Binomial Theorem Material It Jee

CHAPTER
EE
06
__
Binomial Theorem
JEE SYLLABUS: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients
Learning Part
Session 1
● Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index
● Pascal’s Triangle
Session 2
● General Term
● Middle Terms
● Greatest Term
● Trinomial Expansion
Session 3
● Two Important Theorems
● Divisibility Problems
Session 4
● Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem
● Multinomial Theorem
● Use of Differentiation
● Use of Integration
● When Each Term is Summation Contains the Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or Square of Binomial
Coefficients
● Binomial Inside Binomial
● Sum of the Series
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
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Session 1
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index,
Pascal’s Triangle
n
An algebraic expression consisting of two dissimilar terms Cr x n " r ar
2. Let S ' ( x ! a) n ' (
n
with positive or negative sign between them is called a r '0
binomial expressions. Replacing r by n " r , we have
n n
a p q
For example, x ! a, x 2 a " , " ,5 " x, S ' ( x ! a) n ' (
n
Cn " r x n " ( n " r ) an " r ' (
n
Cn " r x r an " r
2
x x x4 r '0 r '0
1 ' n Cn an ! n Cn " 1 an " 1 x ! n Cn " 2 an " 2 x ! ... ! n C0 x n

2
( x 2 ! 1) 1 / 3 " , etc., are called binomial
3
( x ! 1) Thus, replacing r by n " r , we are infact writing the binomial
expansion in reverse order.
expressions.
Remarks Some Important Points

1. An algebraic expression consisting of three dissimilar terms 1. Replacing a by (" a) in Eq. (i), we get
3
is called a trinomial. e.g. a ! 2b ! c, x " 2 y ! 3z,2# " ! % ,
$ (x " a )n ' nC 0 x n " 0 a 0 " nC1 x n " 1 a 1
etc. are called the trinomials.
! n C 2 x n " 2 a 2 " ... !...! ( " 1) r n C r x n " r a r
2. In general, expressions consisting more than two dissimilar
terms are known as multinomial expressions. ! ... ! ( " 1) n n C n x 0 a n …(ii)
n
or ( x " a ) n ' ( ( " 1) r n
Cr x n " r a r
Binomial Theorem for r '0
Positive Integral Index 2. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(x ! a )n ! (x " a )n ' 2 { n C 0 x n " 0 a 0
If x , a & C and n & N , then
! n C 2 x n " 2 a 2 ! n C 4 x n " 4 a 4 ! ... }
( x ! a ) n ' n C 0 x n " 0 a 0 ! n C 1 x n "1 a 1 ! n C 2 x n " 2 a 2 ! ...
' 2 {Sum of terms at odd places}
! nCr x n " r a r
The last term is n C n a n or n C n " 1 x a n " 1 ,
! ... ! n C n " 1 x 1 a n " 1 ! n C n x 0 a n …(i)
according as n is even or odd, respectively.
n
or ( x ! a) ' n
( n
Cr x n "r
a r 3. On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
r '0 (x ! a )n " (x " a )n ' 2 { n C1 x n " 1 a 1
Hence, n C 0 ,n C 1 ,n C 2 ,...,n C n are called binomial coefficients. ! n C 3 x n " 3 a 3 ! n C 5 x n " 5 a 5 ! ... }
Remark ' 2 {Sum of terms at even places}

1. In each term, the degree is n and the coefficient of x n " r ar is The last term is n C n " 1 x a n " 1 or n C n a n ,
equal to the number of ways x, x, x, ... , x , a, a, a, ... , a according as n is even or odd, respectively.
14243 14243
can be arranged, which ( n " r ) times r times
n! n
4. Replacing x by 1 and a by x in Eq. (i), we get
is given by ' Cr
( n " r )! r ! (1 ! x ) n ' n C 0 x 0 ! n C 1 x 1 ! n C 2 x 2
5! 5 0 5! 4 5! 3 2
For example, ( x ! a)5 ' x a ! x a! x a ! ... ! n C r x r ! ... ! n C n " 1 x n "1
5! 0 ! 4 ! 1! 3! 2!
5! 2 3 5! 5! 0 5 ! n C n x n ...(iii)
! x a ! x a4 ! x a n
2! 3! 1! 4 ! 0 ! 5!
' 5 C0 x 5 ! 5 C1 x4 a ! 5 C2 x 3 a2 ! 5 C3 x 2 a3! 5 C4 x a4 ! 5 C5 a5
or (1 ! x ) n ' ( n Cr xr
r '0
Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 439
5. Replacing x by (" x) in Eq. (iii), we get ' P ! Q (given) …(i)

and ( x " a )n ' n C 0 x n " 0 a 0 " n C 1 x n " 1 a1 !n C 2 x n " 2 a 2
(1 " x ) n ' n C 0 x 0 " n C 1 x 1 ! n C 2 x 2
" n C 3 x n " 3 a 3 ! ... ! n C n x n " n an
" ... ! ( " 1) r n C r x r ! ... ! n C n ( " 1) n x n
' (n C 0 x n ! n C 2 x n " 2 a 2 ! n C 4 x n " 4 a 4 ! ...)
n
or (1 " x ) n ' ( ( " 1) r n
Cr x r " (n C 1 x n " 1 a ! n C 3 x n " 3 a 3 !n C 5 x n " 5 a 5 ! ...)
r '0
' P " Q (given) ...(ii)
5
! Example 1. Expand )+ 2a " ,. by binomial theorem.
3 (i) P 2 " Q 2 ' ( P ! Q ) ( P " Q )
* b-
' ( x ! a )n / ( x " a )n
Sol. Using binomial theorem, we get
5 0 1 ' ( x 2 " a 2 )n [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
) 3, 5 5"0 ) 3, 5 5 "1 ) 3,
+2a " . ' C 0 (2a ) + " . ! C 1(2a ) +" .
* b- * b- * b- (ii) ( x ! a )2n " ( x " a )2n ' [( x ! a )n ]2 " [( x " a )n ]2
2 3
) 3, ) 3, ' ( P ! Q )2 " ( P " Q )2
! 5C 2 (2a )5 " 2 + " . ! 5C 3 (2a )5 " 3 + " .
* b- * b- ' 4PQ [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4 5
) 3, ) 3,
! 5C 4 (2a )5 " 4 + " . ! 5C 5 (2a )5 " 5 + " .
* b- * b- ! Example 4. Show that (101) 50 0 (100) 50 ! (99 ) 50 .
2
)3, )3, Sol. Since, (101)50 " (99 )50 ' (100 ! 1)50 " (100 " 1)50
' 5C 0 (2a )5 " 5C 1 (2a )4 + . ! 5C 2 (2a )3 + .
*b - *b -
3 4 5
' 2 { 50 C 1 (100)49 ! 50
C 3 (100)47 ! 50
C 5 (100)45 ! ...}
)3, )3, )3,
" 5C 3 (2a )2 + . ! 5C 4 (2a )1 5
+ . " C5 + . '21 50
C 1 (100)49 ! 2 { 50C 3 (100)47 ! 50
C 5 (100)45 ! ...}
*b - *b - *b -
240 a 4 720 a 3 1080 a 2 810 a 243 ' (100)50 ! ( a positive number) 0 (100)50
' 32a 5 " ! " ! 4 " 5
b b2 b3 b b Hence, (101)50 " (99 )50 0 (100)50
! Example 2. Simplify 2 (101)50 0 (100)50 ! (99 )50
( x ! ( x 2 " 1 )) 6 ! ( x " ( x 2 " 1 ) 6 . n

1
2
! Example 5. If an ' ( n
Cr
, find the
Sol. Let (x " 1) ' a r '0
n
Then, ( x ! a )6 ! ( x " a )6 ' 2 { 6 C 0 x 6 " 0 a 0 ! 6C 2 x 6 " 2 a 2 r
6 6"4 4 6 6 "6 6
value of ( n
Cr
/
! C4 x a ! C6 x a } r '0
n
6 4 2
' 2 { x ! 15x a ! 15x a ! a } 2 4 6 r
[from point (2)] Sol. Let P ' ( n
Cr
…(i)
6 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 r '0
' 2 { x ! 15x ( x " 1) ! 15x ( x " 1) ! ( x " 1) }
[Qa ' x 2 " 1 ] Replacing r by (n " r ) in Eq. (i), we get
n
(n " r ) n
(n " r )
' 2(32x 6 " 48x 4 ! 18x 2
" 1) P' ( n
Cn " r
' ( n
Cr
[Q n C r ' n C n " r ] …(ii)
r '0 r '0
! Example 3. In the expansion of ( x ! a )n , if sum of On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
odd terms is P and sum of even terms is Q, prove that n
n n
1
(i) P 2 " Q 2 ' ( x 2 " a 2 )n
2P ' ( n
Cr
'n ( n
Cr
' nan [given]
r '0 r '0
(ii) 4 PQ ' ( x ! a ) 2n " ( x " a ) 2n n
n n n"0 0 n n "1 1 n n"2 2 3 P' an
Sol. Q ( x ! a ) ' C 0 x a ! C1 x a ! C2 x a 2
n n "3 3 n n "n n
! C3 x a ! ... ! ... ! C n x an r n
Hence, ( n
Cr
'
2
an
' (n C 0 x n ! n C 2 x n " 2 a 2 !n C 4 x n " 4 a 4 ! ...) r '0
! (n C 1 x n " 1 a1 ! n C 3 x n " 3 a 3 ! n C 5 x n " 5 a 5 ! ...)

440 Textbook of Algebra
Properties of Binomial How to Construct a Pascal’s Triangle

Expansion ( x ! a )n Binomial coefficients in the expansion of ( x ! a ) 3 are
(i) This expansion has (n ! 1) terms. 1 3 3 1
n n
1 3 3 1
(ii) Since, C r ' C n " r , we have
1 (1 ! 3 ) (3 ! 3 ) (3 ! 1) 1
n
C 0 ' n Cn ' 1 Then, 1 4 6 4 1
n
C1 ' n Cn " 1 ' n are the binomial coefficients in the expansion of ( x ! a ) 4 .
n n (n " 1)
C2 ' n Cn " 2 '
and so on. ! Example 6. Find the number of dissimilar terms
2!
in the expansion of (1 " 3x ! 3x 2 " x 3 ) 33 .
(iii) In any term, the suffix of C is equal to the index of a
and the index of x ' n " (suffix of C ). Sol. (1 " 3x ! 3x 2 " x 3 )33 ' [(1 " x )3 ]33 ' (1 " x )99
(iv) In each term, sum of the indices of x and a is equal to n. Therefore, number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
(1 " 3x ! 3x 2 " x 3 )3 is 100.
Properties of Binomial Coefficient n
r / nC r
n )n,
(i) C r can also be represented by C (n, r ) or + . . ! Example 7. Find the value of ( nC .
*r - r '1 r "1
n
(ii) n C x ' nC y , then either x ' y or n ' x ! y . Cr n "r !1
Sol. Q n
'
Cr "1 r
n!
So, n C r ' n C n " r '
r ! (n " r ) ! r / nC r
3 n
' ( n " r ! 1)
n !1 Cr
(iii) n C r ! nC r " 1 ' Cr "1
n
r / nC r n n n
( nC ( ( n " r ! 1) ' ( ( n ! 1) " ( r
n
Cr n "r !1 3 '
(iv) ' r '1 r "1 r '1 r '1 r '1
n r
C r "1
n
(v) n C r '
n
/ n "1
Cr " 1
' ( n ! 1) (1 " (1 ! 2 ! 3 ! ... ! n )
r '1
r
n ( n ! 1) n ( n ! 1)
' ( n ! 1) / n " '
2 2
Pascal’s Triangle ! Example 8. Let C r stands for n C r , prove that
Coefficients of binomial expansion can also be easily
determined by Pascal’s triangle. (C 0 ! C 1 ) (C 1 ! C 2 ) (C 2 ! C 3 ) ...(C n "1 ! C n )
(x + a)0 1 (n ! 1)n
' (C 0C 1C 2 ... C n "1 ).
(x + a)1 1 1 n!
(x + a)2 1 2 1 Sol. LHS ' (C 0 ! C 1 ) (C 1 ! C 2 ) (C 2 ! C 3 ) ... (C n " 1 ! C n )
n n
(x + a)3 3 3
4(C r " 1 ! C r ) ' 4(n ! 1C r )
1 1 n !1
= [Q n C r ! n C r "1 ' Cr ]
(x + a)4 1 4 6 4 1 r '1 r '1
(x + a)5 n
)n ! 1, n 5 n n n "1 8
1 5 10 10 5 1
' 4 +* r -
. Cr "1 76Q C r ' r / Cr " 1:
9
Pascal triangle gives the direct binomial coefficients. r '1
n n n
1
For example, ' 4 ( n ! 1) / 4 r / 4 C r " 1
( x ! a ) 4 ' 1 / x 4 ! 4 / x 3 / a ! 6 / x 2a 2 r '1 r '1 r '1
3 4 1
! 4 / x a ! 1/ a n
' (n ! 1) / / (C 0C 1C 2 ... C n " 1 )
n!
' x ! 4 x a !6 x a ! 4 x a3 !a4
4 3 2 2
(n ! 1)n
' (C 0 C 1 C 2 ... C n " 1 ) ' RHS
n!
! Example 9. Find the sum of the series ) 1, )

n
3, ) 7, )
n
15 ,
n n
' +1 " . ! +1 " . ! +1 " . ! +1 " .
n ;1 3 r
7 r
15 r > * 2- * 4- * 8- * 16 -
( ( " 1)r nC r < 2r ! 2r
! 3r
! 4r
! ... upto m terms?.
r '0 = 2 2 2 @ ! ... upto m terms
n
( ( " 1)
n r n r n 2n 3n 4n
Sol. Q(1 " x ) ' Cr x ...(i) )1, )1, )1, )1,
r '0
'+ . !+ . !+ . !+ . ! ... upto m terms
n ;A ) 1 ,r ) 3 ,r ) 7 ,r *2- *2- *2- *2-
Let P' ( ( " 1) r n
Cr <+ . ! + . ! + .
*2- *4- *8- n 5 ;A ) 1 ,n >A 8
m
r '0 =A )1, 7
A> + . 1 " <+ . ? :
r
) 15 , *2- 7
! + . ! ... upto m terms?
* 16 - A= * 2 - A@ :
A@ ' 6 9
n r n r
)1, )3, )1,
n
' ( ( " 1)r n
Cr / + .
*2-
! ( ( " 1) C r / + .
r n
*4- 1" + .
r '0 r '0
n rn r *2-
Cr / )+ ,. ! ( ( " 1)r nCr / )+ ,.
7 15
( (" 1)
r n
!
*8- r ' 0 * 16 - (2mn " 1)
r '0 '
! K upto m terms 2mn (2n " 1)
#L Exercise for Session 1

10
1. The value of ( r / 10Cr / 3r / ( "2)10 " r is
r '0
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 300

15
) 1 1,
2. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of + x ! ! x 2 ! 2 .
*
are
x x -
(a) 61 (b) 121 (c) 255 (d) 16
3. The expansion {x ! ( x 3 " 1)1/ 2} 5 ! {x " ( x 3 " 1)1/ 2} 5 is a polynomial of degree

(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
4. 6
( 2 ! 1) " ( 2 " 1) is equal to 6
(a) 101 (b) 70 2 (c) 140 2 (d) 120 2
5. The total number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of ( x ! a ) 100

! (x " a ) 100
after simplification will be
(a) 202 (b) 51
(c) 50 (d) 101
6. The number of non-zero terms in the expansion of (1! 3 2x )9 ! (1" 3 2x )9, is

(a) 0 (b) 5
(c) 9 (d) 10
n
) C1 , ) C2 , ) Cn ,
7. If (1 ! x )n ' ( Cr x r , +1 !
*
. +1 !
C0 - *
. ... +1 !
C1 - *
. is equal to
Cn " 1 -
r '0
nn " 1 (n ! 1)n " 1

