‫‪Blowup behavior of positive solutions to nonlinear integral equations with critical term on‬‬

‫‪bounded domains‬‬
‫راه حلهای مثبت معادالت انتگرال غیرخطی با عبارت بحرانی و روش افزایش آن در ناحیه های محدود‬

‫ارائه کنندۀ کنفرانس علمی‬

‫پوهنیار نوید رهیاب رسولی‬
‫عضو کادر علمی‪ :‬پوهنحی انجنیری جیولوجی و معادن‬

‫پوهنتون‪ :‬جوزجان‬
 Abstract

❑ We consider the following nonlinear integral equation (IE for short).

f ( y) f ( y)
( x) =  dy +  
q −1
f n − n − − 
dy , f  0, x  ,

x− y 
x− y

2𝑛
where 𝑞𝛾 = 𝑛+𝛾 , Ω is a smooth bounded (bdd) domain, &  ,   .

❑ For 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛, we obtain the blowup behavior of the energy maximizing positive solutions to above (IE), as

𝜀 → 0+ .

❑ For 𝛾 > 𝑛 , we investigate the blowup behavior of energy minimizing positive solutions to above (IE), as 𝜀 → 0− .

Keywords: Blowup behavior, Integral equation,HLS 1 inequality, Reversed HLS inequality, Subcritical term.

1- Hardy- Littlewood- Sobolev.

 Introduction

❑ Integral equations are used for a long time as a tools for studying differential equations.

❑ (IE) originate from physical problem and closely related to the analysis of mathematical and physical problems.

❑ The earliest use of (IE) and their solutions is due to Able who since studying the dynamics of particles, formulated the

Able equation in 1823.

❑ The theory of linear (IE) was first formulated in the long history of (IE).

❑ Recently, the nonlinear (IE) on (bdd) domains are proposed by Li[1], and then are studied in[2,3,4,5].

❑ The existence and nonexistence of positive solutions to the nonlinear(IE) with positive or negative power are studied.

[1] Y.Y. Li, Remark on some conformally invariant integral equations: The method of moving spheres, J. Eur. Math. Soc. 6 (2004) 153-180.
[2] Q. Guo, Blowup analysis for integral equations on bounded domains, J. Differential Equations 266 (2019), 8258-8280
[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal 277 (2019) 111-134.
[4] Q. Guo, Q. Wang, Existence of positive solutions to integral equations with weights, Appl. Math. Lett. 102 (2020) 106089.
[5] J. Dou, Q. Guo, M. Zhu, Negative power nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Differential Equations. 269 (2020) 10527–10557.
 Introduction

❑ The sharp HLS inequality are fundamental tools in analysis and geometry and their sharp constants play a crucial role.

❑ We consider the blowup behavior of energy maximizing/minimizing positive solution to the following(IE),

K ( x) f ( y ) K ( y ) G ( x) f ( y )G ( y )
( x) =  dy +  
q −1
f n − n − − 
dy, f  0, x  .

x− y 
x− y

❑ Dou, Zhu [3] studied the nonlinear (IE) on (bdd) domains for 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛.

[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal 277 (2019) 111-134.
[5] J. Dou, Q. Guo, M. Zhu, Negative power nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Differential Equations. 269 (2020) 10527–10557.
 Background and Motivation

The following integral equation.

K ( x) f ( y ) K ( y ) f ( y)
f q −1 ( x) =  n −
dy +   n − − 
dy, f  0, x  , (1)

x− y 
x− y

I. For 𝟏 < 𝜸 < 𝒏.

❑ Dou , Zhu [3]. For 𝐾 𝑥 ≡ 1, 𝛽 = 1, they obtained that,

a. the existence of energy maximizing positive solution for 𝑞𝛾 < 𝑞 < 2 (subcritical case),

b. the existence of energy maximizing positive solution for 𝑞 = 𝑞𝛾 (critical case) and 𝜀 > 0 ,
c. the nonexistence of nonnegative solution for 1 < 𝑞 ≤ 𝑞𝛾 (critical case and supercritical case), 𝜀 ≤ 0 when the
domain is star-shaped.

[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal. 277 (2019) 111–134.
 Background and Motivation

❑ Based on these, in this research work we consider the nonlinear( IE ) (1) and try to investigate the blowup behavior

of energy maximizing positive solution for the case 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛, 𝑞 = 𝑞𝛾 , as 𝜀 → 0+ , and the blowup behavior of the

energy minimizing positive solution for 𝛾 > 𝑛, 𝑞 = 𝑞𝛾 , as 𝜀 → 0− .

