Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-019-2048-0

RESEARCH Open Access

Extensions and demonstrations of Hölder’s

inequality
Fei Yan1* and Qin Gao2
*
Correspondence:
13705127132@163.com Abstract
1
North China Electric Power
University, Baoding, P.R. China In this paper, we present some new extensions of Hölder’s inequality and give a
Full list of author information is condition under which the equality holds. We also show that many existing
available at the end of the article inequalities related to the Hölder inequality are particular cases of the inequalities
presented. At the same time, we further promote new inequalities based on the
already introduced Hölder inequality.
MSC: Primary 26D15; secondary 39A13
Keywords: Hölder’s inequality; Cauchy’s inequality; Refinement; Generalization;
Concave functions

1 Introduction

Let aij > 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, pj > 1, and nj=1 p–1
j = 1. The following Hölder inequality
is well known:
 m  p1

m 
n 
n  pj
j
aij ≤ aij . (1)
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1

The integral form of the Hölder inequality is

 b 
n
 n 
 b 1/pj
pj
fj (x) dx ≤ fj (x) dx .
a j=1 j=1 a

ln addition, from (1) the famous Cauchy inequality follows:

 2  n  

n  
n
xi yi ≤ x2i y2i .
i=1 i=1 i=1

Analytic inequalities [1–12], especially Hölder’s inequalities play an important role

in mathematical analysis, harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and partial differential
equations. It is precisely because of the importance of the Hölder inequality that more
and more authors have invested in its research and have made a lot of optimization and
advancement. In this paper, we describe the discrete and continuous forms of the Hölder
inequality and its associated inferences.

© The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro-
vided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made.
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 2 of 12

Yang’s [13, 14] insights into inequalities have further led to several inferences. Qi’s [15,
16] several integral inequalities explain the integral form of the inequality and further
elaboration of the integral form of the Hölder inequality. Tian [17–20], Tian and Ha [21,
22], Tian, Ha, and Wang [23], Tian and Pedrycz [24], Kwon and Bae [25], Tian, Zhu and
Cheung [26], and Zhao and Cheung [27] give a series of meaningful improvements, gener-
alization, properties, and applications of Hölder’s inequality. The papers in the references
are of great guiding significance to the conception and promotion of this paper.
From the paper by Yang [14] we can get the following conclusions.
Let the function h : (–∞, +∞) → (0, +∞) be defined as

m  n 1–t 1/pk

n    pk t
h(t) = aij aik . (2)
k=1 i=1 j=1

It is easy to see that h ∈ C ∞ and (1) becomes

 m  p1

m 
n 
n  pj
j
h(0) = aij ≤ aij = h(1); (3)
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1

 n n m pj 1/pj
it is not difficult to see h(0) = m j=1 aij , h(1) = j=1 ( i=1 aij ) under the conditions
n i=1
pk > 1, k = 1, 2, . . . , n, and k=1 1/pk = 1. From (2) it follows that
⎧
⎨≥ 0, t ≥ 0,
h (t)
⎩≤ 0, t ≤ 0,

p  p 
and the equation holds if and only if t = 0 or aikk / nj=1 aij = ajkk / nj=1 aij for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ m,
k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
From (2) and (3), it is natural to consider the function h(t) more deeply. Similarly, we
can define the function g(t) related to the integral form of Hölder’s inequality:

  n 1–t 1/pk

n b 
p t
g(t) = fj (x) fk k (x) dx , t ∈ R, (4)
k=1 a j=1

where fk (x) > 0, x ∈ [a, b], k = 1, 2, . . . , n, and fk ∈ Lpk [a, b].

The integral expression of Hölder’s inequality now becomes

 b 
n
 n 
 b 1/pk
p
g(0) = fk (x) dx ≤ fk k (x) dx = g(1). (5)
a k=1 k=1 a

As can be seen from the paper of Yang [14], (2) and (4) are generalized to the case pj >

1, nk=1 1/pk = r. We will show that hr (t) and gr (t) are concave functions on R and that
mint∈R hr (t) = hr (0) and mint∈R gr (t) = gr (0); moreover, hr (t)t ≥ 0 and gr (t)t ≥ 0 for t ∈ R.
Therefore, we obtain refinements of (3) and (5):

hr (0) = hr (1) – hr (τ ), τ ∈ (0, 1),

gr (0) = gr (1) – gr (s), s ∈ (0, 1),

Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 3 of 12

where 0 ≤ hr (τ ) ≤ hr (1) and 0 ≤ gr (s) ≤ gr (1). We also obtain conditions at which the
equalities hold.