(a) (b)
(n " 1)! (n " 1) !
(n ! 1)n (n ! 1)n ! 1
(c) (d)
n! n!
n!1 n "1
8. If Cr ! 1 : nCr : Cr " 1 ' 11: 6 : 3, nr is equal to
(a) 20 (b) 30
(c) 0 (d) 50
Session 2
General Term, Middle Terms, Greatest Term,
Trinomial Expansion
General Term (ii) the coefficient of x " 7 in the expansion of

11
The term n C r x n " r a r is the (r ! 1) th term from ) 1 ,
+ ax " 2 . .
* bx -
beginning in the expansion of ( x ! a ) n . It is usually called
the general term and it is denoted by Tr ! 1 . Also, find the relation between a and b, so that these
i.e., Tr ! 1 ' nC r x n " r a r coefficients are equal.
11
) 1 ,
! Example 10. Find the 7th term in the expansion of Sol. (i) Here, Tr !1 ' 11C r (ax 2 )11" r + .
* bx -
13
) 1 ,
+4 x " . . a11 " r
' 11C r / / x 22 " 3r …(i)
* 2 x- br
6
) 1 , Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x 7 , 22 " 3r
Sol. Seventh term, T 7 ' T 6 ! 1 ' 13C 6 ( 4 x )13 " 6 + " .
* 2 x- must be 7,
1 i.e. 22 " 3r ' 7
' 13C 6 / 4 7 / x 7 / 6 3
2 /x 3 r '5
' 13C 6 / 28 / x 4 Hence, putting r ' 5 in Eq. (i), we get
a6
8 Required coefficient ' 11C 5 .
! Example 11. Find the coefficient of x in the b5
10
) 1, ) 1 ,
R
expansion of + x 2 " . . (ii) Here, T R ! 1 ' 11C R (ax )11 " R + " 2 .
* x- * bx -
r
) 1, R
Sol. Here, Tr ' 10C r ( x 2 )10 " r + " . ) 1,
!1
* x- ' C R (a )11 " R + " . / x 11 " 3 R
11
* b-
1
' 10C r x 20 " 2r / ( " 1)r / a11 " R
xr ' ( " 1)R / 11C R / / x 11 " 3 R …(ii)
10 r 20 " 3r bR
' C r ( " 1) / x ...(i)
Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x " 7 ,
8
Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x , 20 " 3r must 11 " 3R must be " 7.
be 8. i.e., 11 " 3R ' " 7 2 R ' 6. Hence, putting R ' 6 in Eq.
i.e. 20 " 3r ' 8 (ii), we get
3 r '4 Required coefficient
Hence, putting r ' 4 in Eq. (i), we get a5 a5
' ( " 1)6 / 11C 6 / ' 11C 5 / [Q n C r ' n C n " r ]
10 / 9 / 8 / 7 b 6
b6
Required coefficient ' ( " 1)4 / 10C 4 ' ' 210
1/2/3/ 4 Also given, coefficient of x 7 in
11 11
) 2 1 , "7 ) 1 ,
! Example 12. Find +ax ! . ' coefficient of x in +ax " 2 .
* bx - * bx -
(i) the coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of
11 11 a6 a5
) 2 1, 2 C5 / ' 11C 5 /
2 ab ' 1
+ ax ! . . b5 b6
* bx - which is the required relation between a and b.
! Example 13. Find the term independent of x in the

9
How to Find Free from Radical Terms or
expansion of )+ x 2 " ,. .
3 1 Rational Terms in the Expansion of
*2 3x - ( a1/ p ! b1/q )N , B a, b & Prime Numbers
9 "r r
)3 , ) 1 , "r
Sol. Here, Tr ' 9C r + x 2 . +" .
First, find Tr ! 1 ' N
C r (a 1 /p ) N (b 1 /q ) r
!1
*2 - * 3x - " r ) /p
9 "r r
3 Tr ! 1 ' N
Cr / a ( N / b r /q
)3, )1,
' ( " 1)r / 9C r / + . / + . / x 18 " 3r …(i) By inspection, putting the values of 0 C r C N , when
*2- *3-
indices of a and b are integers.
If this term is independent of x, then the index of x must be
zero, i.e., 18 " 3r ' 0 2 r ' 6 Remark
Therefore, (r ! 1) th term, i.e., 7th term is independent of x 1. If indices of a and b are positive integers.
and its value by putting r ' 6 in Eq. (i) Then, free from radical terms ' Terms which are integers
3 6
)3, )1, 1 3 Number of non-integral terms ' Total terms " Number of
' ( " 1)6 / 9C 6 / + . / + . ' 9C 3 / 3 3 integral terms
*2- *3- 2 /3
2. If indices of a and b both are not positive integers.
9 /8/7 7 Then, free from radical terms ' Rational terms " Integral
' '
( 1 / 2 / 3) 23 / 33 18 terms
3. Number of irrational terms = Total terms – Number of
rational terms
( p ! 1) th Term From End in the
Expansion of ( x ! a )n ! Example 16. Find the number of terms in the
expansion of ( 4 9 ! 6 8 ) 500 which are integers.
( p ! 1) th term from end in the expansion of ( x ! a ) n
Sol. Since, ( 4 9 ! 6 8 )500 ' (91/ 4 ! 81/ 6 )500 ' (31/ 2 ! 21/ 2 )500
' ( p ! 1) th term from beginning in the expansion of (a ! x ) n
[Qa, b &prime numbers]
' nCp a n " p x p 500 1/ 2 500 " r
3 General term, Tr !1 ' C r (3 ) / (21/ 2 )r
500 " r
! Example 14. Find the 4th term from the end in the 500
7 ' Cr / 3 2 / 2r / 2
)x3 2 ,
expansion of + " 2. . ' 500
C r / 3250 " r / 2 / 2 r / 2
* 2 x - 7 Now, 0 C r C 500
)x3 2 ,
Sol. 4th term from the end in the expansion of + " 2. For r ' 0 , 2, 4, 6, 8, ... , 500, indices of 3 and 2 are positive
* 2 x -
integers.
' 4th term from beginning in the expansion of
) 2
7 Hence, number of terms which are integers ' 250 ! 1 ' 251
x3 ,
+" 2 ! .
* x 2 -
! Example 17. Find the sum of all rational terms in
7"3 3
7 ) 2 , )x3 , 7 / 6 / 5 24 x 9 the expansion of ( 31/ 5 ! 21/ 3 )15 .
' C 3 +" 2 . + . ' / / ' 70x
* x - * 2 - 1 / 2 / 3 x 8 23
Sol. The general term in the expansion of (31/ 5 ! 21/ 3 )15 is
Tr !1 ' 15C r (31/ 5 )15 " r / (21 / 3 )r
! Example 15. Find the (n ! 1)th term from the end in
r r
3n 3"
) 1, ' 15C r / 3 5 /23
the expansion of + 2x " . .
* x- Now, 0 C r C 15
3n
) 1, Forr ' 0, 15
Sol. (n ! 1)th term from the end in the expansion of +2x " .
* x- Rational terms are T 0 ! 1 and T15 ! 1.
' (n ! 1) th 3term
n
from beginning in the expansion of Then, T 0 ! 1 ' 15C 0 / 33 / 20 ' 27
) 1 ,
+ " ! 2 x . and T15 ! 1 ' 15C 15 / 30 / 25 ' 32
* x -
3n " n
) 1, 3 Sum of all rational terms ' 27 ! 32 ' 59
' Tn ! 1 ' 3n
Cn + " . (2x )n ' 3n
C n / 2n / x " n
* x-
! Example 18. Find the number of irrational terms in ! Example 20. If a, b , c and d are any four
the expansion of ( 8 5 ! 6 2 )100 . consecutive coefficients in the expansion of (1 ! x )n ,
Sol. Since, ( 8 5 ! 6 2 )100 ' (51/ 8 ! 21/ 6 )100 then prove that:
3 General term, Tr ' 100
C r (51 / 8 )100 " r (21 / 6 )r a c 2b
!1 (i) ! ' .
' 100
C r (5)(100 " r ) / 8 / (2)r / 6
a!b c ! d b ! c
2
As, 2 and 5 are coprime. ) b , ac
(ii) + . 0 , if x 0 0.
3 Tr ! 1 will be rational, if (100 " r ) is a multiple of 8 and r is *b ! c - (a ! b ) (c ! d )
a multiple of 6.
Sol. Let a, b, c and d be the coefficients of the r th, (r ! 1)th,
Also, 0 C r C 100
(r ! 2)th and (r ! 3)th terms respectively, in the expansion
3 r ' 0, 6, 12, 18, ..., 96
of (1 ! x )n . Then,
Now, 100 " r ' 4, 10, 16, ... , 100 …(i) "1
Tr ' Tr "1!1 ' nC r "1 xr
and 100 " r ' 0, 8, 16, 24, ... , 100 …(ii)
The common terms in Eqs. (i) and (ii) are 16, 40, 64 and 88. 3 a ' nC r "1 …(i)
3 r ' 84, 60, 36, 12 gives rational terms. Q Tr n
' Cr x r
!1
3 The number of irrational terms ' 101 " 4 ' 97
3 b ' nC r …(ii)
n r !1
Problems Regarding Three/Four Q Tr !2 ' T (r ! 1) ! 1 ' Cr !1 x
Consecutive Terms or Coefficients

n
3 c ' Cr !1 ….(iii)
!2
and Tr ' T (r ' nC r xr
(i) If consecutive coefficients are given !3 ! 2) ! 1 !2
In this case, divide consecutive coefficients pairwise, we 3 d ' nC r !2 …(iv)

get equations and then solve them. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a ! b ' n C r " 1 ! n C r ' n ! 1C r
! Example 19. Let n be a positive integer. If the n !1 n )n ! 1,
coefficients of rth, (r ! 1)th and (r ! 2)th terms in the ' / Cr " 1 ' + .a
r * r -
expansion of (1 ! x )n are in AP, then find the a r
relation between n and r. 3 ' …(v)
a!b n !1
n r "1
Sol. Q Tr ' T (r " 1) ! 1 ' Cr "1 x From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
n r !1 n !1
Tr !1 ' Cr x and Tr !2 ' T (r ! 1) !1 ' nC r !1 xr b ! c ' nC r ! nC r !1 ' Cr !1
3 Coefficients of rth, (r ! 1)th and (r ! 2)th terms in the )n ! 1, n )n ! 1,

expansion of '+ . Cr ' + .b
*r ! 1- *r ! 1-
(1 ! x )n are n C r " 1, n C r , n C r ! 1.
b r !1
Q Given, n C r " 1,
n
Cr , n Cr !1 are in AP. 3 ' …(vi)
b!c n !1
and n Dr !1 From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
n n
Cr Cr n !1
3
"1
, 1,
!1
are also in AP. c ! d ' nC r ! 1 ! nC r !2 ' Cr !2
n n
Cr Cr )n ! 1, n )n ! 1,
r n "r '+ . Cr !1 '+ .c
2 , 1, are in AP. *r ! 2- *r ! 2-
n "r !1 r !1 c r !2
r n "r n " 2r !1 n " 2r " 1 3 ' …(vii)
2 1" ' "1 2 ' c !d n !1
n "r !1 r !1 n "r !1 r !1
From Eqs. (v), (vi) and (vii), we get
2 nr " 2r 2 ! r ! n " 2r ! 1 a b c
, and are in AP.
' n 2 " 2nr " n " nr ! 2r 2 ! r ! n " 2r " 1 a!b b!c c !d
2 n 2 " 4nr ! 4r 2 ' n ! 2 2 (n " 2r )2 ' n ! 2 a c ) b ,
(i) ! '2+ .
Corollary I For r ' 2, n ' 7 [Qn D 3] a!b c !d *b ! c -
Corollary II For r ' 5, n ' 7, 14 [Qn D 6] a c 2b

or ! '
a!b c !d b!c
(ii) AM 0 GM From Eqs. (i) and (vi), we get

) b , ) a ,) c , 5 3
3 C 1 / x 4 / y ' 240 2 5/ x4 / x ' 240
+ .0 + .+ . 2
*b ! c - *a ! b - *c ! d -
5
2 3 x ' 32 ' 25 2 x ' 2
) b , ac
2 + . 0 From Eq. (vi), we get y ' 3
*b ! c - (a ! b ) (c ! d )
Hence, x ' 2, y ' 3 and n ' 5
Remembering Method
Q
a b c d
Middle Terms
a+b b+c The middle term depends upon the value of n.
c+d
(i) When n is even The total number of terms in the
a b c expansion of ( x ! a ) n is n ! 1 (odd). So, there is only
3 , and are in AP.
a!b b!c c !d )n ,
one middle term, i.e., + ! 1. th term is the middle
*2 -
(ii) If consecutive terms are given
term. It is given byTn /2 ! 1 ' n C n /2 x n /2 a n /2
In this case, divide consecutive terms pairwise. i.e., If four
(ii) When n is odd The total number of terms in the
consecutive terms are Tr , Tr ! 1 , Tr ! 2 , Tr ! 3 . Then, find expansion of ( x ! a ) n is n ! 1 (even). So, there are
Tr ! 1 Tr ! 2 Tr ! 3
, , 2 E1 , E2 , E 3 (say). Then, divide E2 by ) n ! 1, )n ! 3,
Tr Tr ! 1 Tr ! 2 two middle terms, i.e., + . th and + . th are
* 2 - * 2 -
E1 and E 3 by E2 and solve. two middle terms. They are given by
n !1 n "1
! Example 21. If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the T n ! 1 'T ) n " 1 , ' nC n " 1 / x 2 /a 2
+ . !1
expansion of ( x ! y )n are 240, 720 and 1080 2 * 2 - 2
n "1 n !1
respectively, find x , y and n.
and T n ! 3 ' T ) n ! 1 , ' nC n ! 1 / x 2 /a 2
Sol. Given, T 2 ' T1 ! 1 ' n C 1 / x n " 1/ y ' 240 …(i) + . !1
2 * 2 - 2
n n"2 2
T3 ' T2 ! 1 ' C 2 / x / y ' 720 …(ii)
and T 4 ' T 3 ! 1 ' n C 3 / x n " 3 / y 3 ' 1080 …(iii) ! Example 22. Find the middle term in the
12
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get )a ,
expansion of + ! bx . .
n
C 2 / x n " 2 / y 2 720 *x -
'
C1 / x n " 1 / y
n 12
240 )a ,
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of + ! bx . is 13
)n " 2 ! 1, y y 6 *x -
2 + ./ '3 2 ' …(iv) ) 12 ,
* 2 - x x n "1 (odd), its middle term is + ! 1. th, i.e., 7th term.
*2 -
Also, dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (ii), we get 6
12 )a ,
n
C3 / x n"3
/y 3
1080 3 Required term, T 7 ' T 6 !1 ' C 6 + . (bx )6
' *x -
n"2
n
C2 / x /y 2
720 ' 12 C 6 a 6 b 6 ' 924 a 6 b 6
)n " 3 ! 1, y 3 y 9
2 + ./ ' 2 ' …(v) ! Example 23. Find the middle term in the expansion
* 3 - x 2 x 2 ( n " 2) 9
) x3 ,
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get of + 3x " . .
6 9 * 6 -
' )
9
x3 ,
n " 1 2 ( n " 2) Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of +3x " . is
10 (even). So, there are two middle terms, *
6 -
2 12n " 24 ' 9 n " 9
2 3n ' 15 )9 !1, )9 ! 3,
i.e. + . th and + . th terms. They are given by T 5
3 n '5 * 2 - * 2 -
3 and T 6 .
From Eq. (iv), we get y ' x …(vi)
2
4
) x 3, Now, on substituting values of n, x and a in Eq. (i), we get
3 T 5 ' T 4 !1 ' 9C 4 (3x )5 + " .
* 6 - r C m ! f or r C m
where, m & N and 0 F f F 1
9 / 8 / 7 / 6 5 5 x 12 189 17
' /3 x / 4 ' x In the first case,Tm !1 is the greatest term, while in the
1/ 2/ 3/ 4 6 8
second case, Tm and Tm ! 1 are the greatest terms and both
5
) x 3, are equal (numerically).
and T 6 ' T 5 ! 1 ' 9C 5 (3x )4 + " .
* 6 - Shortcut Method
x 15 To find the greatest term (numerically) in the expansion of
' " 9C 4 / 34 / x 4 /
65 (x ! a )n .
n
9 / 8 / 7 / 6 4 x 19 21 19 ) x,
'" /3 / 5 ' " x Now, (x ! a )n ' a n +1 ! .
1/ 2/ 3/ 4 6 16 * a-
x
! Example 24. Show that the middle term in the (n ! 1)
a
expansion of (1 ! x ) 2n is Calculate m'
) x ,
1 / 3 / 5 ...(2n " 1) n n + !1 .
/ 2 x , n being a positive integer. * a -
n!
Case I If m &Integer, then Tm and Tm ! 1 are the greatest terms
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of (1 ! x )2n is
and both are equal (numerically).
2n ! 1 (odd), its middle term is (n ! 1)th term.
Case II If m G Integer, then T[m ] ! 1 is the greatest term, where
3 Required term ' Tn ! 1
[ / ] denotes the greatest integer function.
2n ! n (1 / 2 / 3 / 4 . .. (2n "1) / 2n ) n
' 2n C n x n ' x ' x
n! n! n! n! ! Example 25. Find numerically the greatest term in
{1 / 3 / 5 ... (2n " 1)} {2 / 4 / 6... 2n } n the expansion of (2 ! 3x ) 9 , when x ' 3 / 2.
' x
n! n! Sol. Let Tr be the greatest term in the expansion of
!1
{1 / 3 / 5... (2n " 1)} 2n (1 / 2 / 3... n ) n 9
(2 ! 3x ) , we have
' x
n! n! Tr !1 ) 9 " r ! 1 , 3x ) 10 " r , 3 3 90 " 9r
'+ . '+ . 1 '
{1 / 3 / 5... (2n " 1)} 2n n ! n 1 / 3 / 5... (2n " 1) n n Tr * r - 2 * r - 2 2 4r
' x ' 2 x
n! n! n! [Q x ' 3 / 2]
Tr ! 1
3 D1
Tr
Greatest Term 2
90 " 9r
D 1 2 90 D 13r
If Tr and Tr !1 are the rth and (r ! 1) th terms in the 4r
expansion of ( x ! a ) n , then 90 12
3 r C '6
13 13
Tr ! 1 n
C r / x n "r / a r ) n " r ! 1, a
' '+ ./ or r C6
12
Tr n
Cr " 1 / x n "r !1
/a r "1 * r - x 13
Let numerically, Tr !1 be the greatest term in the above 3 Maximum value of r is 6.
expansion. Then, So, greatest term ' T 6 ! 1 ' 9C 6 (2)9 " 6 (3x )6
Tr ! 1 ) n " r ! 1, a ) 3,
6
Tr ! 1 D Tr or D1 2 + . D1 ' 9C 3 / 23 / +3 1 .
Tr * r - x * 2-
[Qa may be ! ve or " ve] 9 / 8 / 7 23 / 312 7 1 313
(n ! 1) ' / '
or rC …(i) 1 / 2/ 3 26 2
) x , 9
+1 ! . )
Aliter Since, (2 ! 3x )9 ' 29 +1 !
3x ,
* a - .
* 2 -
( 9 ! 1)9 3x 3 Greatest term (when r ' 2) ' 11C 2 (3)9 ( " 5x )2

