Kepler’s Laws

Gravitation 7
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Kepler’s Laws
Gravitation 7
Potential & Kinetic Energy of Satellite
GMm
U = –
r
vo = √ GM
r
KE =
GMm
2r

GMm
TE = –
m 2r

M
 Escape Velocity (Ve)
&
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Vescape = 11.2 km/s

Escape Velocity (Ve)

Vescape = 11.2 km/s

Escape Velocities
 Escape Velocity (Ve)
It is the minimum speed to project a body from the surface of a planet (usually the earth) so that it
permanently overcomes & escapes from the gravitational field of the planet.

m
 Escape Velocity (Ve)
It is the minimum speed with which a body must be projected from the surface of a
planet (usually the earth) so that it permanently overcomes and escapes from the
gravitational field of the planet (the earth).

If a body of mass m is projected with speed v from the surface of a

planet of mass M and radius R then

1 mv2 ; GMm
K.E. = G.P.E. = –
2 R
Total Mechanical Energy (T.M.E.) of the body at surface = 1 mv2 – GMm
2 R

At infinity, Potential energy is zero and as we want minimum escape velocity, we should
take velocity at infinity to be zero.

Total energy at infinity = 0

From conservation of mechanical energy,

1 mv2 – GMm = 0
2 R

√
2GM
⇒ ve = R = √2gR g = GM
R2
Important points :
i) Escape velocity is independent of the mass and direction of projection of the body
ii) For earth, as g = 9.8 m/s2 and R = 6400 km

ve = √2 × 9.8 × 6.4 × 106

= 11.2 km/s
Examples: Escape Velocity
Calculate the escape velocity from the surface of a planet of radius 2000 km,
if acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the planet is 2.5 m/s2

A. 11.2 km/s
B. 3.162 km/s
C. 3.6 km/s
D. 5.6 km/s

m
Solution:

Given R = 2000 km Formula

R = 2 × 106 m

g = 2.5 m /s2
Ve = √2gR
To Find Ve = ?
 Ve =
√ 2gR
⇒ Ve = √ 2 × 2.5 × 2 × 106

⇒ Ve = √ 10 × 106

⇒ Ve = √ 107

⇒ Ve = 3.162 × 103 m/s

⇒ Ve = 3.162 Km/s
A satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed equal to half
the magnitude of escape velocity from earth. Find its height above earth’s surface.
A. R
B. 2R
C. 3R
D. 4R
Solution:
1
Vo = Ve
2

Given ∴ √ GM
R+h
=
1
2 √ 2GM
R
1 Squaring on both sides we get,
Vo = Ve
2
GM 1 2GM
To Find = ×
R+h 4 R

h =? 1 1
=
R+h 2R

h+R = 2R

h = R
Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion

T2 r3
 Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

➔ The I law is known as the law of orbit

F1 F2

➔ The II law is known as the law of area

➔ The III law is known as the harmonic law or law of period T2 r3

Kepler’s I Law of planetary motion
Every planet revolves in an elliptical orbit around the sun,
with the sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse

The sun is at any one of the foci

The planet revolves around

in an elliptical path.

F1 F2

➔ This law is known as the Law of Orbit

 Kepler’s I Law of planetary motion
Let’s understand some concept of ellipse.

F1 F2
Eccentricity
 Apogee & Perigee

Fastest

Slowest
Perihelion Aphelion
fastest slowest
motion motion

Perihelion Aphelion
distance distance
Kepler’s II Law of Planetary Motion
Kepler’s II Law of Planetary Motion
➔ Consider a radius vector from sun to earth

➔ Suppose if a planet travels some distance in a finite time.

➔ In this finite time it traces an area of A1 with respect to the sun.

Sun A1

Planet
Kepler’s II Law of planetary motion

➔ In the same finite time it traces an

area of A2 with respect to the sun....
Sun A1
➔ According , to kepler, Since time taken by A2
the planet is same, their area covered is Planet
also same

The radius vector drawn from the sun to any

planet,Sweeps out equal areas in Equal intervals of
time.

Areal Velocity is constant

dA L = Constant
=
dt 2m

This law is known as the law of area

Kepler’s II Law of planetary motion θ
v

r
Kepler’s II Law of planetary motion θ

dA = ½ base x height

dA = ½ r x v dt sin θ

dA
dt
=
2
( )
r x v dt sinθ m
m
(mvr sinθ) L
= = = Constant
2m 2m

Net TORQUE about the sun is always ZERO, Hence Angular Momentum of
the Planet remains constant
Areal Velocity
Kepler’s III Law of planetary motion
Kepler’s III Law of planetary motion
Let T be the time taken by the planet, to complete one revolution

T2 ∝ r3

T2 = constant r
∴
r3

Let r be the semi major axis

of this ellipse

The square of the period of revolution of the planet round the sun (T2) is directly proportional to the cube of
semi major axis of the elliptical orbit (r3). This law is known as the harmonic law or law of period
Numericals: Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion
A planet of mass m moves along an ellipse around the sun so that its maximum &
minimum distance from the sun are equal to r1 & r2 resp. Find the angular
momentum of this planet relative to the center of the sun.

M
r1 r2
Solution:

As the angular momentum of the planet is constant, we have

mv1r1 = mv2r2 or v1r1 = v2r2

Further, the total energy of the planet is also constant, hence

GM m 1 GM m 1
– + mv = – + mv22
r1 2 2 1 r2 2

Where M is the mass of the sum.

 1 1 v22 v12
GM – = –
r2 r1 2 2

or

r1 – r2 v12 r12 v12

GM Putting value of v2
= –
r1r2 2 from v1r1 = v2r2
2r22

or

r1 – r2 v12 r21 v12 r12 – r22

GM = –1 =
r1r2 2 r22 2 r22
 2GM(r1 – r2) r2 2GMr2
2
v12 = =
r1r2 ( r2 –2 )
r2 r1( r1 + r2)
1

v1 =
√ 2GMr2
r1(r1 +r2)

Now the angular momentum = mv1 r1

= m
√ 2GMr1r2
(r1 + r2)
If this velocity of the planet at Perigee is v. What will the velocity of the
planet at Apogee?
x2 4y2
+ =1
A. v/2 3 9
B. v/3
C. v/4
D. v/5
Solution: L = constant
L1 = L 2 v0
mV0 (a/2) = mV (3a/2)
m m
V0/3 = v mv2
2
v=?

a = √3 ae ae

b = 3/2

e=½
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