2 Main results
We begin this section with three lemmas, which will be used in the sequel.
From Yang [13] we get the following lemma.

Lemma 2.1 ([13]) If A and B are positive numbers, then

⎧
 t  ⎨≥ 0, t ≥ 0,
(ln A – ln B) A – Bt
⎩≤ 0, t ≤ 0,

and the equality holds if and only if (A – B)t = 0.

  1
Lemma 2.2 ([14]) Let rpk > 1, nk=1 p1 = r, aij > 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, bi = ( nj=1 aij ) r ,
rp 
k
dik = aik k / nj=1 aij , 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ k ≤ n. Then

 m 

n
1 
bi ln dik = 0.
pk i=1
k=1

Proof By the definition of bi and dik we have for i = 1, 2, . . . , m:


n 
n  rpk
1 1 a
ln dik = ln ikr
pk pk bi
k=1 k=1


n n
r
= r ln aik – ln bi
pk
k=1 k=1
  

n
aik
= r ln
bri
k=1

= 0.

Therefore
 m  m  n 

n
1  r   1
r
b ln dik = bi ln dik = 0.
pk i=1 i i=1
pk
k=1 k=1

Thus the proof of the lemma is completed. 

n 1 n 1 rp
Lemma 2.3 ([14]) Let rpk > 1, k=1 pk = r, fk (x) > 0, F(x) = ( j=1 fj (x))
r , gk (x) = fk k /F r (x),
x ∈ [a, b], k = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then


n
p–1
k ln gk (x) = 0, x ∈ [a, b].
k=1
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 4 of 12

Proof After a simple operation, we have


n 
n
1
rp
f k (x)
p–1
k ln gk (x) = ln k r
pk F (x)
k=1 k=1


n
1 
= rpk ln fk (x) – r ln F(x)
pk
k=1


n 
n
r
= ln fk (x) – ln F(x)
pk
k=1 k=1


n
= r ln fk (x) – r2 ln F(x)
k=1
n
k=1 fk (x)
= r ln
F r (x)
= 0.

Thus the proof of the lemma is completed. 

The main result of this paper is the following theorem.

As can be seen from Kwon and Bae [25], we can get the continuous function hr (t) pro-
posed by Theorem 2.4. In this paper, we consider continuous variables f (x, y) instead of
discrete variables aij . At the same time, we will introduce the discrete form of hr (t) used
in this paper by the continuous function.

Theorem 2.4 Let X = (X, μ) and (Y , ν) be positive measure spaces with μ(X) = 1 and 0 <
ν(Y ) < ∞. Let f (x, y) be a real-valued bounded measurable function on X × Y . Define the
function hr (t) : R → R+ by
  
hr (t) = exp ln G(y)etH(x,y) dν(y) dμ(x) , (6)
X Y

 
where G(y) = e X f (x,y) dμ(x) and H(x, y) = rf (x, y) – X f (x, y) dμ(x).
Then the discrete form of hr (t) can be further pushed out:

n m 1–t p1

n    rpk t k
hr (t) = Xij Xik , (7)
k=1 i=1 j=1

n
where rpk > 1, 1
k=1 pk = r, Xij > 0 (1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n), and Xij are measurable.

Proof Take X, Y as two discrete spaces X = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, Y = 1, 2, 3, . . . , m, and take a posi-


tive sequence pj satisfying nj=1 p1j = r. Set μ, ν as

n
1
μ= δj ,
p
j=1 j


m
ν= δi ,
i=1
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 5 of 12

where δj and δi denote the unit mass concentrated at j and i, respectively. Then (X, 2X , μ)
and (Y , 2Y , ν) are positive measure spaces with μ(X) = 1 and 0 < ν(Y ) = m < ∞. Here 2{·}
means the set of all subsets of {·}. Let

pj
ef (j,i) = Xij .