 Objectives

For the nonlinear (IE), there are already some papers considering the existence or nonexistence of solutions.
But it seems that there are not many papers or books talking about blowup behavior of positive solutions.

To obtain our results, we apply various methods & techniques such us: blowup analysis, sharp HLS inequality, sharp
reversed HLS inequality, the method of moving planes & so on.

More precisely, in this research work, we will do the following:

❑ To investigate the effect of real parameters  ,  on the blowup behavior of energy maximizing or minimizing

positive solutions to the (IE) (1).

❑ To understand the asymptotic behavior of positive solutions to the nonlinear (IE) (1).
 Preliminary knowledge
We explain the Sharp HLS, which can be seen in [8,9,10] and [3,6,7].

 =0
Sharp HLS inequality
− ( n − )
 
❑ Let 0 < 𝛾 < 𝑛.
n n
f ( x) x − y
.
g ( x)dxdy  N ( p,  , n) f Lp ( n
)
g Lt ( n
)
,
  n 
( )  ( ) 
1 1 𝑛−𝛾
N ( p,  , n) = N :=  ( n − ) 2 2
n    ( n) 
where 𝑝, 𝑡 > 1 , 𝑝
+𝑡+ 𝑛
= 2.

p=t =
2n ( + )  
n+ 2 2  

[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal. 277 (2019) 111–134.
[6] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Reversed Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality, Int. Math. Res. Not 2015 (2015) 9696-9726.
[7] Q. A. Ngo, V.H. Nguyen, Sharp reversed Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality on ℝ𝑛 , Israel J. Math. 220 (2017) 189-223.
[8] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, Some properties of fractional integrals. I., Math. Z. 27 (1928) 565-606.
[9] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, Notes on the theory of series (xii): On certain inequalities connected with the calculus of variations, J. London Math. Soc. s1-5 (1930) 34–39.
[10] E.H. Lieb, Sharp Constants in the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev and Related Inequalities, Ann. Math. 118 (1983) 349-374.
❑ We consider the following (IE),

f ( y) f ( y)
( x) =  dy +  
q −1
f n − n − − 
dy, f  0, x  , (2)

x− y 
x− y

❑ We focus on the asymptotic behavior of the sequence of extremal energy solutions to (2) as 𝜀 → 0+ , for 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛.
2𝑛
Define 𝑝𝛾 ≔ 𝑛−𝛾, which is conjugate exponent of 𝑞𝛾 .
 Main results

❑ The (IE) (2) is the Eular-Lagrange equation for the maximizer to

− ( n − ) − ( n − −  )

N ,  , ( x) := sup

 
f ( x) x − y + x − y dxdy
,
2
q
f L (  ), f  0 f L  ()
q

which is related to the classical sharp HLS inequality obtained by [8,9,10].

[8] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, Some properties of fractional integrals. I., Math. Z. 27 (1928) 565-606.
[9] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, Notes on the theory of series (xii): On certain inequalities connected with the calculus of variations, J. London Math. Soc. s1-5 (1930) 34–39.
[10] E.H. Lieb, Sharp Constants in the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev and Related Inequalities, Ann. Math. 118 (1983) 349-374.
 Main results

❑ From Dou , Zhu[3], we know that 𝑁𝛾,𝛽,0 Ω is not achieved by any function in any smooth domain Ω ≠ ℝ𝑛 ,

f ( y)
f q −1 ( x) =  n −
dy, f  0, x  , (1)

x− y

𝑞
Set 𝑢𝜀 𝑥 ≔ 𝑓𝜀 𝛾 (𝑥), which is a positive solution to the following (IE)

p −1 p −1
u ( y) u ( y)
u ( x) =  n −
dy +   n − − 
dy, u  0, x  , (3)

x− y 
x− y

[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal. 277 (2019) 111–134.
 Theorem 1

𝑛−𝛾
❑ Let 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛 and Ω be a smooth (bdd) domain. Assume 𝑛 − 𝛾 > 𝛽 > . If 𝑢𝜀 is an energy maximizing
2
positive solution to (3), then as 𝜀 → 0+ , we have

(a) max u ( x) := u ( x ) →  , and 𝑥𝜀 will stay away from 𝜕Ω.