10 1
Now, m ' '
2
4 [Q x ' 3 / 2] 5 18
' 11C 2 (3)9 ( " 1)2 76Q x ' 5 :9
3x 9
!1 !1
2 4 11 / 10 9
' / 3 ' 55 1 39
90 12 1/2
' '6 H Integer
13 13 and greatest term (when r ' 3) ' 11C 3 (3)8 ( " 5x )3
3 The greatest term in the expansion is 11 5 18
' C 3 ( 3) 8 ( " 1) 3 76Q x ' 5 :9
T[m ] ! 1 ' T 6 ! 1 in (2 ! 3x )9
11 / 10 / 9 8
) 32 ,
6
' / 3 ' 55 1 39
9
' C 6 ( 2) 9"6 6 9
( 3x ) ' C 3 / 2 / + .3
[Q x ' 3 / 2] 1/2/3
*2-
9 / 8 / 7 312 7 1 313
' /
1 / 2 / 3 23
'
2
Greatest Coefficient
(i) If n is even, then greatest coefficient is n C n /2 /
! Example 26. Find numerically the greatest term in (ii) If n is odd, then greatest coefficients are n C (n " 1 ) /2 and
1
the expansion of ( 3 " 5x )11 , when x ' . n
C (n ! 1 ) /2 /
5
Sol. Let Tr !1 be the greatest term in the expansion of
11
! Example 27. Show that, if the greatest term in the
(3 " 5x ) , we have expansion of (1 ! x ) 2n has also the greatest coefficient,
Tr ! 1 ) 11 " r ! 1 , 5x n n!1
'+ . "
Tr * r - 3 then x lies between and .
n!1 n
) 12 " r , 1 12 " r
'+ . " ' [Q x ' 1 / 5] Sol. In the expansion of (1 ! x )2n , the middle term is
* r - 3 3r
) 2n ,
Tr ! 1 12 " r + ! 1. th
3 D1 2 D 1 2 12 D 4r *2 -
Tr 3r
i.e., (n ! 1) th term, we know that from binomial expan-
3 r C 3 2 r ' 2, 3
sion, middle term has greatest coefficient.
So, the greatest terms are T 2 ! 1 and T 3 ! 1. [Q Terms T1, T 2 , T 3 , ..., Tn , Tn ! 1, Tn ! 2 , ...]
3Greatest term (when r ' 2) ' T 2 ! 1 ' 11C 2 (3)9 ( " 5x )2 3 T n F T n ! 1 0 Tn ! 2
11 / 10 9 Tn ! 1 2n
Cn / x n 2n " n ! 1
' / 3 / (1)2 ' 55 1 39 [Q x ' 1 / 5] 2 ' ' /x
1/2 2n n "1
Tn Cn " 1 / x n
and greatest term (when r ' 3) ' T 3 ! 1
Tn ! 1 n !1
' 11
C 3 ( 3) 8 ( " 5x ) 3 ' 11
C 3 ( 3) 8 ( " 1) 3 [Q x ' 1 / 5] 2 0 1 or /x 01
Tn n
11 / 10 / 9 8 n
' 11C 3 / 38 ' / 3 ' 55 1 39 or x0 …(i)
1/2/3 n !1
From above, we say that the values of both greatest terms Tn ! 2 2n
Cn ! 1 x n ! 1 2n " (n ! 1) ! 1
are equal. and ' ' /x
Tn ! 1 2n
Cn x n n !1
Aliter 11 n
) 5x , ' /x
Since, (3 " 5x )11 ' 311 +1 " . n !1
* 3 - Tn ! 2 n n !1
5x 1 2 F1 2 / x F 1 or x F …(ii)
(11 ! 1) " 12 1 " Tn ! 1 n !1 n
3 3 5 18
Now, m' ' 76Q x ' 5 :9 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5x 1
" !1 " !1 n n !1
3 3 FxF
n !1 n
4
'3' Corollary For n ' 5
1
!1 5 6
3 FxF
Since, the greatest terms in the expansion are T 3 and T 4 . 6 5
Important Properties of Trinomial Expansion

the Binomial Coefficients 2n
In the binomial expansion of (1 ! x ) n . Let us denote the

For n & N , (1 ! x ! x 2 ) n ' (ar x r
r '0
coefficients n C 0 , n C 1 , n C 2 , ..., n C r , ... , n C n by C 0 , C 1 , C 2 , ' a 0 ! a 1 x ! a 2 x 2 ! K ! a n x n ! K ! a 2n x 2n …(i)
... , C r , ... , C n , respectively.
There are (2n ! 1) terms. The middle coefficient is a n
(i) The coefficients of the terms equidistant from which is also the greatest.
the beginning and the end are equal
a 0 ' a 2n , a 1 ' a 2n " 1 , K, a r ' a 2n " r
The (r ! 1)th term from the beginning in the
expansion of (1 ! x ) n is nC r x r / The coefficients of (1 ! x ! x 2 ) n for n ' 0, 1, 2, … can be
arranged in a triangle.
3 The coefficient of the (r ! 1) th term from the 1
beginning is nC r and the (r ! 1) th term from the end 1 1 1
n 1 2 3 2 1
in the expansion of (1 ! x ) ' (r ! 1) th term from the 1 3 6 7 6 3 1
n n n "r
beginning in the expansion of ( x ! 1) ' C r x 1 4 10 16 19 16 10 4 1
3 The coefficient of the (r ! 1) th term from the end is 1 5 15 30 45 51 45 30 15
n 5 1
Cr . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
Hence, the coefficients of (r ! 1) th term from the
i.e., The rows contains the coefficients for n ' 0, 1, 2, 3,K.
beginning and the end are equal.
Each entry other than two entries at the ends is the sum of
(ii) The sum of the binomial coefficients in the three entries above it.
expansion of (1 ! x ) n
15 ' 1 ! 4 ! 10, 30 ' 16 ! 10 ! 4, etc.
Q (1 ! x ) n ' n C 0 ! n C 1 x ! n C 2 x 2 ! n C 3 x 3
Putting x ' 1 and x ' " 1 in Eq. (i), we get
! ... ! n C n x n
a 0 ! a 1 ! a 2 ! a 3 ! ... ! a 2n ' 3 n
Putting x ' 1, we get
2 n ' n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n [sum of all coefficients] …(ii)
and a 0 " a 1 ! a 2 " a 3 ! ... ! a 2n ' 1 …(iii)
or C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n ' 2 n
On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
3 Sum of binomial coefficients ' 2 n
3n ! 1
a 0 ! a 2 ! a 4 ! ... ! a 2n '
(iii) The sum of the coefficients of the odd terms 2
' The sum of the coefficients of the even terms [sum of coefficients of even powers of x ]
Q (1 ! x ) n ' n C 0 ! n C 1 x ! n C 2 x 2 ! n C 3 x 3 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
! ... ! n C n x n
3n " 1
a 1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! K ! a 2n " 1 '
Putting x ' " 1, we get 2
0 ' n C 0 " n C 1 ! n C 2 " n C 3 ! n C 4 " n C 5 ! ... [sum of coefficients of odd powers of x ]
n
or C 1 ! n C 3 ! n C 5 ! ... ' n C 0 ! n C 2 ! n C 4 ! ...
Since, the sum of all the coefficients is 2 n , therefore Putting x ' i ( " 1 ) in Eq. (i), we get
2n a 0 ! a 1 i ! a 2 i 2 ! a 3 i 3 ! a 4 i 4 ! a 5 i 5 ! ... ! a 2n i 2n ' i n
each side is equal to i.e. 2 n "1 .
2 2 (a 0 " a 2 ! a 4 " ... ) ! i (a 1 " a ! a 5 " ... ) ' i n
3
Hence, C 1 ! C 3 ! C 5 ! ... ' C 0 ! C 2 ! C 4 ! ... ' 2 n "1
(a 0 " a 2 ! a 4 " K ) ! i(a 1 " a 3 ! a 5 " K )
n
Remark ) I I, )n I , )n I ,
n
1. In the expansion of ( x " 2 y ! 3z ) , putting x ' y ' z ' 1, then
' + cos ! i sin . ' cos + . ! i sin + .
* 2 2- * 2 - * 2 -
we get the sum of coefficients ' ( 1 " 2 ! 3) n ' 2n .
2. In the expansion of ( 1 ! x ! x 2 ) n, putting x ' 1, we get the sum On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
of coefficients ' ( 1 ! 1 ! 1) n ' 3n. ) nI ,
a 0 " a 2 ! a 4 " K ' cos + .
* 2 -
) nI , 2 ( 4t ! 1) ( t " 1) ' 0
and a 1 " a 3 ! a 5 " K ' sin + .
* 2 - 3 t ' 1, t H "
1
2 3 3 x / 2 ' 1 ' 30
4
Putting x ' J and J2 (cube roots of unity) in Eq. (i), we get
3x
a 0 ! a 1 J ! a 2 J2 ! a 3 J 3 ! a 4 J 4 ! ... ' 0 …(iv) 3 ' 0 or x ' 0
2
and a 0 ! a 1 J2 ! a 2 J 4 ! a 3 J 6 ! a 4 J 8 ! ... ' 0 …(v)
! Example 30. Find the values of
On adding Eqs. (ii), (iv) and (v) and then dividing by 3, we 1 1 1
get (i) ! ! ! ...
(n " 1)! (n " 3)! 3! (n " 5)! 5!
a 0 ! a 3 ! a 6 ! ... ' 3 n " 1
1 1 1 1
Note (ii) ! ! ! ... !
(i) a1 ! a4 ! a7 ! K ' a2 ! a5 ! a8 ! K ' 3n " 1 12! 10! 2! 8 ! 4 ! 12!
(ii) a0 ! a4 ! a8 ! K '
1; n ) nI , > Sol. (i) Q 1! ' 1
<3 ! 1 ! 2cos + . ?
4= * 2 -@
3 The given series can be written as
(iii) a1 ! a5 ! a9 ! K '
1; n ) nI , >
<3 " 1 ! 2sin+ . ? 1 1 1
4= * 2 -@ ! ! ! ... …(i)
1; nI > (n " 1)! 1! (n " 3)! 3! (n " 5)! 5!
(iv) a0 ! a6 ! a12 ! K ' <3n ! 1 ! 2n ! 1 cos )+ ,. ?
6= * 3 -@ Q Sum of values of each terms in factorial are equal.
2n 2n
r "1 i.e. (n " 1) ! 1 ' (n " 3) ! 3 ' (n " 5) ! 5 ' ... ' n
(v) ( r / ar ' n / 3n (vi) (( "1) / r / ar ' " n
r '1 r '1 From Eq. (i),
1 5 n! n! n! 8
! Example 28. Find the sum of coefficients in the n! 7 (n " 1)! 1! ! (n " 3)! 3! ! (n " 5)! 5! ! ...:
6 9
expansion of the binomial ( 5p " 4q )n , where n is a
1 n 2n " 1
positive integer. '( C 1 ! n C 3 ! n C 5 ! ...) '
n! n!
Sol. Putting p ' q '1 in (5p " 4q )n , the required sum of coeffi-
(ii) Q 0! ' 1
cients ' (5 " 4 )n ' 1n ' 1
3The given series can be written as
! Example 29. In the expansion of ( 3 " x / 4 ! 3 5x / 4 )n , if 1
!
1
!
1
! ... !
1
…(ii)
12!0! 10! 2! 8! 4 ! 0! 12!
the sum of binomial coefficients is 64 and the term
with the greatest binomial coefficient exceeds the third Q Sum of values of each terms in factorial are equal
by (n " 1), find the value of x. i.e., 12 ! 0 ' 10 ! 2 ' 8 ! 4 ' ... ' 12
Sol. Given sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of 1 5 12! 12! 12! 12! 8
From Eq. (ii), 7 ! ! ! ... !
(3" x / 4 ! 35 x / 4 )n ' 64 12! 6 12! 0! 10! 2! 8! 4 ! 0! 12! :9
Then, putting 3" x / 4 ' 35 x / 4 ' 1 1 12 212 " 1 211
12 12 12
n n 6
' ( C0 ! C2 ! C 4 ! ... ! C 12 ) ' '
3 (1 ! 1) ' 64 2 2 ' 2 12! 12! 12!
3 n '6
! Example 31. Prove that the sum of the coefficients
We know that, middle term has the greatest binomial
in the expansion of (1 ! x " 3x 2 ) 2163
coefficients. Here, n ' 6
)n ,
is " 1.
3 Middle term ' + ! 1. th term ' 4th term ' T 4 Sol. Putting x ' 1 in (1 ! x " 3x 2 )2163 , the required sum of
*2 -
coefficients ' (1 ! 1 " 3)2163 ' ( " 1)2163 ' " 1
and given that T 4 ' ( n " 1) ! T 3
2 T 3 ! 1 ' ( 6 " 1) ! T 2 ! 1 ! Example 32. If the sum of the coefficients in the
2 6C 3 (3" x / 4 )3 (3 5 x / 4 )3 ' 5 ! 6C 2 (3" x / 4 )4 (3 5 x / 4 )2 expansion of (#x 2 " 2x ! 1) 35 is equal to the sum of
2 20 / 3 3 x ' 5 ! 15 / 3 3 x / 2 the coefficients in the expansion of ( x " #y ) 35 , find the
Let 3 3x /2 ' t value of #.
3 20 t 2 ' 5 ! 15 t Sol. Given, sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
(#x 2 " 2x ! 1)35
2 4t 2 " 3t " 1 ' 0
' Sum of the coefficients in the expansion of ( x " #y )35 40
Putting x ' y ' 1, we get