Then

  n

1 pj
exp f (x, y) dμ(x) = exp ln Xij
X p
j=1 j
 n 

= exp ln Xij
j=1
 

n 
n
= exp ln Xij = Xij .
j=1 j=1

Therefore hr (t) has the expression

  
tH(x,y)
hr (t) = exp ln G(y)e dν(y) dμ(x)
X Y
   

= exp ln e X f (x,y) dμ(x) ertf (x,y)–t X f (x,y) dμ(x) dν(y) dμ(x)
X Y
   
 f (x,y) dμ(x) 1–t  f (x,y) rt
= exp ln eX e dν(y) dμ(x)
X Y

   1–t 

n
 rp t
= exp ln Xij Xik k dν(y) dμ(x)
X Y j=1

   n 1–t 

m   rp t
= exp ln Xij Xik k dμ(x)
X i=1 j=1

 m  n 1–t 

n
1    rpk t
= exp ln Xij Xik
pk i=1 j=1
k=1

m  n 1–t p1

n    rp t
k
= Xij Xik k .
k=1 i=1 j=1

Thus the proof of the theorem is completed. 

n
Theorem 2.5 Let aij > 0 (1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n), rpk > 1, k=1 1/pk = r. Define the positive
function

m  n 1–t 1/pk

n    rp t
hr (t) = aij aik k , t ∈ R. (8)
k=1 i=1 j=1
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 6 of 12

Then the function hr (t) defined by (8) is concave, that is, hr (t) ≥ 0 for t ∈ R, and the equality
holds if and only if

rp rp
a k ajk k
nik = n , 1 ≤ i, j ≤ m, k = 1, 2, . . . , n. (9)
j=1 aij l=1 ajl

In this case, hr (t) is a constant.

Proof It is easy to see from (2) that hr (t) can be expressed in the following equivalent form:
 1 rp
Let bi = ( nj=1 aij ) r , dik = aik k /bri ,

m  rp p1

n  a k t k
hr (t) = bri ikr .
i=1
bi
k=1

Let Hr (t) = ln hr (t),

 m 

n
1 
r t
Hr (t) = ln bi dik .
pk i=1
k=1

Then by Lemmas 2.1 and 2.2 we obtain

m r t
hr (t)  1
n
i=1 bi dik ln dik
Hr (t) = = m r t
hr (t) pk i=1 bi dik
k=1
m r t m r

n n
1 i=1 bi dik ln dik 1 i=1 bi ln dik
= m r t – m r
pk b d
i=1 i ik pk i=1 bi
k=1 k=1
 ⎧

n r r t
– djkt ) ⎨≥ 0, t ≥ 0,
1 1≤i<j≤m bi bj (ln dik – ln djk )(dik
= m r m r t
pk ( i=1 bi )( i=1 bi dik ) ⎩≤ 0, t ≤ 0.
k=1

Therefore Hr (t) = 0 if and only if t = 0 or

dik = djk , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m, k = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Similarly, by Lemmas 2.1 and 2.2 we obtain

n m m

n
1 ( r t r t 2 r t
ln dik )2
i=1 bi dik )( i=1 bi dik (ln dik ) ) – ( i=1 bi dik
Hr (t) = m r t 2 .
pk ( i=1 bi dik )
k=1

It is easy to see that Hr ≥ 0 and the equality holds at some t0 if and only if

dik = djk , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m, k = 1, . . . , n.

Since hr (t) = hr (t)Hr (t), we have hr (t) = hr (t)[(Hr (t))2 + Hr (t)] ≥ 0, and hr (t) = 0 if and only
if Hr (t) = 0 and Hr (t) = 0.
The proof of the theorem is completed. 
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 7 of 12

From our discussion we see that hr (t) ≥ 0 and the equality holds at some t0 ∈ R if and
only if (9) holds. In this case, hr (t) ≡ 0 and hr (t) = hr (0) = const. Since, by by the proof,
hr (t) = hr (0)Hr (0) = 0, which yields hr (t) = hr (0) = const, t ∈ R.

Corollary 2.6 If (9) holds, then hr (t) = const. Otherwise, hr (t) > 0, t ∈ R, and hr (t)t > 0 for
t = 0; in particular, for 0 = t1 < t2 < · · · < tN = 1, we have

hr (0) = hr (t1 ) < hr (t2 ) < · · · < hr (tN ) = hr (1),

m p1  m r

n  k 
hr (0) = min hr (t) = bri = bri
t∈R
k=1 i=1 i=1
 r
m p1

m 
n 
n  rp
k
= aij ≤ hr (1) = aik k .
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1

If r = 1, then we get a refinement of (1),

 m  p1

m 
n 
n  pj
j
aij ≤ aij .
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1

Corollary 2.7 If (9) holds, then hr (t) = const. Otherwise,

hr (0) = hr (1) – hr (τ ), τ ∈ (0, 1),

and 0 < hr (τ ) < hr (1), where

   n  n  p1

n
1
r r
1≤i<j≤m bi bj (ln dik – ln djk )(dik – djk )   pj
j
hr (1) = Hr (1)hr (1) = m r m r aij .
pk ( i=1 bi )( i=1 bi dik ) j=1 j=1
k=1