x

𝑛−𝛾 𝑝𝛾 −2
𝜇𝜀 2 −
(b) 𝑢𝜀 𝑥 ≤ 𝐶 , where 𝜇𝜀 = 𝑢𝜀 𝛾 (𝑥𝜀 ).
𝜇𝜀2 + 𝑥−𝑥0 2

𝜍𝑛,𝛾
(c) 𝑢𝜀 𝑥𝜀 𝑢𝜀 𝑥 → ഥ , where 𝑥0 is the unique point such that 𝑥𝜀 → 𝑥0 , and 𝜍𝑛,𝛾
if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥0 , 𝑥 ∈ Ω
𝑥−𝑥0 𝑛−𝛾
𝛾−𝑛
𝑛 Γ(𝛾) 𝛾
2
= 𝜋 2 𝑛+𝛾 .
Γ( 2 )
 Theorem 1

❑ Proof of (a) of Theorem 1. Let u ( x ) := max u ( x). We prove that 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥𝜀 ) → ∞, as 𝜀 → 0+ . By contrary, we assume
x

that 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) ≤ 𝐶 uniformly, then by[3] it is easy to see that the 𝐶 1 norm of 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) is also uniformly bounded, thus 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥)
𝑝𝛾 −1
is equicontinouos. Then we derive that 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) → 𝑢∗ (𝑥) ≥ 0 pointwise as 𝜀 → 0+ . So 𝑓 ∗ = 𝑢 ∗ is a nonnegative to
(2), and 𝑁𝛾,𝛽,𝜀 (Ω) → 𝑁𝛾,𝛽,0 (Ω) > 0.

1
q − 2
( N ,  ,0 ())
1
q − 2
f q
L ()
= ( N ,  , ())   0,
2

From above we can get 𝑓𝜀 𝐿𝑞𝛾 (Ω) → 𝑓 ∗𝜀 𝑞𝛾 as 𝜀 → 0+ . So 𝑓 ∗ ≢ 0. which is 𝐶 1 .

𝐿 (Ω)

[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal. 277 (2019) 111–134.
 Theorem 1

Now we prove that 𝑥𝜀 will stay away from the boundary of Ω, as 𝜀 → 0+ by using the method of moving planes to (3).
Case 1 : The domain 𝛀 is strictly convex. The proof is similar to [2,3,12].
Case 2: The domain 𝛀 is not necessarily a strictly convex.
❑ We use the Kelvin transformation at each boundary point and then apply the method of moving planes.
❑ Pick any point 𝑝 ∈ 𝜕Ω, we assume that 𝑝 = (−1,0, … , 0) the ball 𝐵(0,1) contacts 𝑝 from the exterior of Ω, and
𝑥1 = −1 is the tangent plane of 𝜕Ω∗ at 𝑝.
1 x
 ( x) = n −
u( 2
), x   *
,
x x

 p −1 ( y )  p −1 ( y )
 ( x) =  n −
dy +  n − − 
dy , x  * . (4)

x− y 
x− y
* *

[2] Q. Guo, Blowup analysis for integral equations on bounded domains, J. Differential Equations 266 (2019), 8258-8280
[3] J. Dou, M. Zhu, Nonlinear integral equations on bounded domains, J. Funct. Anal. 277 (2019) 111–134.
[12] W. Chen, Y. Fang, R. Yang, Semilinear equations involving the fractional Laplacian on domains, ArXiv: 1309.7499. (2013).
Step 1. We show that for 𝜆 large and sufficiently close to −1.

 ( x) −  ( x)  0, almost.everywhere, x    (5)

which can be easily obtain by

p −1 p −1
1   ( y)   ( y)
|x1 =−1 = ( − n)  n − + 2
(−1 − y1 )dy + ( +  − n)  n − −  + 2
(−1 − y1 )dy.
x1 * x − y * x − y

𝜕𝜑(𝑥)
Since 𝛽 < 𝑛 − 𝛾, we know that | >0.
𝜕𝑥1 𝑥1 =−1
Step 2. We move the plane 𝑇𝜆 continuously to the right as long as inequality (5) holds.

0 = sup{  (−1, x.) |   ( y )   ( y ), y    ,   (−1,  ]}.

❑ We claim that 𝜆0 = 𝑥. We prove it by contradiction and assume 𝜆0 < 𝑥. Then it is easy to know

𝜑𝜆0 − 𝜑𝜆 > 0

in the interior of Σ𝜆0 . Notice that 𝑥 − 𝑦 < 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜆0 , ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ Σ𝜆0 .