Putting x ' 1, we get 0 ' (ar
r '0
(# " 1)35 ' (1 " # )35 or a 0 ! a1 ! a 2 ! a 3 ! a 4 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 39 ! a 40 ' 0 …(ii)
2 ( # " 1) 35
' " ( # " 1) 35 Putting x ' " 1 in Eq. (i), we get
40
2 2 (# " 1)35 ' 0 ( " 2)20 ' (( " 1)r ar
2 # "1 ' 0 r '0
3 # '1 or a 0 " a1 ! a 2 " a 3 ! a 4 " a 5 ! ... " a 39 ! a 40 ' 220 …(iii)

40 On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
! Example 33. If (1 ! x " 2x 2 ) 20 ' ( ar x r , then find 2 [a1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 39 ] ' " 220
r '0
the value ofa1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 39 . or a1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 39 ' " 219
40 Corollary On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii) and then dividing by
Sol. Q (1 ! x " 2x 2 )20 ' (ar x r …(i) 2, we get a 0 ! a 2 ! a 4 ! ... ! a 40 ' 219
r '0

1. If the rth term in the expansion of (1 ! x )20 has its coefficient equal to that of the (r ! 4)th term, then r is
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
n
) 1, 5
2. If the fourth term in the expansion of + px ! . is , then n ! p is equal to
* x- 2
9 11 13 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
n
) 1, 1
3. If in the expansion of + 3 2 ! 3 . , the ratio of 7th term from the beginning to the 7th term from the end is ,
* 3- 6
then n is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
4. The number of integral terms in the expansion of (51/ 2 ! 71/ 8 )1024 is

(a) 128 (b) 129 (c) 130 (d) 131
5. In the expansion of (7 1/ 3
! 11 )1/ 9 6561
, the number of terms free from radicals is
(a) 715 (b) 725 (c) 730 (d) 750
6. n
If the coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 ! x ) are 165, 330 and 462 respectively, the
value of n is
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
7. n
If the coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms in the expansion of (1 ! x ) are in AP, then n is equal to
(a) 7 only (b) 14 only (c) 7 or 14 (d) None of these
n
) 1,
8. If the middle term in the expansion of + x 2 ! . is 924 x 6, the value of n is
* x-
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 20
n
) 2 ,
9. If the sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of + x 2 ! 3 . is 243, the term independent of x is equal to
* x -
(a) 40 (b) 30 (c) 20 (d) 10
10. 2
In the expansion of (1 ! x ) (1 ! x ! x ) ... (1 ! x ! x ! ... ! x 2 2n
), the sum of the coefficients is
(a) 1 (b) 2n ! (c) 2n ! ! 1 (d) (2n ! 1) !
Session 3
Two Important Theorems, Divisibility Problems
Two Important Theorems Now, let ( P " Q ) n ' f K , where 0 F f K F 1
Theorem 1 If ( P ! Q ) n ' I ! f , where I and n are Also, I ! f ' (P ! Q )n …(i)
positive integers, n being odd and 0 C f F 1 , then 0 C f F1 …(ii)
show that ( I ! f ) f ' k n , where P " Q 2 ' k 0 0 and f K ' (P " Q )n …(iii)
P " Q F 1. and 0 F f K F1 …(iv)
Proof Given, P "Q F1 3 0 F ( P " Q )n F 1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
Now, let ( P " Q ) n ' f K, where 0 F f K F 1 I ! f ! f K ' (P ! Q )n ! (P " Q )n
Also I ! f ' ( P ! Q )n …(i) ' 2 [ n C 0 P n ! n C 2 P n " 2 ( Q ) 2 ! n C 4 P n " 4 ( Q ) 4 ! ... ]

0 C f F1 …(ii) ' 2 (integer) ' Even integer …(v)
f K ' ( P " Q )n …(iii) [Since, RHS contains even power of Q , so RHS is
an even integer]
and 0 F f K F1 …(iv) 3 LHS is also an integer.
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get Q I is an integer.
I ! f " f K ' ( P ! Q )n " ( P " Q )n 2 f ! f K is also an integer.
3 f ! f K '1 [Q0 F ( f ! f K ) F 2 ]
' 2 [ n C 1 ( P ) n " 1 / Q ! n C 3 ( P ) n " 3 / Q 3 ! ... ]
or f K '1" f
' 2 (integer) ' Even integer …(v)
From Eq. (v), I ' even integer " 1 ' odd integer and
[Since, n is odd, RHS contains even powers
( I ! f ) (1 " f ) ' ( I ! f ) f K
of P , so RHS is an even integer]
3 LHS is also an integer. ' (P ! Q )n (P " Q )n ' (P 2 " Q )n ' k n
Q I is an integer.
! Example 34. Show that the integral part of
3 (f " f K) is also an integer.
( 5 ! 2 6 )n is odd, where n is natural number.
2 f " f K '0 [Q " 1 F ( f " f K ) F 1]
or f 'fK Sol. (5 ! 2 6 )n can be written as (5 ! 24 )n
From Eq. (v), I is an even integer and Now, let I ! f ' (5 ! 24 )n …(i)
0C f F1 …(ii)
(I ! f ) f ' (I ! f ) f K ' ( P ! Q )n ( P " Q )n
2 n n and let f K ' (5 " 24 )n …(iii)
' (P " Q ) ' k
0F f KF1 …(iv)
Remark On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
If n is even integer, then ( P ! Q) n ! ( P " Q) n ' I ! f ! f K
I ! f ! f K ' (5 ! 24 )n ! (5 " 24 )n
Since, LHS and I are integers.
3 (f ! f K) is also an integer. I ! 1 ' 2p ,
2 f ! fK ' 1 [Q0 F ( f ! f K) F 2] B p & N ' Even integer [from theorem 2]
3 fK ' 1" f 3 I ' 2p " 1 ' Odd integer
Hence, ( I ! f ) ( 1 " f ) ' ( I ! f ) f K ' ( P ! Q) n ( P " Q) n
' ( P " Q2 ) n ' k n ! Example 35. Show that the integral part of
( 5 5 ! 11) 2n !1 is even, where n & N .
Theorem 2 If ( P ! Q ) n ' I ! f , where I and n are
Sol. (5 5 ! 11)2n ! 1 can be written as ( 125 ! 11)2n ! 1
positive integers and 0 C f F 1 , show that ( I ! f )
(1 " f ) ' k n , where P 2 " Q ' k 0 0 and P " Q F 1. Now, let I ! f ' ( 125 ! 11)2 n ! 1 …(i)
Proof Given, P " Q F1 0C f F1 …(ii)

and let f K ' ( 125 " 11)2n ! 1 …(iii)
3 0 F (P " Q )n F 1
0F f KF1 …(iv)
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get Now, let f K ' (8 " 63 )n …(iii)
I ! f " f K ' ( 125 ! 11)2 n ! 1 " ( 125 " 11)2 n ! 1 0F f KF1 …(iv)
I ! 0 ' 2p , B p & N ' Even integer On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
[from theorem 1] [ x ] ! f ! f K ' (8 ! 63 )n ! (8 " 63 )n
3 I ' 2p ' Even integer [ x ] ! 1 ' 2p , B p & N ' Even integer
[from theorem 2]
! Example 36. Let R ' (6 6 ! 14 ) 2n ! 1 and f ' R " [R ], 3 [ x ] ' 2p " 1 ' Odd integer
where [ / ] denotes the greatest integer function. Find i.e., Integral part of x ' Odd integer
the value of Rf , n & N . Q f ! f K'1 2 1" f ' f K …(v)
Sol. (6 6 ! 14 )2 n ! 1 can be written as ( 216 ! 14 )2 n ! 1 and LHS ' x " x 2 ! x [ x ] ' x " x ( x " [ x ]) ' x " xf
given that f ' R " [ R ]
[Q x ' [ x ] ! f ]
and R ' (6 6 ! 14 )2 n ! 1' ( 216 ! 14 )2 n ! 1 ' x (1 " f ) ' x f K [from Eq.(v)]
3 [ R ] ! f ' ( 216 ! 14 )2 n ! 1 …(i) ' (8 ! 63 )n (8 " 63 )n [from Eqs.(i) and (iii)]
0C f F1 …(ii)
' (64 " 63)n ' (1)n ' 1 ' RHS
Let f K ' ( 216 " 14 )2 n ! 1 …(iii)
0F f KF1 …(iv) Remark
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get Sometimes, students find it difficult to decide whether a problem
2n ! 1 2n ! 1
is on addition or subtraction. Now, if x ' [ x ] ! f and 0 F f K F 1
[ R ] ! f " f K ' ( 216 ! 14 ) " ( 216 " 14 ) and if [ x ] ! f ! f K' Integer. Then, addition and if
[ R ] ! 0 ' 2p , B p & N ' Even integer [from theorem 1] [ x ] ! f " f K ' Integer, the subtraction and values of (f ! f K) and
(f " f K) are 1and 0, respectively.
3 f " f K ' 0 or f ' f K
Now, Rf ' Rf K ' ( 216 ! 14 )2 n ! 1 ( 216 " 14 )2 n ! 1
' (216 " 196)2 n ! 1 ' (20)2 n ! 1 Divisibility Problems
! Example 37. If (7 ! 4 3 )n ' s ! t, where n and s are Type I
positive integers and t is a proper fraction, show that (i) ( x n " a n ) is divisible by ( x " a ), B n & N .
(1 " t ) (s ! t ) ' 1. (ii) ( x n ! a n ) is divisible by ( x ! a ), B n &Only odd
Sol. (7 ! 4 3 )n can be written as (7 ! 48 )n natural numbers.
3 s ! t ' (7 ! 48 )n …(i)
! Example 39. Show that
0Ft F1 …(ii)
Now, let t K ' (7 " 48 )n …(iii) 19921998 " 19551998 " 1938 1998 ! 19011998 is divisible by 1998.
0FtKF1 …(iv) Sol. Here, n ' 1998 (Even)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 3 Only result (i) applicable.
s ! t ! t K ' (7 ! 48 )n ! (7 " 48 )n Let P ' 19921998 " 19551998 " 19381998 ! 19011998
s ! 1 ' 2p , B p & N ' Even integer [from theorem 2] ' (19921998 " 19551998 ) " (19381998 " 19011998 )
3 t ! t K ' 1 or 1 " t ' t K divisible by (1992 " 1955 ) divisible by (1938 " 1901)
Then, (1 " t ) (s ! t ) ' t K (s ! t ) ' (7 " 48 )n (7 ! 48 )n i. e. 37 i. e. 37
[from Eqs. (i) and (iii)] 3 P is divisible by 37.
' ( 49 " 48)n ' (1)n ' 1
Also, P ' (19921998 " 19381998 ) " (19551998 " 19011998 )
divisible by (1992 " 1938 ) divisible by (1955 " 1901)
! Example 38. If x ' (8 ! 3 7 )n , where n is a natural i.e., 54 i.e., 54
number, prove that the integral part of x is an odd 3 P is also divisible by 54.
integer and also show that x " x 2 ! x [ x ] ' 1 , where [ / ] Hence, P is divisible by 37 1 54, i.e., 1998.
denotes the greatest integer function. ! Example 40. Prove that 2222 5555 ! 5555 2222 is
Sol. (8 ! 3 7 )n can be written as (8 ! 63 )n
divisible by 7.
3 x ' [x ] ! f
Sol. We have, 22225555 ! 55552222
or [ x ] ! f ' (8 ! 63 )n …(i)
0C f F1 …(ii) ' (22225555 ! 4 5555 ) ! (55552222 " 4 2222 ) " ( 4 5555 " 4 2222 ) …(i)
The number (22225555 ! 4 5555 ) is divisible by 2222 ! 4

' 2226 ' 7 1 318, which is divisible by 7 and the number
How to Find Remainder
(55552222 " 4 2222 ) is divisible by by Using Binomial Theorem
5555 " 4 ' 5551 ' 7 1 793, which is divisible by 7 and the If a, p, n and r are positive integers, then to find the
number remainder when a pn ! r is divided by b, we adjust power of
( 4 5555 " 4 2222 ) ' 4 2222 ( 4 3333 " 1) ' 4 2222 (641111 " 11111 ) is a to a pn ! r which is very close to b, say with difference 1
divisible by 64 " 1 ' 63 ' 7 1 9, which is divisible by 7. i.e., b L 1. Also, the remainder is always positive. When
Therefore, each brackets of Eq. (i) are divisible by 7. Hence, number of the type 5n " 2 is divided by 5, then we have
22225555 ! 55552222 is divisible by 7. 5 ) 5n " 2 (n
5n
Type II To show that an Expression "
"2
is Divisible by An Integer We can write " 2 ' " 2 " 3 ! 3 ' " 5 ! 3
Solution Process 5n " 2 5n " 5 ! 3 3
or ' 'n "1!
(i) If a, p, n and r are positive integers, first of all write 5 5 5
a pn ! r ' a pn / a r ' (a p ) n / a r Hence, the remainder is 3.
(ii) If we will show that the given expression is divisible ! Example 43. If 7 103 is divided by 25, find the
by c. Then, expression a p ' {1 ! (a p " 1)}, if some
remainder.
power of (a p " 1) has c as a factor. Soln. We have, 7103 ' 7 / 7102 ' 7 / (7 2 )51 ' 7 (49)51 ' 7 (50 " 1)51
or a p ' {2 ! (a p " 2 )}, if some power of (a p " 2 ) has c ' 7 [(50)51 " 51C 1 (50)50 ! 51C 2 (50)49 " ... " 1]
as a factor.
' 7 [(50)51 " 51C 1 (50)50 ! 51C 2 (50)49 " ... ! 51C 50 (50)]
or a p ' {3 ! (a p " 3 )}, if some power of (a p " 3 ) has c
" 7 " 18 ! 18
as a factor.
M M M M M M ' 7 [ 50 ((50)50 " 51 C 1(50)49 ! 51 C 2 (50)48 "...! 51C 50 )] " 25 ! 18
p p p
or a ' {k ! (a " k )}, if some power of (a " k ) has c ' 7 [ 50k ] " 25 ! 18 , where k is an integer.
' 25 [14k " 1] ! 18 ' 25p ! 18 [where p is an integer]
as a factor.
7103 18
Now, ' p ! . Hence, the remainder is 18.
! Example 41. If n is any positive integer, show 25 25
that 2 3n ! 3 " 7n " 8 is divisible by 49. 5 ...
5
Sol. Given expression ! Example 44. Find the remainder, when 5 5