Theorem 2.8 Let fk (x) > 0, x ∈ [a, b], k = 1, 2, . . . , n, and fk ∈ Lpk [a, b]. Define the positive
function

  n 1–t p1

n b 
rp t
k
gr (t) = fj (x) fk k (x) dx , t ∈ R. (10)
k=1 a j=1

The function gr (t) defined by (10) is concave, that is, gr (t) ≥ 0 for t ∈ R, and the equality
holds if and only if

rp
f k (x)
kn = ck = const. (11)
j=1 fj (x)

n 1 rp
Proof It is known from Lemma 2.3 that if F(x) = ( j=1 fj (x))
r and gk (x) = fk k (x)/F r (x),
then

n 
 b  p1
k
gr (t) = F r (x)gkt (x) dx .
k=1 a
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 8 of 12

Let Gr (t) = ln gr (t). Then


n  b
1
Gr (t) = ln F r (x)gkt (x) dx .
pk a
k=1

Then by Lemmas 2.1 and 2.3 we obtain

Gr (t)
b

n
1 F r (x)gkt (x) ln gk (x) dx
a
= b
pk r t
k=1 a F (x)gk (x) dx
b b 

n
1 F r (x)gkt (x) ln gk (x) dx a F r (x)( nk=1 p1 ln gk (x)) dx
a k
= b – b
pk r t r (x) dx
k=1 a F (x)gk (x) dx a F
 b b 

n
1 F r (x)gkt (x) ln gk (x) dx F r (x) ln gk (x) dx
a a
= b – b
pk r t r
k=1 a F (x)gk (x) dx a F (x) dx
bb ⎧

n
1 F r (x)F r (y)(gkt (x) – gkt (y))(ln gk (x) – ln gk (y)) dx dy ⎨≥ 0, t ≥ 0,
a a
= b b
2pk r t r ⎩≤ 0, t ≤ 0.
k=1 a F (x)gk (x) dx a F (x) dx

Therefore Gr (t) = 0 if and only if

rp
f k (x)
kn = ck = const.
j=1 fj (x)

Similarly, by Lemmas 2.1 and 2.3 we obtain

bb

n
1 F r (x)F r (y)gkt (x)gkt (y)(ln gk (x) – ln gk (y))2 dx dy
Gr (t) = a a
b ≥ 0.
pk 2( a F r (x)gkt (x) dx)2
k=1

It is easy to see Gr (t) ≥ 0 and the equality holds at some t0 if and only if

rp
f k (x)
kn = ck = const.
j=1 fj (x)

Since gr (t) = gr (t)Gr (t), we have gr (t) = gr (t)[(Gr (t))2 + Gr (t)] ≥ 0, and gr (t) = 0 if and
only if Gr (t) = 0 and Gr (t) = 0.
Thus the proof of the theorem is completed. 

Corollary 2.9 If gk (x) = const, then gr (t) = const. Otherwise, gr (t) > 0, t ∈ R, and gr (t)t > 0
for t = 0; in particular, for 0 = t1 < t2 < · · · < tN = 1, we have

gr (0) = gr (t1 ) < gr (t2 ) < · · · < gr (tN ) = gr (1),

n 
 b  p1 n 
 b  p1
k k
gr (0) = r
F (x) dx ≤ gr (1) = r
F (x)gk (x) dx .
k=1 a k=1 a
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 9 of 12

Corollary 2.10 If (11) holds, then gr (t) = const. Otherwise,

gr (0) = gr (1) – gr (s), s ∈ (0, 1),

and 0 < gr (s) < gr (1), where

gr (1) = Gr (1)gr (1)

bb
n
1 a a F r (x)F r (y)(gk (x) – gk (y))(ln gk (x) – ln gk (y)) dx dy
= b b
2pk F r (x)gk (x) dx F r (x) dx
k=1 a a
n 
 b p1
rp k
× fk k (x) dx .
k=1 a

