‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫‪VALVES‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫المھارات الھندسية‬

 ‫ﺍﻷﻫـــﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬

‫• ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫• ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺒﲎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﻓﻬﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﳝﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬

‫• ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺃﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ )‪ (Valves‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻧﻠﺲ ﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ؟‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺘﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫• ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫– ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫– ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‬
‫– ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫– ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫– ﺍﳊﺸﻮ‬
‫– ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺸﻮ‬
‫– ﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫– ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ )‪ :(Stop‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻺﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﺏ )‪،(Globe‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ )‪ ،(Gate‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺔ )‪.(Butterfly‬‬
‫– ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‪/‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲜﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫– ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ )‪(Relief‬‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪(Remote‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻠﻮﺏ )‪(Globe‬‬
‫– ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳉﻠﻮﺏ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫– ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬
‫– ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫– ﺍﻹﳚﺎﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫– ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ )‪(Gate‬‬
‫– ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬
‫– ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫– ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫– ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬
‫• ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺔ‬
‫)‪(Butterfly‬‬
‫– ﺑﻴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫– ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻐﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺯﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫– ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫– ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ )ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ(‬
‫• ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫• ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ )ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ(‬
‫• ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫– ﺳﻮﻳﻨﺞ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﺹ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫– ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ )‪ :(Lift‬ﻗﺮﺹ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫– ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪EngSkills.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ )‪(Set point‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

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 ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫• ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫– ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﲑ‬
‫– ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﻭﺑﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫– ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
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