' 23n ! 3 " 7n " 8 ' 23n / 23 " 7n " 8 ( 24 times 5) is divided by 24.
5
' 8n / 8 " 7n " 8 ' 8 (1 ! 7 )n " 7n " 8 Sol. Here, 555
5 ...
(23 times 5) is an odd natural number.
' 8 (1 ! n C 1 / 7 ! n C 2 / 7 2 ! ... ! n C n / 7n ) " 7n " 8 5 5 ...
Let 5 (23 times 5) ' 2m ! 1
' 8 ! 56n ! 8 (n C 2 / 7 2 ! ... ! n C n / 7n ) " 7n " 8 5
5...
' 49n ! 8 (n C 2 / 7 2 ! ... ! n C n / 7n ) Now, let x ' 55 (24 times 5) ' 52 m ! 1 ' 5 / 52 m , where m is
' 49 {n ! 8 (n C 2 ! ... ! n C n / 7n " 2 )} a natural number.
3 x ' 5 / (52 )m ' 5 ( 24 ! 1)m
Hence, 23n ! 3 " 7n " 8 is divisible by 49. ' 5 [ mC 0 (24 )m ! mC 1 (24 )m " 1 ! ... ! mC m " 1 (24 ) ! 1]
! Example 42. If 10n divides the number 101100 " 1, find ' 5 (24k ! 1) ' 24 (5k ) ! 5
x 5
the greatest value of n. 3 ' 5k !
24 24
Sol. We have, 101100 " 1 ' (1 ! 100)100 " 1 Hence, the remainder is 5.
100 100
'1! C 1 / 100 ! C 2 / 1002 ! ... ! 100
C 100 100100 " 1 32
' 100
C 1 / 100 ! 100
C 2 / 1002 ! K ! 100
C 100 / 10100
! Example 45. If 7 divides 32 32 , then find the remainder.
' (100) (100) ! 100
C 2 / 1002 ! ... ! 100
C 100 / 100100 Solution. We have, 32 ' 25
' (100)2 [1 ! 100
C 2 ! ... ! 10098 ] 3 3232 ' (25 )32 ' 2160 ' (3 " 1)160
160
' 1002 k, where k is a positive integer ' C 0 (3)160 " 160
C 1 (3)159 ! ... " 160
C 159 (3) ! 1
159 160 158 160
Therefore, 101100 " 1 is divisible by 1002 i.e., 104 . ' 3 (3 " C 1 ( 3) ! ... " C 159 ) ! 1
3 n'4 ' 3m ! 1, m & I !
32
Now, 3232 ' 32 3m ! 1 ' 2 5 (3m ! 1) ' 215m ! 5 (i) For last digit
2 3 ( 5m ! 1) 5m ! 1 5m ! 1
' 2 /2 ' 4 ( 8) ' 4 ( 7 ! 1) 17 256 ' 290[ 128 C 0 (290)127 " 128
C 1(290)126
5m ! 1 5m ! 1 5m ! 1 5m 5m ! 1 5m " 1
' 4[ C 0 (7 ) ! C 1 (7 ) ! C 2 (7 ) ! 128
C 2 (290)125 " ... "128 C 127 (1)] ! 1
5m ! 1
! ... ! C 5m (7 ) ! 1]
' 290 (k ) ! 1, where k is an integer.
' 4 [ 7 ( 5m ! 1C 0 (7 )5m ! 5m ! 1C 1(7 )5m " 1 !... ! 5m ! 1C 5m ) ! 1]
' 4 [7k ! 1] , where k is positive integer ' 28k ! 4 3 Last digit ' 0 ! 1 ' 1
32 (ii) For last two digits,
3232 4
3 ' 4k !
7 7 17 256 ' (290)2 [ 128C 0 (290)126 " 128
C 1 (290)125 !
Hence, the remainder is 4. 128
C 2 (290)124 " ... ! 128
C 126 (1)] " 128
C 127 (290) ! 1
128
' 100 m " C 127 (290) ! 1, where m is an integer.
How to Find Last Digit, Last Two Digits, 128
' 100 m " C 1 (290) ! 1 ' 100 m " 128 1 290 ! 1
Last Three Digits, ... and so on.
' 100 m " 128 1 (300 " 10) ! 1
Ifa, p, n andr are positive integers, thena pn ! r is adjust of the
' 100 (m " 384 ) ! 1281
form(10k L 1) m , wherek andm are positive integers. For last ' 100 n ! 1281, where n is an integer.
digit, take 10 common. For last two digits, take 100 common, 3 Last two digits ' 00 ! 81 ' 81
for last three digits, take 1000 common , ... and so on.
(iii) For last three digits,
i.e. (10k L 1) m ' (10k ) m ! m C 1 (10k ) m " 1 ( L 1)
17 256 ' (290)3 [ 128C 0 (290)125 " 128
C 1 (290)124
! m C 2 (10k ) m " 2 ( L 1) 2 ! ... !
128
m
C m " 2 (10k ) 2 ( L 1) m "2 ! C m " 1 (10k ) ( L 1) m " 1 ! ( L 1) m
m ! C 2 (290)123 " ... " 128
C 125 (1)]
128
! C 126 (290)2 " 128
C 127 (290) ! 1
For last digit ' 10 E ! ( L 1) m
128 2 128
' 1000 m ! C 126 (290) " C 127 (290) ! 1
For last two digits ' 100 M ! m C m " 1 (10k ) ( L 1) m " 1 ! ( L 1) m
where, m is an integer
For last three digits ' 1000 N !m C m "2 (10k ) 2 ( L1) m "2 !m C m "1 128
' 1000 m ! C 2 (290)2 " 128
C 1 (290) ! 1
m "1 m
(10k ) ( L 1) ! ( L 1) and so on where E, M, N & I.
(128) (127 )
' 1000 m ! (290)2 " 128 1 290 ! 1
! Example 46. Find the last two digits of 3 400
. 2
' 1000 m ! (128) (127 ) (290) (145) " (128) (290) ! 1
Sol. We have, 3400 ' (32 )200 ' (9)200 ' (10 " 1)200
' 1000 m ! (128) (290) (127 1 145 " 1) ! 1
' (10)200 " 200
C 1 (10)199 ! 200C 2 (10)198 " 200
C 3 (10)197
' 1000 m ! (128) (290) (18414 ) ! 1
200
! ... ! C 198 (10)2 " 200
C 199 (10) ! 1 ' 1000 m ! 683527680 ! 1
200
' 100 M " C 199 (10) ! 1, where M & I ' 1000 m ! 683527000 ! 680 ! 1
' 100 M " 200
C 1 (10) ! 1 ' 100 M " 2000 ! 1 ' 1000 (m ! 683527 ) ! 681
' 100 (M " 20) ! 1 ' 100 p ! 1, where p is an integer. 3 Last three digits ' 000 ! 681 ' 681
Hence, the last two digits of 3400 is 00 ! 1 ' 01.

Two Important Results
! Example 47. If the number is 17 256 , find the n
) 1,
(i) last digit. (ii) last two digits. (i) 2 C + 1 ! . F 3, n D 1, n & N
* n- n n
(iii) last three digits of 17 256 . )n, )n,
(ii) If n 0 6, then + . F n ! F + .
*3- *2-
Sol. Since, 17 256 ' (17 2 )128 ' (289 )128 ' (290 " 1)128
3 17 256 ' 128C 0 (290)128 " 128

C 1 (290)127 ! 128
C 2 (290)126
! Example 48. Find the positive integer just greater
128
than (1 ! 00001
. )10000 .
" C 3 (290)125 ! ... " 128
C 125 (290)3 ! 128
C 126 (290)2 10000
) 1 ,
128 Sol. (1 ! 0.0001)10000 ' +1 ! .
" C 127 (290) ! 1 * 10000 -
n
) 1, ! Example 50. Find the greater number in 300! and
We know that, 2 C +1 ! . F 3, n D 1, n & N [Result (i)]
* n-
300 300 .
Hence, positive integer just greater than (1 ! 0.0001)10000
is 3.
Sol. Since, (100)150 0 3150
! Example 49. Find the greater number is 100100 and 2 (100)150 / (100)150 0 3150 / (100)150
( 300)! . 2 (100)300 0 (300)150
n
)n , (100)300 0 300300
Sol. Using Result (ii), We know that, + . F n ! or …(i)
*3- n
Putting n ' 300, we get )n ,
Using result (ii), + . F n !
(100)300 F (300) ! …(i) *3-
But (100) 100

F (100) 300
…(ii) Putting n ' 300, we get (100)300 F 300 ! …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(100)100 F (100)300 F (300) ! 300 300 F (100)300 F 300 !
2 (100)100 F (300) ! 2 300 300 F 300 !
Hence, the greater number is (300) ! . Hence, the greater number is 300 !.

1. If x ' (7 ! 4 3 )2n ' [ x ] ! f , where n & N and 0 C f F 1, then x (1 " f ) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) " 1 (d) even integer
2. If (5 ! 2 6 )n ' I ! f ; n, I & N and 0 C f F 1, then I equals

1 1 1 1
(a) "f (b) "f (c) "f (d) !f
f 1! f 1" f 1! f
1" f 2
3. If n 0 0 is an odd integer and x ' ( 2 ! 1)n, f ' x " [ x ], then is
f
(a) an irrational number (b) a non-integer rational number (c) an odd number (d) an even number
4. Integral part of ( 2 ! 1) is 6
(a) 196 (b) 197 (c) 198 (d) 199
5. (103) 86
" (86) 103
is divisible by
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 17 (d) 23
78
2
6. Fractional part of is
31
2 4 8 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
31 31 31 31
7. The unit digit of 171983 ! 111983 " 71983 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
8. The last two digits of the number (23)14 are

(a) 01 (b) 03 (c) 09 (d) 27
9. The last four digits of the number 3100 are

(a) 2001 (b) 3211 (c) 1231 (d) 0001
10. The remainder when 23 23

is divided by 53 is
(a) 17 (b) 21 (c) 30 (d) 47
Session 4
Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem, Multinomial
Theorem, Use of Differentiation, Use of Integration, Binomial
Inside Binomial, Sum of the Series
Use of Complex Numbers From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
in Binomial Theorem (C 0 $ C 2 % C 4 $ ...) % i (C 1 $ C 3 % C 5 $ ...)

' n3 *
# 2 n / 2 cos ) , % i &2 n / 2 sin ) ,
' n3 *
If ! " R, n " N and i # $ 1, then ( 4 + ( 4 +
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
(cos ! % i sin ! ) n # n C 0 (cos ! ) n $ 0 (i sin ! ) 0
' n3 *
% n C 1 (cos ! ) n $ 1 (i sin ! ) 1 C 0 $ C 2 % C 4 $ ... # 2 n / 2 cos ) , [part (i)]
( 4 +
n n $2 2 n n$3
% C 2 (cos ! ) (i sin ! ) % C 3 (cos ! )
' n3 *
3 C 1 $ C 3 % C 5 $ ... # 2 n / 2 sin ) , [part (ii)]
(i sin ! ) % ... ( 4 +
or cos n! % i sin n! # cos n ! % i & n C 1 (cos ! ) n $ 1 sin ! We have, (1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1x % C 2 x 2 % C 3 x 3
% C4 x 4
n n $2 2 n n$3 3
$ C 2 (cos ! ) sin ! $ i & C 3 (cos ! ) sin ! %... % C5 x 5
% C6 x 6
% ...
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get 2
Putting x # 1, 4, 4 (cube roots of unity) and adding, we get
cos n! # cos n ! $ n C 2 (cos ! ) n $ 2 sin 2 ! 3 ( C 0 % C 3 % C 6 % ...) # 2n % (1 % 4)n % (1 % 42 )n
n n$4 4
$ C 4 (cos ! ) sin ! $ ... # 2n % ( $ 42 )n % ( $ 4)n # 2n % ( $ 1)n ( 42n % 4n )
n n $1 n n$3 3
andsin n! # C 1 (cos ! ) sin ! $ C 3 (cos ! ) sin ! 57 4 3in 2 3in 9
7
n n $5 5 # 2n % ( $1)n 6e 3 % e 3 :
% C 5 (cos ! ) sin ! $ ... 78 7;
! Example 51. If (1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2
' n3 *
# 2n % ( $ 1)n & e n3i & 2 cos ) ,
3
% C3 x % C4 x 4
% ... , find the values of ( 3 +
' n3 *
(i) C 0 $ C 2 % C 4 $ C 6 % ... # 2n % ( $ 1)n & ( $ 1)n & 2 cos ) ,
( 3 +
(ii) C 1 $ C 3 % C 5 $ C 7 % ...
' n3 * ' n3 *
(iii) C 0 % C 3 % C 6 % ... # 2 n % ( $ 1)2 n & 2 cos ) , # 2n % 2 cos ) ,
( 3 + ( 3 +
Sol. Q(1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2 % C 3 x 3 % C 4 x 4
15 n ' n3 *9
< C 0 % C 3 % C 6 % ... # 62 % 2 cos ) ,:
% C 5 x 5 % ... 38 ( 3 +;
Putting x # i , where i # $ 1, then
! Example 52. Find the value of
(1 % i )n # C 0 % C 1 i % C 2 i 2 % C 3 i 3 % C 4 i 4 % C 5 i 5 % ... 4n
C 0 % 4n C 4 % 4n C 8 % ... % 4n
C 4n .
# (C 0 $ C 2 % C 4 $ ...) % i (C 1 $ C 3 % C 5 $ ...) …(i)
Sol. Q 4 $ 0 # 8 $ 4 # ... # 4
n
- ' 1 i *0
n
Also, (1 % i ) # / 2 ) % , < Four roots of unity (1)1/ 4 are 1, $ 1, i , $ i , we have
. ( 2 2 + 21
n
(1 % x )4n # 4n
C0 % 4n
C 1x % 4n
C 2x 2 % 4n
C 3 x 3 % ...
' 3 3*
# 2n / 2 ) cos % i sin , Putting x # 1, $ 1, i , $ i and then adding, we get
( 4 4+
4 ( 4n C 0 % 4n
C 4 % 4n C 8 % ...) # 24n % 0 % (1 % i )4n % (1 $ i )4n
' n3 n3 *
# 2n / 2 ) cos % i sin , …(ii) # 24n % (2i )2 n % ( $ 2i )2 n
( 4 4 +
# 24n % 22 n ( $ 1)n % 22 n ( $ 1)n y %z #5

#2 4n
% ( $ 1) & 2 n 2n % 1 On adding all, we get 2 ( x % y % z ) # 12
< x %y %z #6
< 4n
C0 % 4n
C4 % 4n
C 8 % ... # 24n $ 2 % ( $ 1)n & 22n $ 1
Then, x # 1, y # 3, z # 2
Remark Therefore, the coefficient of a 3b 4c 5 in the expansion of
If ( 1 % x ) n # C0 % C1 x % C2 x 2 % C3 x 3% K % Cn x n , then (bc % ca % ab )6 or the coefficient of (ab )1 (bc )3 (ca )2 in the
n3 6!
(i) C0 % C4 % C8 % C12 % K #
15 n $1
% 2n / 2cos ') *, 9: expansion of (bc % ca % ab )6 is , i.e. 60.
62 ( 4 +; 1!3!2!
28
15 n $1 n3
% 2n / 2sin ') *, 9:
(ii) C1 % C5 % C9 % C13 % K #
Aliter
62 ( 4 +;
28 Coefficient of a 3b 4c 5 in the expansion of (bc % ca % ab )6
n3
(iii) C0 % C6 % C12 % K # 562n $ 1 cos ') *, % 3n / 2cos ') *, 9:
1 n3
38 (4 + ( 6 +; # Coefficient of a 3b 4c 5 in the
6
'1 1 1*
expansion of (abc )6 ) % % ,
(a b c +
Multinomial Theorem 3
'1* '1* '1*
2 1
# Coefficient of ) , ) , ) , in the expansion of
If n is a positive integer and x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ... , x k " C , then (a + (b + (c +
( x 1 % x 2 % x 3 % ... % x k ) n # =
n! '1 1 1* 6!
6
(> 1 !)(> 2 !)(> 3 !) ... (> k !) ) % % , is # 60