Next, we use the existing inequalities to derive the inequalities obtained in Kwon and
Bae [25].
n
Theorem 2.11 Let aij > 0, pk > 1, αkj ∈ R, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j, k ≤ n, 1
= 1, and
n k=1 pk

k=1 αkj = 0. Then

 m  n  p1

m 
n 
n   1+pk αkj
k
aij ≤ aij . (12)
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Moreover, for the integral form of this inequality, if fj (x) > 0 (j = 1, 2, . . . , n), x ∈ [a, b], –∞ <
a < b < +∞, and fj (x) ∈ C[a, b], then

 b 
n


n

b
n
 p1
k
1+pk αkj
fj (x) dx ≤ fj (x) dx . (13)
a j=1 k=1 a j=1

Proof From (2) we can see that h(0) is the minimum point of h(t).
Thus h(0) ≤ h(t), that is,

m  n 1–t p1

m 
n 
n    pk t k
aij ≤ aij aik .
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Under the assumptions of (2), taking t = –pk αkj for j = k and t = αkk /(1 – 1
) for j = k with
n pk
k=1 αkj = 0, we have

 m  n  p1

m 
n 
n   1+pk αkj
k
aij ≤ aij .
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Similarly, the integral expression of Hölder’s inequality now becomes g(0) ≤ g(t), that is,

 b 
n


n
  n
b 
1–t  p1
k
p t
fk (x) dx ≤ fj (x) fk k (x) dx , t ∈ R.
a k=1 k=1 a j=1
Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 10 of 12

Next, we make some changes to g(t). Taking t = –pk αkj for j = k and t = αkk /(1 – 1
) for
 pk
j = k with nk=1 αkj = 0, we have

 b 
n


n

b
n
 p1
k
1+pk αkj
fj (x) dx ≤ fj (x) dx .
a j=1 k=1 a j=1

Thus, the proof of the theorem is completed. 

n 1
Similarly, we also consider the case pj > 1, k=1 pk = r.
n
Theorem 2.12 Let aij > 0, rpk > 1, αkj ∈ R, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j, k ≤ n, 1
= r, and
n k=1 pk

k=1 αkj = 0. Then

 m  n  p1

m 
n 
n   1+rpk αkj
k
aij ≤ aij . (14)
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Moreover, for the integral form of this inequality, if fj (x) > 0 (j = 1, 2, . . . , n), x ∈ [a, b], –∞ <
a < b < +∞, and fj (x) ∈ C[a, b], then

 b 
n


n

b
n
 p1
k
1+rpk αkj
fj (x) dx ≤ fj (x) dx . (15)
a j=1 k=1 a j=1

Proof From (8) we get that hr (0) is the minimum point of hr (t). Thus, hr (0) ≤ hr (t), that
is,

m  n 1–t p1

m 
n 
n    rpk t k
aij ≤ aij aik .
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Under the assumptions of (8), taking t = –rpk αkj for j = k and t = αkk /(1 – rp1 ) for j = k with
n k
k=1 αkj = 0, we have

 m  n  p1

m 
n 
n   1+rpk αkj
k
aij ≤ aij .
i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

Similarly, the integral expression of Hölder’s inequality now becomes gr (0) ≤ gr (t), that is,

 b 
n


n
  n
b 
1–t  p1
k
rp t
fk (x) dx ≤ fj (x) fk k (x) dx , t ∈ R.
a k=1 k=1 a j=1

Similarly to discrete hr (t), we also make some changes to the continuous gr (t). Taking

t = –rpk αkj for j = k and t = αkk /(1 – p1 ) for j = k with nk=1 αkj = 0, we have
k

 b 
n


n

b
n
 p1
k
1+rpk αkj
fj (x) dx ≤ fj (x) dx .
a j=1 k=1 a j=1

Thus the proof of the theorem is completed. 

Yan and Gao Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2019) 2019:97 Page 11 of 12

3 Conclusion
As is well known, the Hölder inequality and its derivative theorems play an important
role in mathematical analysis. In this paper, we have presented a wider range of discrete
function hr (t) and continuous function gr (t) based on the existing discrete function h(t)
and continuous function g(t). In addition, we give a proof and application of hr (t) and
gr (t), and, finally, by using the results obtained we get an extension of Hölder’s inequality
to the new inequality. In the future research, we will continue to explore other derived
inequalities of Hölder’s inequality.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the anonymous referees for their great efforts to improve this
paper.

Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2015ZD29) and the Higher
School Science Research Funds of Hebei Province of China (No. Z2015137).

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions
The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author details
1
North China Electric Power University, Baoding, P.R. China. 2 College of Science and Technology, North China Electric
Power University, Baoding, P.R. China.

Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Received: 6 September 2018 Accepted: 29 March 2019

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