𝐺𝜆0 𝑥 ≔ 𝐽1 + 𝐽2

p −1 p −1 p −1 p −1
 ( y)  ( y)  ( y)  ( y)
J1 =  dy −  dy J2 =   n − − 
dy −   n − − 
dy
n − n − * 0
−y
*
x− y

x 0 − y

x− y
* *
x
 Step 2

1 1
As in Guo we know that J1  
p −1
[ n −
− n −
] ( y ) dy.
\ 0 0
x− y
c
0
x −y

1 1 1 1 1 1
J 2 =  { [ ( y)dy +  [ ( y)dy +  c
p −1 p −1 p −1
n − − 
− n − − 
] n − − 
− n − − 
] [ n − − 
− n − − 
] ( y)}dy
0
x0 − y x− y 0
x0 − y x− y 0 \ 0
x 0 − y x− y

1 1
 c
p −1
[ n − − 
− n − − 
] ( y )dy
0 \ 0 0
x −y x− y

1 1 1 1
0 ( x) −  ( x)   c ( y )dy +   c
p −1 p −1 (6)
[ n −
− n −
] [ n − − 
− n − − 
] ( y)dy
0 \ 0
x 0 − y x− y 0 \ 0
x 0 − y x− y

[2] Q. Guo, Blowup analysis for integral equations on bounded domains, J. Differential Equations 266 (2019), 8258-8280.
 Step 2

 ( x) −  ( x) Lr ( w )
 J1 + J2
Lr ( w ) Lr ( w )

1 1 1 1
w s−r w s−r
C    −  Lr ( w )
+ C    −  Lr ( w )

1 1
w s−r 1 1 1 
Choose 𝛿 > 0 and 𝜀1 > 0 very small such that, C   , where = − , 1  s  r  .
2 r s n
which implies that 𝜑 − 𝜑𝜆 𝐿𝑟 (Σ𝑤
𝜆)
≡ 0. And hence the measure of the set Σ𝜆𝑤 must be zero. We arrive at

 ( x) −  ( x)  0, x    ,   [0 , 0 +  1 )
 Theorem 1

❑ Proof of (b) of Theorem 1. We need the following Lemma from [1,10,11].

𝛾 𝑝
Lemma 1. Let 𝑣 ∈ 𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑐 (ℝ𝑛 ) be a positive solution to the following (IE),

p −1
v ( y)
v( x) =  n −
dy x n
,
x− y
n

n −
 1  2

then v = c1   for some 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 > 0 , 𝑦0 ∈ ℝ𝑛 .

c + x− y 2

 2 0 

[1] Y.Y. Li, Remark on some conformally invariant integral equations: The method of moving spheres, J. Eur. Math. Soc. 6 (2004) 153-180.
[10] E.H. Lieb, Sharp Constants in the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev and Related Inequalities, Ann. Math. 118 (1983) 349-374.
[11] W. Chen, C. Li, B. Ou, Classification of solutions for an integral equation, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 59 (2006) 330–343.
 q −1
❑ Proof of (b) of Theorem 1. Notice that u ( x) = f  ( x)  L  (), u ( x ) = max u ( x). Define
p

2
−
 := u n −
( x ),
and
 − x x − x
  := = {z | z = , x  }.
 
Define
n −
v ( z ) :=  2
u (  z + x ), z   

Then 𝑣𝜀 satisfies
p −1 p −1
v  ( y ) v  ( y )
v ( z ) =  n −
dy +  n − − 
dy, v  0, z    ,

z−y 
z−y
 Theorem 1

෡ ⊂ Ω𝜇 , as 𝜀 → 0+ . We rewrite.
We claim 𝑣𝜀 (𝑧) is equicontinuous in any (bdd) domain Ω

 p −1
v  ( y )
p −1
v  ( y )   p −1
v  ( y )
p −1
v  ( y ) 
v ( z ) =   dy +  dy  +   

dy +  dy  ,
  \ B (0, R ) z − y n −  B (0, R )
z−y
n −
   \ B (0, R ) z − y n − −   B (0, R )
z−y
n − − 

   

𝑥−𝑥𝜀
for fixed 𝑅 > 0, 𝑧 = ෡ , then 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜀 ≤ 𝐶𝜇𝜀 , 𝐶 > 0. For 𝑧 ∈ Ω
∈Ω ෡,
𝜇𝜀

p −1  −n
v  ( y )
   \ B (0, R )
z−y
n −
dy = CR 2
 1.