(a b c + 3 ! 2 ! 1 !
> > >
x 1 1 x 2 2 x 3 3 ... x k > k
where, > 1 , > 2 , > 3 , ... , > k are all non-negative integers
such that > 1 % > 2 % > 3 % ... % > k # n.
Number of Distinct or Dissimilar
Terms in the Multinomial Expansion
Remark Statement The number of distinct or dissimilar terms in
The coefficient of x1>1 & x 2> 2 & x 3> 3 ... x k > k in the expansion of
the multinomial expansion of ( x 1 % x 2 % x 3 % ... % x k ) n
( x1 % x 2 % x 3 % ... % x k ) n is =
n!
.
( >1 !) ( >2 !) ( >3 !) ... ( >k !) n % k $1
is Ck $ 1 .
In Particular
Proof We have, ( x 1 % x 2 % x 3 % ... % x k ) n
(i) (a % b % c ) # =
n!
n
a > b ? c @ such that
#=
n! > > > >
(> !) (? !) ( @ !) x 1 1 x 2 2 x 3 3 ... x k k
(> 1 !) (> 2 !) (> 3 !) ... (> k !)
> %? % @ #n
where, > 1 , > 2 , > 3 , ... , > k are non-negative integers such
(ii) (a % b % c % d ) n # =
n!
a > b? c @ d A that
(> !) (? !) ( @ !) ( A !)
such that > % ? % @ % A # n > 1 % > 2 % > 3 % ... % > k # n ...(i)
Here, the number of terms in the expansion of
! Example 53. Find the coefficient of a 4 b 3 c 2 d in (x 1 % x 2 % x 3 % K % x k )n
the expansion of (a $ b % c $ d ) 10. # The number of non-negative integral solutions of the Eq. (i)
4 3 2
Sol. The coefficient of a b c d in the expansion of # n % k $ 1C k $ 1
10 !
(a $ b % c $ d )10 is ( $ 1)4 # 12600 ! Example 55. Find the total number of distinct or
4 !3!2!1!
dissimilar terms in the expansion of
[powers of b and d are 3 and 1 <( $1)3 ( $1) ]
( x % y % z % w )n , n " N .
! Example 54. Find the coefficient of a 3b 4 c 5
in the Sol. The total number of distinct or dissimilar terms in the
6 expansion of ( x % y % z % w )n is
expansion of (bc % ca % ab ) .
( n % 3) ( n % 2) ( n % 1)
Sol. In this case, write a 3b 4c 5
# (ab )x (bc )y (ca )z say # n % 4 $ 1C 4 $ 1 # n % 3C 3 #
1&2&3
< a 3b 4c 5
# a z % x &b x %y
&c y %z
( n % 1) ( n % 2) ( n % 3)
#
B z % x # 3, x % y # 4 6
I. Aliter
We know that, ( x % y % z % w )n # {( x % y ) % (z % w )}n
Coefficient of x r in
# ( x % y )n % n C 1 ( x % y )n $ 1 (z % w ) Multinomial Expansion
% n C 2 ( x % y )n $ 2 (z % w )2 % ... % n C n (z % w )n If n is a positive integer and a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... , a k " C , then
< Number of terms in RHS coefficient of x r in the expansion of (a 1 % a 2 x % a 3 x 2
# (n % 1) % n & 2 % (n $ 1) & 3 % ... % 1 & (n % 1) k $1 n
% ... % a k x ) , is
n
# =
r #0
( n $ r % 1) ( r % 1)
= n! > >2 > >
a 1 1 a 2 a 3 3 ... a k k
n n n n (> 1 !) (> 2 !) (> 3 !) ... (> k !)
# = (n % 1) % nr $ r 2 # (n % 1)r =# 0 1 % n r =# 0 r $ r =# 0 r 2
r #0 where, > 1 , > 2 , > 3 , ... , > k are non-negative integers such
n ( n % 1) n ( n % 1) ( 2 n % 1) that > 1 % > 2 % > 3 % ... % > k # n
# ( n % 1) & ( n % 1) % n & $
2 6 and > 2 % 2 > 3 % 3 > 4 % ... % (k $ 1) > k # r
( n % 1) ( n % 2) ( n % 3)
# ! Example 57. Find the coefficient of x 7 in the
6
II. Aliter expansion of (1 % 3x $ 2x 3 )10 .
( x % y % z % w )n # =
n!
x n1 y n 2 z n 3 w n 4 Sol. Coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of (1 % 3x $ 2x 3 )10 is
n1 ! n 2 ! n 3 ! n 4 !
# = 10!
(1)> (3)? ( $2)@
where, n1, n 2 , n 3 ,n 4 are non-negative integers subject to the > ! ?! @ !
condition n1 % n 2 % n 3 % n 4 # n
where, > % ? % @ # 10 and? % 3@ # 7
Hence, number of the distinct terms
The possible values of > , ? and @ are given below
# Coefficient of x n in ( x 0 % x 1 % x 2 % ... % x n )4
4 > ? @
'1 $ x n % 1 *
# Coefficient of x n in ) , 3 7 0
( 1$ x +
5 4 1
# Coefficient of x n in (1 $ x n % 1 )4 (1 $ x )$ 4
7 1 2
# Coefficient of x n in (1 $ x )$ 4 [Q x n % 1 C x n ]
( n % 3) ( n % 2) ( n % 1) < Coefficient of x 7
# n % 3C n # n % 3C 3 #
6 10 ! 10 !
# ( 1) 3 ( 3) 7 ( $ 2) 0 % (1)5 (3)4 ( $ 2)1
3!7 !0! 5! 4 !1!
Greatest Coefficient in %
10 !
(1)7 (3)1 ( $ 2)2
7 !1!2!
Multinomial Expansion # 262440 $ 204120 % 4320 # 62640
The greatest coefficient in the expansion of
n!
( x 1 % x 2 % x 3 % ... % x k ) n is
(q !) k $r
((q % 1) !) r
, where q is
Use of Differentiation
the quotient and r is the remainder when n is divided by k i.e. This method applied only when the numericals occur as
k ) n (q the product of the binomial coefficients, if
r (1 % x ) n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2 % C 3 x 3 % ... % C n x n
! Example 56. Find the greatest coefficient in the
expansion of (a % b % c % d )15 .
Solution Process
(i) If last term of the series leaving the plus or minus
Sol.Here, n # 15 and k # 4 [Qa, b, c , d are four terms] sign is m, then divide m by n. If q is the quotient and
4 ) 15 (3 r is the remainder.
12 i.e. m # nq % r or n ) m (q
3 nq
< q # 3 and r # 3 r
15 ! q
Hence, greatest coefficient # Then, replace x by x in the given series and
1 3
(3!) ( 4 !) multiplying both sides of the expression by x r .
(ii) After this, differentiate both sides w.r.t. x and put ! Example 59. If (1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2
x # 1 or $ 1 or i(i # $1 ), etc. According to the given

% ... % C n x n , prove that
series.
(iii) If product of two numericals (or square of numericals) C 0 % 2 C 1 % 3 C 2 % ... % (n % 1) C n # (n % 2) 2n $ 1 .
or three numericals (or cube of numericals), then Sol. Here, last term of C 0 % 2 C 1 % 3C 2 % ... % (n % 1) C n is
differentiate twice or thrice. (n % 1) C n i.e., (n % 1) and last term with positive sign.
! Example 58. If and n % 1 # n &1 % 1

or n )n % 1 (1
(1 % x ) n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2 % ... % C n x n , prove that
$n
C 1 % 2C 2 % 3C 3 % ... % nC n # n & 2n $1 . Here, q # 1 and r # 1 1
Sol. Here, last term of C 1 % 2C 2 % 3C 3 % ... % n C n is nC n i.e., n The given series is
and last term with positive sign. (1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x 2
% ... % C n x n
Then, n # n & 1 % 0 or n ) n (1
Now, replacing x by x 1 and multiplying both sides by x, we
n
get
0
x (1 % x )n # C 0 x % C 1 x 2
% C2 x 3
% ... % C n x n % 1
Here, q # 1 and r # 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Then, the given series is
2 3 x & n (1 % x )n $1 % (1 % x )n & 1 # C 0 % 2C 1 x % 3C 2 x 2
(1 % x )n # C 0 % C 1 x % C 2 x % C3 x % ... % C n x n
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get % ... % (n % 1) C n x n
n (1 % x )n $ 1 # 0 % C 1 % 2C 2 x % 3C 3 x 2 % ... % nC n x n $ 1 Putting x # 1, we get
Putting x # 1, we get n (2)n $ 1 % 2n # C 0 % 2C 1 % 3C 2 % K % (n % 1) C n
n & 2n $ 1 # C 1 % 2C 2 % 3C 3 % ... % nC n or C 0 % 2C 1 % 3C 2 % ... % (n % 1) C n # (n % 2) 2n $ 1
or C 1 % 2C 2 % 3C 3 % ... % nC n # n & 2n $ 1 I. Aliter
I. Aliter LHS # C 0 % 2 C 1 % 3 C 2 % ... % (n % 1)C n
C 1 % 2C 2 % 3C 3 % ... % n C n # C 0 % (1 % 1) C 1 % (1 % 2) C 2 % ... % (1 % n ) C n
n ( n $ 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) # (C 0 % C 1 % C 2 % ... % C n ) % (C 1 % 2C 2 % ... % n C n )
# n %2 & %3& % ... % n & 1
1 &2 1 &2 &3 [use example 58]
5 ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) 9
# n 61 % (n $ 1) % % ... % 1: # 2n % n & 2n $1 # (n % 2) 2n $ 1 # RHS
8 1 &2 ;
II. Aliter
Let n $ 1 # N , then
LHS # C 0 % 2 C 1 % 3 C 2 % ... % (n % 1) C n
5 N ( N $ 1) 9 n %1 n %1
LHS # (1 % N ) 61 % N % % ... % 1:
8 1 & 2 ; # = r & nC r $ 1 #r=# 1
r #1
( r $ 1 % 1) & n C r $1
N N N
# (1 % N ) {1 % C 1 % C 2 % ... % C N } n %1
# (1 % N ) 2 N
# n &2n $1
# RHS # =
r #1
( r $ 1) & n C r $1 % nC r $1
II. Aliter n %1 n %1
n
# = n & n $ 1C r $ 2 % r=# 1 n
Cr
LHS # C 1 % 2 C 2 % 3 C 3 % ... % n C n # = r&
r #1
n
Cr r #1
$1
- n n n $1 0
n
- n 0 /Q C r # . Cr $ 22
# = r & n & n $ 1C r $1 n n $1
/.Q C r # r & Cr $ 12 .
$1
r $1 1
r #1 r 1
n $1 n $1 n $1 n $1
n # n (0 % C0 % C1 % C 2 % ... % Cn $ 1)
#n = n $ 1C r $1
r #1 % (n C 0 % n C 1 % n C 2 % ... % n C n )
n $1 n $1
#n( C0 % C 1 % n $1C 2 % ... % n $1
C n $ 1] # n & 2n $ 1 % 2n # (n % 2) & 2n $ 1 # RHS
n $1
# n &2 # RHS
! Example 60. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2

! ... ! C n x n , prove that ! ... ! C n x n , prove that ! 3 2 # C 3 ! ... ! n 2 # C n

C 0 ! 3C 1 ! 5C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n " (n ! 1) 2n . 1 2 # C 1 ! 2 2 # C 2 " n (n ! 1) # 2n $2 .
Sol. Here, last term of C 0 ! 3C 1 ! 5C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n is Sol. Here, last term of 12 # C 1 ! 22 # C 2 ! 32 # C 3 ! ... ! n 2 # C n is
(2n ! 1) C n i.e., (2n ! 1) and last term with positive sign. n 2 # C n i.e., n 2 . Linear factors of n 2 are n and n; [start
Then, 2n ! 1 " n # 2 ! 1 always with greater factor] and last term with positive
sign.
or n ) 2n ! 1(2
and n " n # 1 ! 0 or n ) n (1
$ 2n
1 $n
Here, q " 2 and r " 1 0
The given series is Here, q " 1 and r " 0
2 Then, the given series is
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! ... ! C n x n
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3 ! ... ! C n x n
Now, replacing x by x 2 , we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(1 ! x 2 )n " C 0 ! C 1x 2
! C2 x 4
! ... ! C n x 2n
nx (1 ! x )n $ 1 " C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2
! ... ! n C n x n $ 1 …(i)
On multiplying both sides by x 1, we get
and in last term, numerical is n C n i.e., n and power of
2n !1
x (1 ! x 2 )n " C 0 x ! C 1x 3 ! C 2 x 5 ! ... ! C n x (1 ! x ) is n $ 1.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Then, n " (n $ 1) # 1 ! 1 or n $ 1) n (1
x # n (1 ! x 2 )n $ 1 # 2x ! (1 ! x 2 )n # 1 " C 0 ! 3C 1 x 2
! 5C 2 x 4 n $1
2n $!
! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n x
1
Putting x " 1, we get
Here, q " 1 and r " 1
n # 2n $ 1 # 2 ! 2n " C 0 ! 3C 1 ! 5C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n Now, multiplying both sides by x in Eq. (i), then
or C 0 ! 3C 1 ! 5C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n " (n ! 1) 2n nx (1 ! x )n $1 " C 1 x ! 2C 2 x 2 ! 3C 3 x 3 ! ... ! n C n x n
I. Aliter Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x, we get
LHS " C 0 ! 3 C 1 ! 5 C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n n { x # (n $ 1) ( 1 ! x )n $ 2 ! (1 ! x )n $ 1 # 1}
" C 0 ! (1 ! 2) C 1 ! (1 ! 4 ) C 2 ! ... ! (1 ! 2n ) C n " C 1 # 1 ! 2 2 C 2 x ! 32 C 3 x 2
! ... ! n 2 C n x n $1
" (C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n ) ! 2 (C 1 ! 2C 2 ! ... ! n C n ) Putting x "1, we get
" 2n ! 2 # n # 2n $ 1 " 2n ! n # 2n [from Illusration 58] n {1 # (n $ 1) # 2n $ 2 ! 2n $1 } " 12 # C 1 ! 22 # C 2 ! 32 # C 3
" (n ! 1) 2n " RHS ! ... ! n 2 # C n
II. Aliter or 12 # C 1 ! 22 # C 2 ! 32 # C 3 ! ... ! n 2 # C n " n (n ! 1) 2n $ 2
LHS " C 0 ! 3 C 1 ! 5 C 2 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n
n n n
Aliter
" %
r "0
(2r ! 1) n C r " %
r "0
2r # n C r ! %
r "0
n
Cr LHS " 12 # C 1 ! 22 # C 2 ! 32 # C 3 ! ... ! n 2 # C n
n n
n n
" % r 2 . nC r " r%" 1 r 2 # n # n $ 1C r $ 1
"2
r "0
% r # n Cr ! %
r "0
n
Cr r "1 r
& n n n $1 )
n
&
n
) ('Q C r " r # Cr $ 1+
*
" 2 % r # # n $1C r $1 ! % n C r (Q n C r " # n $ 1C r
n n
$ 1+
r "0 r r "0 ' r * n n
n n "n % r # n $ 1C r $ 1 " n r%" 1 {(r $ 1) ! 1} # n $1C r $ 1
" 2n %
r "0
n $1
Cr $1 !
r "0
% n
Cr
r "1
n n
" 2n (0 ! n $1
C0 ! n $1
C1 ! n $1
C 2 ! ... ! n $1
Cn $ 1) "n % (r $ 1) # n $ 1C r $ 1 ! n r%" 1 n $1C r $ 1
r "1
! (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n ) n n
" 2n # 2n $ 1 ! 2n " (n ! 1) # 2n " RHS

"n % ( n $ 1) #
r "1
n$2
Cr $2 !n %
r "1
n $1
Cr $1
n n " n (n $ 1) { N C 0 ! N C 1 ! ... ! N C N }
" n ( n $ 1) % n $ 2 C r $ 2 ! n r%" 1 n $ 1C r $1
r "1 " n (n $ 1) 2 N " n (n $ 1) 2n $ 2 " RHS
n$2 n$2 n$2
" n ( n $ 1) ( 0 ! C0 ! C1 ! C2 II. Aliter
! ... ! n$2
Cn $ 2 ) ! n ( n $1
C0 ! n $1
C1 LHS " (1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) C 3 ! ... ! {(n $ 1) # n } C n
n
! n $1
C 2 ! ... ! n $1
C n $1 ) " %
r "2
( r $ 1) # r # n C r
" n (n $ 1) # 2 n $ 2 ! n # 2 n $ 1 " n (n ! 1) 2n $ 2 " RHS n

