol. Intoxicated youth are more likely to commit

these acts regardless of their age, but vandalism and property damage are a particular problem on

college campuses.

A single episode of alcohol-impaired judgment can have immediate consequences (leading to

death, injury, or arrest, for example) with long-term effects. In addition, heavy alcohol use at a

young age has been implicated in long-term changes in the youths' life prospects. Individuals
who begin drinking before age 15 appear to be at greater risk for serious life-long problems

(Hingson and Kenkel, 2004). For example, young people who begin drinking before age 15 are

significantly more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who begin drinking at older

ages. Youth who begin drinking before the age of 15 have a 41 percent chance of future alcohol

dependence, compared with a 10 percent chance for those who begin after the legal drinking age

(Grant and Dawson, 1997). Some become dependent during adolescence.

Chronic health problems resulting from heavy alcohol use are generally not observed in

adolescents because such effects take longer to accumulate. However, heavy drinking during

adolescence, especially if this behavior is continued in adulthood, places a person at risk of such

health problems as pancreatitis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, and anemia. Chronic liver

disease and cirrhosis among Filipinos.

Many consequences—both immediate and long-term—are correlated with youthful drinking. In

the case of immediate consequences, drinking impairs one's perceptual and motor skills, and this

impairment clearly increases the risk of a car crash if one drives after drinking—a risk that is

demonstrably higher for young drivers. Similarly, the disinhibiting effect of alcohol use impairs

judgment and increases the risk of violence and unprotected sexual intercourse. In this sense, the

causal link between alcohol use and the outcomes and problem behaviors just reviewed is not in

doubt. The empirical evidence also shows a clear correlation between early drinking and

problematic adult drinking and other related longer-term problems: that is, the earlier that young

people start drinking, the more likely they are to have problems in their adult lives.

However, these outcomes and behaviors may not be entirely attributable to alcohol. For example,

some youths who have alcohol-related crashes or engage in alcohol-related violence or other

risk-taking behavior may have been otherwise strongly predisposed to engage in problem
behaviors of all sorts due to genetics, family circumstances, or other factors. Similarly, the higher

rates of alcohol dependence, disease, and dysfunction among adults who began heavy drinking

as youths may not be attributable to the early drinking per se. Some of these long-term outcomes

are also consistent with the possibility that some individuals have a particular vulnerability to

developing bad drinking habits and that one of the characteristics of these individuals is that they

start drinking early. For example, children of alcoholics are more likely than children of non-

alcoholics to start drinking during adolescence.

We think that prudent parents and a prudent society should assume, based on the current

evidence, that underage drinking increases the risk of future drinking problems and contributes

independently to the many deficits experienced by early drinkers over the course of their lives.

However, additional research to further refine understanding of the interaction of the multiple

interrelated factors on long-term outcomes is warranted.