By using 𝑢𝜀 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝑝𝛾 Ω ,
p −1 p −1
v  ( y ) v  ( y )
 dy + 

n −  n − − 
dy  C 1 ().
B ( 0, R ) B ( 0, R )

z−y 
z−y
 As 𝜀 → 0+ , since 𝑥𝜀 will stay away from the boundary 𝜕Ω, then uniformly

v ( z ) → v( z )  Cloc
s
( n
),
where 𝑣(𝑧) satisfies v
p −1
( y)
v( z ) =  n
z−y
n −
dy , v(0) = 1.

▪ Notice that the maximum 𝑣(𝑧) is taken at origin.

n −
1
v( z ) = c1 ( ) 2
, (7)
c2 + z
2

for some 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 > 0, n − n −

 1  2
1 2
v(0) = c1   = c1   = 1. (8)
c + 02   c2 
 2 

In order to complete the final results, let 𝑤𝜀 (𝜉) be the Kelvin transform of 𝑣𝜀 (𝑧), it is enough to prove

w ( )  C.
 Theorem 1
The following Lemma is required in the proof of (c) of Theorem 1.

𝑝
Lemma 2. we have 𝑢𝜀 𝛾 (𝑥)𝑢𝜀 (𝑥𝜀 ) → 𝜍𝑛,𝛾 𝛿𝑥0 (𝑥), as 𝜀 → 0+ .

Proof of (c) of Theorem . By using (b) of Theorem 1, as 𝜀 → 0+ , it is easy to see that there exists a single point 𝑥0 s,t.
𝑥𝜀 → 𝑥0 , 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) → 0, and
 1
(1 +  x − y )u ( x )u ( x)  C n −
. (9)
x − x0

 ( x) 
ഥ , it is easy to know that
For any 𝜑 ∈ 𝐶0∞ Ω , 𝑦 ∈ Ω 

x− y
n −
(1 +  x − y )dx is continuous, as 𝜀 → 0+ . Since

p −1 p −1
u  ( y )u ( x ) u  ( y )u ( x )  ( x)

u ( x )u ( x) ( x)dx =   ( x)dx 
  x − x0
n −
dy +    ( x)dx 
  x − x0
n − − 
dy →  n , 

x − x0
n −
dx.

Thus
 n ,
u ( x )u ( x) → n −
.
x − x0
 Theorem 1

▪ Now we show that 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥𝜀 )𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) is uniformly (bdd) and equicontinuous in Ω\B(𝑥0 , 𝑟) for any 𝑟 > 0, as 𝜀
𝑟
→ 0+ . For any 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 < 2, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ Ω\B(𝑥0 , 𝑟).

u ( x )u ( x1 ) − u ( x )u ( x2 )

 p −1
u  ( y )
p −1
u  ( y ) 
 u ( x )  (n −  )  r dy +  (n −  −  )  r dy  x1 − x2
 B ( x0 , )
 − y
n − +1 B ( x0 , )
 − y
n − −  +1

 2 2 

 p −1
u  ( y )
p −1
u  ( y )  (10)
+u ( x )  (n −  )  r dy +  (n −  −  )  r dy  x1 − x2
 B ( x0 , )
 − y
n − +1 B ( x0 , )
 − y
n − −  +1

 2 2 

→ C n , . (11)

 p −1
u  ( y )
p −1
u  ( y ) 
u ( x )  (n −  )  dy +  (n −  −  )  dy   C  → 0 (12)
 r
2  − y
 \ B ( x0 , ) n −  +1 r
2  − y
 \ B ( x0 , ) n −  −  +1

 
 Conclusions

The objective of this research paper is to investigate the blowup behavior of energy maximizing positive solutions to
the (IE) (2), which is equivalent to the equation (3).

▪ For the case 1 < 𝛾 < 𝑛, if 𝑢𝜀 is an energy maximizing positive solution to (3), as 𝜀 → 0+ ,

a) max u ( x) := u ( x ) →  , and 𝑥𝜀 will stay away from 𝜕Ω.

x

𝑛−𝛾 𝑝𝛾−2
𝜇𝜀 2 −
b) 𝑢𝜀 𝑥 ≤ 𝐶 , where 𝜇𝜀 = 𝑢𝜀 𝛾 (𝑥𝜀 ).
𝜇𝜀2 + 𝑥−𝑥0 2
 −n
   
 2n  ( ) 
𝜍𝑛,𝛾
if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥0 , 𝑥 ∈ Ω, where 𝑥0 is the unique point such that 𝑥𝜀 → 𝑥0 , and  n , =  2
n+ 
c) 𝑢𝜀 (𝑥𝜀 )𝑢𝜀 (𝑥) →
𝑥−𝑥0 𝑛−𝛾
 ( )
 2 
knowledge has a beginning but no end
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