" % ( r $ 1) # r # n # n $ 1 # n $ 2C r $2
n 2 r "2 r ( r $ 1)
! Example 62. If (1 ! x ) " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x
n
! ... ! C n x n , prove that (1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) " ( n $ 1) n % n $ 2 C r $2
r "2
C 3 ! K ! {(n $ 1) # n} C n " n (n $ 1) 2n $ 2 . n$2 n$2 n$2 n$2
" ( n $ 1) n ( C0 ! C1 ! C 2 ! ... ! Cn $ 2 )
Sol. Here, last term of n$2
" ( n $ 1) n # 2 " RHS
(1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) C 3 ! ... ! {(n $ 1) # n } C n is (n $ 1)n C n
i.e. (n $ 1) n
! Example 63. If
[start with greater factor here greater factor is n] and last
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3 ! ... ! C n x n , prove
term with positive sign, then n " n # 1 ! 0
or n ) n (1 that C 0 $ 2C 1 ! 3C 2 $ 4C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n (n ! 1) C n " 0.
$n Sol. Numerical value of last term of
0 C 0 $ 2C 1 ! 3C 2 $ 4C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n (n ! 1) C n is
Here, q " 1 and r " 0 (n ! 1) C n i.e., (n ! 1), then
The given series is n ! 1 " n # 1 ! 1 or n ) n ! 1 (1
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2
! C3 x 3
! ... ! C n x n $n
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x , we get 1
n (1 ! x )n $1 " 0 ! C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2 ! ... ! n C n x n $1 Here, q " 1 and r " 1
The given series is
Again, differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3
!... ! C n x n
n (n $ 1) (1 ! x )n $ 2 " 0 ! 0 ! (1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) C 3 x
On multiplying both sides by x, we get
! ... ! {(n $ 1) # n } C n x n $ 2
x (1 ! x )n " C 0 x ! C 1x 2
! C2 x 3
! C3 x 4
! ... ! C n x n ! 1
Putting x " 1, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
n (n $ 1) (1 ! 1)n $ 2 " (1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) C 3
x # n (1 ! x )n $1 ! (1 ! x )n # 1 " C 0 ! 2C 1x ! 3C 2 x 2
! ... ! {(n $ 1) n } # C n
! 4 C 3 x 3 ! ... ! (n ! 1) C n x n
or (1 # 2) C 2 ! (2 # 3) C 3 ! ... ! {(n $ 1) n } # C n " n (n $ 1) 2n $ 2
Putting x " $ 1, we get
I. Aliter 0 " C 0 $ 2C 1 ! 3C 2 $ 4C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n (n ! 1) C n
LHS " (1 # 2)C 2 ! (2 # 3)C 3 ! (3 # 4)C 4
or C 0 $ 2C 1 ! 3C 2 $ 4C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n (n ! 1) C n " 0
! ... ! {(n $ 1) n } # C n
n ( n $ 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) I. Aliter
" (1 # 2) ! (2 # 3)
1 #2 1 #2 #3 LHS " C 0 $ 2C 1 ! 3C 2 $ 4C 3 ! ... ! ( $1)n (n ! 1) C n
n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ( n $ 3) " C 0 $ (C 1 ! C 1 ) ! (C 2 ! 2C 2 ) $ ( C 3 ! 3C 3 )
! (3 # 4 )
1 #2 #3 # 4 ! ... ! ( $1)n {C n ! n C n }
! ... ! (n $ 1) n # 1
" {C 0 $ C 1 ! C 2 $ C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n C n }
, ( n $ 2) ( n $ 2) ( n $ 3) /
" n (n $ 1) -1 ! ! ! ... ! 10 ! { $ C 1 ! 2C 2 $ 3C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n n C n }
. 1 1 # 2 1
, n ( n $ 1) n (n $ 1)(n $ 2)/
Now, in bracket, let n $ 2 " N , then 2 $n ! 2 # $3 2
" (1 $ 1)n ! - 1 #2 1 #2 #3 0
, N N ( N $ 1) / 2 ! ... ! ( $1)n # n 2
" n (n $ 1) -1 ! ! ! ... ! 10 . 1
. 1 2! 1
, ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) / In bracket, put n $ 1 " N , then

" 0 ! n - $ 1 ! ( n $ 1) $ ! ... ! ( $ 1)n 0
. 1 #2 1 , N N ( N $ 1) /
LHS " n -1 $ ! $ ... ! ( $ 1) N 0
, ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) / . 1 1 # 2 1
" 0 $ n -1 $ (n $ 1) ! $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $10
. 1 #2 1 " n { N C 0 $ N C 1 ! N C 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)N N
CN }
Let in bracket, put n $ 1 " N , we get N
" n (1 $ 1) " 0 " RHS
, N ( N $ 1) /
LHS " 0 $ n -1 $ N ! $ ... ! ( $ 1) N 0 II. Aliter
. 1 #2 1
LHS " C 1 $ 2C 2 ! 3C 3 $ ... ! ( $1)n $ 1 # n C n
" 0 $ n { N C 0 $ N C 1 ! N C 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1) N N
CN } n
" 0 $ n ( 1 $ 1) N
" 0 $ 0 " 0 " RHS " % ( $ 1)r $ 1 # r # nC r
r "1
n
II. Aliter & n )
LHS = C 0 $ 2 C 1 ! 3 C 2 $ 4 C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1) (n ! 1) C n n " % ( $ 1)r $ 1 # n # n $ 1C r $ 1 n n $1
('Q C r " r # Cr $ 1+
r "1 *
n n n
" % ( $1)r (r ! 1) n C r " r %" 0 ( $ 1)r [r # n C r ! n Cr ] "n % ( $ 1)r $ 1 # n $ 1C r $ 1
r "1
r "0
n
& n ) " n (1 $ 1)n $ 1 " 0 " RHS
" % ( $1)r [n #n $1 C r $1 !n C r ]
r "0
n n $1
('Q C r " r # C r $1 +*
! Example 65. If (1 ! x ) n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2
n n
"n %
r "0
( $ 1)r # n $ 1 C r $1 ! %
r "0
( $ 1)r # n C r ! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n
, prove that
n n C 0 $ 3 C 1 ! 5 C 2 $ ... ! ( $1)n (2n ! 1) C n " 0.
" $n
r "0
% ( $ 1) r $1
# n $1
Cr $1 ! %
r "0
r
( $ 1) # C r n
Sol. The numerical value of last term of
" $ n (1 $ 1)n $ 1 ! (1 $ 1)n " 0 ! 0 " 0 " RHS C 0 $ 3C 1 ! 5C 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n (2n ! 1) C n is (2n ! 1) C n
i.e. (2n ! 1)
and 2n ! 1 " 2 # n ! 1 or n ) 2n ! 1 ( 2
! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n , prove that $ 2n
C 1 $ 2 C 2 ! 3 C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $ 1 n C n " 0. 1
Here, q " 2 and r " 1
Sol. Numerical value of last term of
The given series is
C 1 $ 2C 2 ! 3C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $1 n C n is nC n i.e., n, then 2 3
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! C3 x ! ... ! C n x n now,
and n " n # 1 ! 0 or n ) n (1
replacing x by x 2 , then we get
$n
(1 ! x 2 )n " C 0 ! C 1x 2
! C 2x 4
! ... ! C n x 2n
1
Here, q " 1 and r " 0 On multiplying both sides by x , we get
The given series is x (1 ! x 2 )n " C 0 x ! C 1x 3 ! C 2 x 5 ! ... ! C n x 2n ! 1
2 3
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! C3 x ! ... ! C n x n
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get x # n (1 ! x 2 )n $1 2x ! (1 ! x 2 )n # 1 " C 0 ! 3C 1x 2
n (1 ! x )n $1 " 0 ! C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2
! ... ! n C n x n $1 ! 5C 2 x 4 ! ... ! (2n ! 1) C n x 2n
Putting x " $ 1, we get Putting x " i in both sides, we get

n $1
0 " C 1 $ 2C 2 ! 3C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1) n Cn 0 ! 0 " C 0 $ 3C 1 ! 5C 2 $ ... ! (2n ! 1) ( $1)n C n
or C 1 $ 2C 2 ! 3C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $1 n C n " 0 or C 0 $ 3C 1 ! 5C 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n (2n ! 1) C n " 0
I. Aliter I. Aliter
LHS " C 1 $ 2C 2 ! 3C 3 $ ... ! ( $1)n $ 1 n # C n LHS " C 0 $ 3C 1 ! 5C 2 $ ... ! ( $1)n (2n ! 1) C n
n ( n $ 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) " C 0 $ (1 ! 2) C 1 ! (1 ! 4 ) C 2 $ ... ! ( $1)n (1 ! 2n ) C n
" n $ 2# !3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $1 # n # 1
1 #2 1 #2 #3
" (C 0 $ C 1 ! C 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n ) $ 2 (C 1 $ 2C 2
, ( n $ 1) ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) /
" n -1 $ ! $ ... ! ( $ 1)n $10 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n $ 1 n # C n )
. 1 1 #2 1
1
" (1 $ 1)n $ 2 # 0 [from Example 64] & C x 2
C2 x 3
Cn x n ! 1 )
4 " (C 0 x ! 1 ! ! ... ! +
" 0 " RHS ' 2 3 n !1 *0
II. Aliter
2 n !1 $ 1 C C C
LHS " C 0 $ 3C 1 ! 5C 2 $ ... ! ( $1)n (2n ! 1) C n 4 " C 0 ! 1 ! 2 ! ... ! n
n !1 2 3 n !1
n n
" % ( $ 1)r (2r ! 1) n C r
r "1
" % ( $ 1)r [2r # n C r
r "1
! nC r ] or C 0 !
C1 C 2
!
C
! ... ! n "
2n ! 1 $ 1
2 3 n !1 n !1
n n
" 2 % n # n $ 1C r $1 ! % ( $ 1)r # n C r I. Aliter
r "1 r "1
C1 C 2 C
" 2n (1 $ 1)n $ 1 ! (1 $ 1)n " 0 ! 0 " 0 " RHS LHS = C 0 ! ! ! ... ! n
2 3 n !1
n n ( n $ 1) 1
"1! ! ! ... !
1 #2 1 #2 #3 n !1
Use of Integration 1 & (n ! 1)n (n ! 1) n (n $ 1) )
" ('(n ! 1) ! 1 # 2 ! ! ... ! 1+
This method is applied only when the numericals occur as n !1 1 #2 #3 *
the denominator of the binomial coefficient. Put n ! 1 " N , then
1 & N ( N $ 1) N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) )
LHS " (N ! ! ! ... ! 1+
Solution Process N ' 2! 3! *
If (1 ! x ) n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3 ! ... ! C n x n , "
1 N
[ C 1 ! N C 2 ! N C 3 ! ... ! N C N ]
then integrate both sides between the suitable limits N
which gives the required series. 1 2N $ 1 2n ! 1 $ 1
" [(1 ! 1)N $ 1] " " " RHS
1. If the sum contains C 0 , C 1 , C 2 , . . . , C n are all positive N N n !1
signs, then integrate between limits 0 to 1. II. Aliter
n
2. If the sum contains alternate signs (i.e., +, –), then
! ... ! n " %
C1 C 2 C Cr
LHS " C 0 ! !
integrate between limits –1 to 0. 2 3 n !1 r " 0 r !1
3. If the sum contains odd coefficients (i.e., n n n n !1
Cr ! 1 & n ! 1C r !1 n C r )
C 0 , C 2 , C 4 , . . .), then integrate between –1 to +1. " % Cr
" % (Q " +
r "0 ( r ! 1) r " 0 ( n ! 1) (' n !1 r ! 1 +*
4. If the sum contains even coefficients (i.e.,
n
C 1 , C 3 , C 5 , . . .), then subtracting (2) from (1) and then "
1
% n !1
Cr !1
dividing by 2. ( n ! 1) r " 0
5. If in denominator of binomial coefficient product of 1 n !1 n !1 n !1
" ( C1 ! C2 ! C3
two numericals, then integrate two times first times ( n ! 1)
taken limits between 0 to x and second times take n !1
! ... ! Cn ! 1)
suitable limits.
1 2n ! 1 $ 1
! Example 66. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x " (2n ! 1 $ 1) " " RHS
n !1 n !1
! C 2 x 2! ... ! C n x n , prove that
C C C 2 n !1 $ 1
C 0 ! 1 ! 2 ! ... ! n " . ! C 3 x 3! ... ! C n x n , prove that
2 3 n!1 n!1 C C C 1
Sol. Q(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n …(i)
C 0 $ 1 ! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n n " .
2 3 n! 1 n!1
Integrating both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to 1, then we get Sol. Q(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n …(i)
1 1
30 30
n 2 n
(1 ! x ) dx " (C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! ... ! C n x ) dx Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits $ 1 to 0,
1 then we get
& (1 ! x )n ! 1 ) 0 0
3$1(1 ! x ) 3$ 1(C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x
n 2
( + dx " ! ... ! C n x n ) dx
' n ! 1 *0
0 0 1
& (1 ! x )n ) & C1 x 2
C2 x 3 C x n !1 ) " ( n ! 1C 1 $ n ! 1C 2 ! n ! 1C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n # n ! 1C n ! 1 )
4( + " (C 0 x ! ! !...! n + ( n ! 1)
' n ! 1 * $1 ' 2 3 n ! 1 *$ 1
"
1
{ n ! 1C 0 $ ( n ! 1C 0 $ n ! 1C 1 ! n ! 1C 2 $ n ! 1C 3
( n ! 1)
1$0 5 C C C 8 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n ! 1 n ! 1C n ! 1 )}
4 " 0 $ 7 $ C 0 ! 1 $ 2 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n !1 n :
n !1 6 2 3 n ! 19 1 1 1
" [ 1 $ (1 $ 1)n ! 1 ] " [1 $ 0] " " RHS
1 C C Cn ( n ! 1) ( n ! 1) n !1
4 " C 0 $ 1 ! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n ! 2
n !1 2 3 n !1
1 C C Cn
4 " C 0 $ 1 ! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n ! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n , prove that
n !1 2 3 n !1
[Q ( $ 1)n ! 2 " ( $ 1)n ( $ 1)2 " ( $ 1)n ] C0 C2 C4 2n
! ! ! ... " .
C1 C 2 C 1 1 3 5 n!1
Hence, C 0 $ ! $ ... ! ( $ 1)n n " 2 3
2 3 n !1 n ! 1 Sol. Q (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! C3 x
I. Aliter ! C 4 x 4 !... ! C n x n …(i)
C C C
LHS " C 0 $ 1 ! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n n Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits $ 1 to 1,
2 3 n !1 then we get
n n ( n $ 1) 1 1 1 1
"1$ ! $ ... ! ( $ 1)n " 3$ 1 (1 ! x ) 3$1(C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x
n 2 3 4
dx " ! C3 x ! C4 x
2 1 #2 #3 n ! 1 ( n ! 1)
( n ! 1) n ( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1) ! ... ! C n x n ) dx
& )
(' (n ! 1) $ 1 # 2 ! $ ... ! ( $ 1)n + 1 1
1 #2 #3 * 3$1(C 0 ! C 2 x ! C 4 x 4 ! ...)dx ! 3 (C 1x ! C 3 x
2 3
" ! ...)dx
$1
Put n ! 1 " N , we get 1
" 2 3 (C 0 ! C 2 x 2
! C 4 x 4 ! ...) dx ! 0
& N ( N $ 1) N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) ) 0
1 N $ !
" ( 1 #2 1 #2 #3 + [by property of definite integral]
N( N $1 +
[since, second integral contains odd function]
' $ ... ! ( $ 1 ) *
1 1
1 N $1
& (1 ! x )n ! 1 ) &5 C2 x 3
C x 5 8)
" [ C 1 $ N C 2 ! N C 3 $ ... ! ( $ 1)N ] ( + " 2 ( 7C 0 x ! ! 4 ! ...: +
N ' n ! 1 * $1 '( 6 3 5 9 +* 0
1 N
2n ! 1
" $ [ $ N C 1 ! N C 2 $ N C 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1) N C N ] 5 C C 8
N 4 " 2 7C 0 ! 2 ! 4 ! ...:
n !1 6 3 5 9
1 N C C 2 n
" $ [ C 0 $ N C1 ! N C 2 $ N C 3 or C 0 ! 2 ! 4 ! K "
N 3 5 n !1
N
! ... ! ( $ 1)N C N $ NC 0 ] I. Aliter
1 1 1 C2 C4
"$ [(1 $ 1)N _ N C 0 ] " $ [0 $ 1] " LHS " C 0 ! ! ! ...
N N N 3 5
n ( n $ 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ( n $ 3)
"
1
" RHS "1! ! ! ...
n !1 1 #2 #3 1 #2 #3 # 4 #5
1 , n ! 1 (n ! 1)n (n $ 1)
II. Aliter " - !
n
( n ! 1) . 1 1 #2 #3
( $ 1)r # C r
$ ... ! ( $ 1)n n " %
C1 C 2 C
LHS " C 0 $ ! (n ! 1)n (n $ 1) (n $ 2) (n $ 3) /
2 3 n !1 r " 0 r ! 1 ! ! ...0
n
1 #2 #3 # 4 #5 1
r
# nC r
" % ( $ 1) "
1
{ n ! 1C1 ! n !1
C3 ! n !1
C 5 ! ...}
r "0 r !1
n !1
n !1 & n !1
Cr )
n n
Cr C r !1
" % ( $ 1)r #
!1
(Q " + "
1
[sum of even binomial coefficients of (1 ! x )n ! 1]
r "0 ( n ! 1) (' n ! 1 r ! 1 +*
( n ! 1)
n
"
1
% ( $ 1)r # n ! 1C r !1 "
2n ! 1 $ 1
"
2n
" RHS
( n ! 1) r " 0 n !1 n !1
C0 C2 C4 Put n ! 1 " N , then

