Experimental

 
Techniques  
Introduction
Experimental  Techniques  
Practical work

Develop your skills

Organized techniques

Correct apparatus and materials.

 Measurement    
Appropriate apparatus.

Degree of accuracy
 Techniques  
To determine the purity of a
substance.

To purify mixtures of substances.

Measuring
Physical
Quantities
 Measuring  Mass  
O  units; kilogram (kg), gram (g), tonne (t)

O  1 kg = 1000 g
O  1 tonne = 1000 kg
O  measured with beam balance or an
electronic balance
O  ± 0. 01 g
 Measuring  Time  
O  units; second (s), minutes (m), hour (h)

O  1 h = 60 min
O  1 min = 60 s

O  Stopwatch (±0.1s); digital stopwatch

(±0.01s)
 Measuring  Temperature  
O  unit degree Celcius (°C)

O  mercury thermometer
(±0.5°C)
 Measuring  Volume  
O  units; m3 , cm3 and dm3

O  1 m3 = 1000 dm3
O  1dm3 = 1000 cm3
 Measuring  Volume  
Apparatus Accuracy
Measuring cylinder Measures to the nearest 0.5
cm3

Burette Used to deliver dif ferent

volumes of liquids

Pipette Accurately measures out fixed

volumes of liquids
How  to  read  the  volume  of  a  
liquid?  
 Suitable  Apparatus  for  
Collecting  Gas  
Displacement of water

Collect gases that Collect gases that are Gases that are insoluble or
are denser than air less dense than air partially soluble in water
 Solubility,  density  &  method    
Gas Solubility in Density Method of
water compared to air collection
Hydrogen Not soluble Less dense Displacement
of water
Oxygen Very slightly Slightly denser
soluble
Carbon dioxide Slightly soluble denser
Chlorine Soluble denser Downward
delivery
Hydrogen Very soluble denser
chloride
Sulfur dioxide Very soluble denser
Ammonia Extremely Less denser Upward delivery
soluble
Drying  Gas  
 Drying  Gas  

The tube introducing the

gas is immersed in the
acid while the exiting
tube is not.
Concentrated  Sulfuric  Acid  
Used to dry most gases (chlorine &
hydrogen chloride)

Cannot be used to dry ammonia

because it reacts with ammonia.
Drying  Gas  

(Calcium oxide)
Drying  Gas  
Fused  Calcium  chloride  
Calcium chloride that has
been heated to remove all
traces of water.

Used to dry most gases.

 Dissolving  

Solute + solvent = solution

Dissolving  

Soluble

Insoluble
 Dissolving  

Saturated solution
- No more solute can
dissolve in the solution
Filtration  
Simple  Distillation  
Fractional  Distillation  
Crystallisation  
Chromatography