Chemistry

Chapter 1: Experimental Chemistry

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Measurement: Mass
• Mass: the amount of matter it contains
• Measured in kilograms and grams
• Measured using
• Beam balance
• Electronic balance
• Conversion
• 1kg = 1000g
• 1g = 1000mg
• 1 tonne = 1000kg
Measurement: Volume
• Volume: the amount of space It occupies
• Measured by
• Measuring cylinder: accurate to nearest cm3
• Burette: accurate to nearest 0.1cm3
• Pipette: measures fixed volumes (25cm3, 50cm3, 10cm3) very accurately
• Beaker: measures approximate volume
• Volumetric flask: measures fixed volumes (100cm3, 250cm3, 1dm3)
• Plastic syringe: measures small volumes of liquid
• Gas syringe: usually made of glass
Measurement: Time
• Time is the interval between two occurrences
• Measured using stopwatch or stopclock
• Stopclocks: accurate to nearest second
• Very accurate stopwatches can measure to 0.01s
• Measured in second (s)
Measurement: Temperature
• Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body
• Measured using a thermometer
• Measured in degree Celcius (°C)
• Types of thermometers
• Mercury-in-glass thermometers
• Alcohol-in-glass thermometers
• Digital thermometers
• Temperature sensors
Summary
Measurement Units Device
Mass mg Beam balance
g Electronic balance
kg
tonne
Volume cm3 Beaker
dm3 Measuring cylinder
litre Pipette
m3 Burette
Volumetric flask
syringes
Time s Stopwatch
minute stopclock
hour
Temperature Degree Celcius °C Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Electronic thermometer
Collection of Gases
• Depends on whether:
• The gas is heavier or lighter than air
• The gas is soluble or insoluble in water

Gas Colour Density (compared to air) Solubility in

water
ammonia colourless Lighter Very soluble

Carbon dioxide colourless Heavier Slightly soluble

chlorine Green/yellow Much heavier soluble

hydrogen colourless Much lighter insoluble

Hydrogen colourless Slightly heavier Very soluble

chloride
oxygen colourless About the same Slightly soluble
 Collection of Gases
Insoluble gas
(over water) Light gas
Eg. hydrogen gas (upward delivery)
Eg. ammonia, hydrogen

Heavy gas
(downward delivery)
Eg. carbon dioxide,
chlorine, hydrogen
chloride gas
Identifying Gases
Gas Colour Smell Test
Chlorine Pale green Choking smell Bleaches damp litmus
paper and turns it red

Hydrogen Colourless Odourless Causes a lighted

splinter to ‘pop’
Oxygen Colourless Odourless Relights a glowing
splinter
Carbon dioxide Colourless Odourless Turns lime water
milky
Ammonia Colourless Pungent Turns damp litmus
paper blue
Sulphur dioxide Colourless Choking smell Turns acidified
potassium
dichromate(VI) from
yellow to green
Measuring Speed of Reactions
• In chemical reactions that give off gases, the volume of gas
given off or loss of mass as the gas escapes can be used to
measure the speed of the reaction
Questions
1. Express 1dm3 as cm3
2. Express 1 m3 as cm3
3. Express 1 m3 as dm3

Solutions

1.1dm3 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000cm3
2.1m3 = 100 x 100 x 100 = 1000,000cm3
3.1m3 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000dm3

Note: 1dm = 10cm

1m = 100cm = 10dm