VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF g

1. At height h (Above earth's surface)

If h Re

Ifhe<R,then -s1
2. At depth x" (below earth's surface)

, at the centre of earth g =0, weight 0

3. Due to Rotation of Earth:

Apparent value of acceleration due to gravity.
g=g- R, 2cos?
angle of latitude

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD INTENSITY AND POTENTIAL (V)

1. Gravitational field intensity

GMM.

2
2. Gravitational potential

-GM
V=- m
V= (units J/kg)

Variation of Intensity and Potential

1. For a spherical shell of mass M and radius R

Case-l r< R(internal point)

GM
4-0, V-R
Case-ll r=R(on the surface)

Case-llr>R(outside the shell)

rER
r=R
 2. For Uniform solid Sphere
Case-l r<R(intermal point)

RV 3R-r)At centre V, =- = v
Case-ll r R (on the surface)

M -GM

Case-l: r> R (outside the surface)

GM

N rR
rsR

hyperbolic

parabolic

3. Gravitational intensity and potential on the axis of unifom ring of mass M radius R at distance x from
centre.

l=-GM*
,V = GM

At centre l= 0. I is maximum at X= 2GM

mx 3/3R

4 Neutral point: The point P at which gravitational field is zero between two massive bodies, is called
neutral point.

...
-I

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

At earth surface U---oMgm At height h, U =GM,m

R, +h

Energy required to escape = Escape energy = + GM m- Binding

R energy
ESCAPE VELOCITY

2GM
R. V38GR =y2gR
At earth surface, v = 11.2 km/s
KEPLERs LAWS
(1) All planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbit having the Sun at one focus.
Ife eccentricity of ellipse then distance of the planet from the Sun at perigee is
(1-e)a
and distance of the planet from the Sun at apogee is

( 1 +e)a (a semi major axis)

Ratio of ortbital speeds at apogee and perigee is

Vp a 1+e

Ratio of angular velocities at apogee and perigee is

-ea-
Perigee
Apogee
***
Sun

(2) A planet sweeps out equal area in equal time interval ie., Areal speed of the planet is constant

constant (L represents angular momentum of planet about the Sun)

2m

(3) Square of time period is proportional to cube of semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit of the planet.
ie., T2 « a

SATELLITES
Important results regarding satellite motion in circular orbit.
1. Orbital Velocity (v,): Gravitational attraction of planet gives necessary centripetal force.

GM

GM gR (h height above the surface of earth)

VR +h

V2
2. Time Period: The period of revolution of a satelliteis

T2 2
For a satelite orbiting close to the earth's surface (r Ra). the time period is minimum and is given by

Tmin2m
For earth R, = 6400 km,

g 9.8 m/s2

Tmin
min 84.6 min.= 1.4h

Thus, for any satellite orbiting around the earth, its time period must be more than 2n, or
84.6 minutes.

3. Potential Energy (U), Kinetic Energy () and Total Energy (E) of satellite

U=-GMm
r

K GMm
2r

E - - GMm K= -E & U = 2E]

2r
BINARY STAR SYSTEM
Two stars of mass M, and M2 forma stable system when they move in circular orbit about their centre of mass,
under their mutual gravitational attraction.
**

F-GMM2
(1) 2 where ris distance between them (i.e., r=r,t2)

(2) M= M2 M C
M
(3)
GM,M2 M,V .

(4) GMMM,VE

Ma M
(5) M, +Ma2 M, +Ma

when
VMayM+Ma
M, =
M2
GM