II. Aliter LHS " ! ! ! ...
1 3 5 1 & N ( N $ 1) N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) ( N $ 3)
LHS " !
Case I If n is odd say n " 2m ! 1, ; m <W , then N (' 2! 4!
m 2 m !1 m 2m ! 2
C 2r ! 1 N ( N $ 1)( N $ 2) ( N $ 3) ( N $ 4 ) ( N $ 5) )
LHS " % C 2r
" % ! ! ...+
r "0 2r ! 1 r "0 (2m ! 1) 6! *
& 2 m !1C 2r 2m! 2
!1)
C 2r 1 N
(Q " + " [ C 2 ! N C 4 ! N C 6 ! ... ]
2r ! 1 2m !1 N
(' +*
1
1 2n " [ ( N C 0 ! N C 2 ! N C 4 ! N C 6 ! ...) $ N C 0 ]
" #22 m ! 2 $1 " " RHS N
(2m ! 1) n !1
1 $1 2n $ 1
[Qn " 2m ! 1] " [2 N $ 1] " " RHS
N n !1
Case II If n is even say n " 2m, ; m < N , then
II. Aliter
m 2m m 2 m !1
C 2r C 2r
LHS " % " % !1
LHS "
C1 C 3 C 5
! ! ! ...
r "0 2r ! 1 r "0 (2m ! 1) 2 4 6
& 2 m !1
C 2r 2m
C 2r ) Case I If n is odd say n " 2m ! 1 , ; m <W , then
!1
(Q " + m 2 m !1 m 2m!2
2m ! 1 2r ! 1 +* C2r C 2r
(' LHS " % !1
" % !2
r "0 2r ! 2 r "0 (2m ! 2)
22 m ! 1 $ 1 2n
" " " RHS [Qn " 2m ] & 2m!2
C 2r !2
2 m !1
C 2r !1)
2m ! 1 n !1 (Q " +
(' 2m ! 2 2r ! 2 +*
! Example 69. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2! C 3 x 3
1 2 m !2 2 m !2 2 m !2
" ( C2 ! C 4 ! ... ! C2 m ! 2)
C C C 2n $ 1 ( 2m ! 2)
!... ! C n x n , prove that 1 ! 3 ! 5 ! ... " .
2 4 6 n!1 1 2n $ 1
" # ( 22 m ! 2 $ 1 $ 2 m !1
C0) " [Q2m ! 1 " n ]
Sol. We know that, from Examples (66) and (67) ( 2m ! 2) n !1
C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 2n ! 1 $ 1 " RHS
C0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ... " …(i)
2 3 4 5 6 n !1 Case II If n is even say n " 2m, ; m < N , then
m $1 2m m $1 2 m !1
C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 1 C 2r C 2r
and C 0 $
2
!
3
$
4
!
5
$
6
! ... "
n !1
…(ii) LHS " % !1
" % !2
r "0 (2r ! 2) r "0 (2m ! 1)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get & 2 m !1
!1)
2m
C 2r !2 C 2r
n !1 (Q " +
5C C C 8 2 $2 2m ! 1 2r ! 2
2 7 1 ! 3 ! 5 ! ...: " (' +*
62 4 6 9 n !1 m $1
On dividing each sides by 2, we get "
1
% 2 m ! 1C 2 r ! 2
(2m ! 1) r " 0
C1 C 3 C 5 2n $ 1 1
! ! ! ... " " ( 2 m !1C 2 ! 2 m !1C 4 ! 2 m !1
C6
2 4 6 n !1 (2m ! 1)
2 m !1
C1 C 3 C 5 ! ... ! C2 n )
I. Aliter LHS " ! ! ! ...
2 4 6 1
" # ( 22 m ! 1 $ 1 $ 2m !1
C0)
n n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ( 2m ! 1)
" !
1 #2 1 #2 #3 # 4 2n $ 1
" " RHS [Qn " 2m ]
n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ( n $ 3) ( n $ 4 ) n !1
! ! ...
1 #2 #3 # 4 #5 #6
1 & ( n ! 1) n ( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ! Example 70. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x
" !
n ! 1 (' 1 # 2 1 #2 #3 # 4 ! C 2 x 2! ... ! C n x n , prove that
n !1
( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ( n $ 3) ( n $ 4 ) ) C 1 33 C 2 3 4 C 3 3n !1 C n 4 $ 1
! ! ...+ 3C 0 ! 3 2 ! ! ! ... ! " .
1 #2 #3 # 4 #5 #6 * 2 3 4 n!1 n!1
2 3 n
Sol. Q (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! C3 x !... ! C n x n …(i)
"
1
% n !1
Cr !1 # 3r !1
Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to 3, we get ( n ! 1) r " 0

3 3 1 n !1 n !1 n !1
30 (1 ! x ) dx " 30 ( C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x " C1 # 3 ! C 2 # 32 ! C 3 # 33
2
n
! C 3 x 3 !...! C n x n )dx (
( n ! 1)
3 n !1
& (1 ! x )n ! 1 ) & C1 x 2
C2 x 3
C3 x 4
! ... ! C n ! 1 # 3n !1 )
4( + " (C 0 x ! ! ! !
' n ! 1 *0 ' 2 3 4 1
" [ (1 ! 3)n ! 1 $ n !1
C0]
n !1)
3 ( n ! 1)
C x
K! n +
n ! 1 *0 4n ! 1 $ 1
" " RHS
n !1
4n ! 1 $ 1 32 C 1 33 C 2 34 C 3 3n ! 1 C n
4 " 3C 0 ! ! ! ! ... !
n !1 2 3 4 n !1 ! Example 71. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2!... ! C n x n ,
Hence, 22 23 24 2n ! 2 C n
32 C 1 33 C 2 34 C 3 3n ! 1 C n 4n ! 1 $ 1 show that C0 ! C1 ! C 2 ! ... !
3C 0 ! ! ! ! ... ! " 1# 2 2# 3 3#4 (n ! 1) (n ! 2)
2 3 4 n !1 n !1
3n ! 2 $ 2n $ 5
I. Aliter " .
(n ! 1) (n ! 2)
32 C 1 33 C 2 34 C 3 3n ! 1 C n
LHS " 3C 0 ! ! ! ! ... ! Sol. Given,
2 3 4 n !1
2 3
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x ! C3 x !... ! C n x n
32 # n 33 # n (n $ 1) 34 # n (n $ 1) (n $ 2)
= 3 #1 + ! ! ...(i)
2 1 #2 #3 1 #2 #3 # 4
3n !1 Integrating both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to x , we get
! ... !
n !1 x x
30 (1 ! x ) 30 ( C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x
n 2
dx " ! ... ! C n x n ) dx
1 & 2 3
3 ( n ! 1) n 3 ( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1)
" (3 # ( n ! 1) ! ! & (1 ! x )n ! 1 )
x
( n ! 1) ' 1 #2 1 #2 #3 4 ( +
34 ( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) ) ' n ! 1 *0
! ! ... ! 3n ! 1 + x
1 #2 #3 # 4 * & Cx 2
C x 3
C x n !1)
" (C 0 x ! 1 ! 2 !K! n +
Put n ! 1 " N , then ' 2 3 n ! 1 *0
1 & 32 N ( N $ 1) 33 N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2)
LHS " (3N ! ! (1 ! x )n ! 1 $ 1 Cx 2
C2 x 3
Cn x n ! 1
N ' 2! 3! 4 " C 0x ! 1 ! ! ... !
( n ! 1) 2 3 n !1
34 N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) ( N $ 3) ) …(ii)
! ! ... ! 3N +
4! * Again, integrating both sides of Eq. (ii) within limits 0 to 2,
1 N we get
" [ C 1 (3) ! N C 2 (3)2 ! N C 3 (3)3 ! ... ! N C N (3)N ]
N 2( 1 ! x )n ! 1 $ 1
"
1 N
[ C 0 ! NC 1 ( 3) ! N C 2 ( 3) 2 ! N C 3 ( 3) 3
30 ( n ! 1)
dx
N
! ... ! N C N (3) N $ N C 0 ] 25 C 1x 2
C2 x 3
Cn x n ! 1 8
" 30 76C 0 x ! ! ! ... !
n !1 9
: dx
1 4 N $ 1 4n ! 1 $ 1 2 3
" { ( 1 ! 3) N $ 1 } " " " RHS
N N n !1 2
1 5 (1 ! x )n ! 2 8) & C x 2 C 1x 3 C 2 x 4
II. Aliter 4 7 $ x :+ " ( 0 ! !
( n ! 1) 6 n !2 9 +* 0 ' 1 # 2 2 #3 3# 4
C 1 33 C 2 34 C 3 3n ! 1 C n
LHS " 3C 0 ! 32 ! ! ! ... ! 2
2 3 4 n !1 Cn x n ! 2 )
!K! +
n r !1 n !1 n !1 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) * 0
# nC r 3r # Cr
" %3 " %
!1
r "0 ( r ! 1) r "0 ( n ! 1) 1 , 3n ! 2 1 / 22 23 24
4 - $2$ 0" C0 ! C1 ! C2
& n !1
Cr !1 Cr )
n ( n ! 1) . n ! 2 n ! 21 1 # 2 2 #3 3# 4
(Q " +
(' n !1 r ! 1 *+ 2n ! 2 C n
! ... !
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2)
22 23 24 2n ! 2 C n
Hence, C0 ! C1 ! C 2 ! ... ! When Each Term in Summation Contains
1 #2 2 #3 3# 4 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2)
3 n!2
$ 2n $ 5
the Product of Two Binomial Coefficients
"
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) or Square of Binomial Coefficients
I. Aliter Solution Process
22 23 24 2n ! 2 C n
LHS " C0 ! C1 ! C2 ! K ! 1. If difference of the lower suffixes of binomial
1 #2 2 #3 3# 4 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) coefficients in each term is same.
22 23 24 n ( n $ 1) 2n ! 2 # 1 i.e. n
C 0 n C 2 ! n C 1 # n C 3 ! n C 2 # n C 4 ! ...
" ( 1) ! #n ! ! ... !
1 #2 2 #3 3# 4 1 #2 (n ! 1) (n ! 2)
Here, 2 $ 0 " 3 $ 1 " 4 $ 2 " .... " 2
1 , ( n ! 2) ( n ! 1) 2 ( n ! 2) ( n ! 1) n 3
" - 2 ! 2 Case I If each term of series is positive, then
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) . 1 #2 1 #2 #3
(1 ! x ) n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n …(i)
( n ! 2) ( n ! 1) n ( n $ 1) 4 /
! 2 ! ... ! 2n ! 2 0
1 #2 #3 # 4 1 Interchanging 1 and x , we get
Put n ! 2 " N , then we get ( x ! 1) n " C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $2
!... ! C n …(ii)
1 , N ( N $ 1) 2 N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) 3 Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
" - 2 ! 2
N ( N $ 1) . 1 # 2 1 #2 #3 coefficients of suitable power of x on both sides.
N ( N $ 1) ( N $ 2) ( N $ 3) 4 / 1
! 2 ! ... ! 2N 0 Replacing x by in Eq. (i), then we get
1 #2 #3 # 4 1 x
1 n
" { N C 2 ( 2) 2 ! N C 3 ( 2) 3 ! N C 4 ( 2) 4 5 18 C1 C2 C
N ( N $ 1) 71 ! : " C 0 ! ! ! ... ! n …(iii)
! ... ! N C N (2)N ] 6 x9 x x 2
xn
1 Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii) and equate the
" { N C 0 ! N C 1(2) ! N C 2 (2)2 ! N C 3 (2)3
N ( N $ 1) coefficients of suitable power of x on both sides.
! N C 4 (2)4 ! ... ! N C N (2)N $ N C 0 $ N C 1 (2)]
1
" {(1 ! 2)N $ 1 $ 2N } ! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n , prove that
N ( N $ 1)
3n ! 2 $ 1 $ 2 (n ! 2) 3n ! 2 $ 2n $ 5 C 0C r ! C 1C r !1 ! C 2 C r ! 2 ! ... ! C n $ r C n
" " = RHS 2n !
( n ! 2) ( n ! 1) ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) " .
(n $ r )! (n ! r )!
II. Aliter
22 23 24 2 n ! 2# C n Sol. Here, differences of lower suffixes of binomial coefficients
LHS " #C 0 ! #C1 ! # C 2 ! ... ! in each term is r .
1 #2 2 #3 3# 4 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2)
n !1
i.e., r $ 0 " r ! 1 $ 1 " r ! 2 $ 2 " .... " n $ (n $ r ) " r
2r ! 1 n
" % # Cr $1
Given,
r "1 r ( r ! 1) (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n $ r x n $ r ! ... ! C n x n
n !1 r !1
# n ! 2 Cr & n!2 n
Cr $ 1 )
" %2 !1
(Q
Cr ! 1
" + Now,
…(i)
r "1 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) (' ( n ! 1 ) ( n ! 2 ) r ( r ! 1) +*
n !1 ( x ! 1)n " C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! ... ! C r x n $ r
"
1
% n ! 2 C r ! 1 # 2r ! 1 ! Cr !1x
n $ r $1
! Cr x n $r $2
! ... ! C n …(ii)
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) r " 1 !2
1 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

" [ n ! 2 C 2 # 22 ! n ! 2 C 3 # 23
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) (1 ! x )2n " (C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2
! ... ! C n $ r x n $ r ! ...
! ... ! n ! 2 C n ! 2 # 2n ! 2 ]
1 ! C n x n ) = (C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1
" [ (1 ! 2)n ! 2 $ n!2
C0 $ n!2
C 1 # 21 ]
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! ... ! C r x n $ r ! C r !1x
n $ r $1
n $ r $2
(3 n ! 2 $ 2n $ 5) ! Cr !2 x ! ... ! C n ) …(iii)
" " RHS
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2)
Now, coefficient of x n $ r on LHS of Eq. (iii) " 2n

C n $r Corollary II For r " 1,
2n !
"
2n ! C 0C 1 ! C 1C 2 ! C 2 C 3 ! ... ! C n $1 C n "
(n $ r ) ! (n ! r ) ! ( n $ 1) ! ( n ! 1) !
Corollary III For r "2,
and coefficient of x n $ r on RHS of Eq. (iii)
2n !
" C 0C r ! C 1C r ! 1 ! C 2 C r ! 2 ! ... ! C n $ r C n C 0C 2 ! C 1C 3 ! C 2 C 4 ! ... ! C n $ 2 C n "
( n $ 2) ! ( n ! 2) !
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x n $ r in
RHS = coefficient of x n $ r in LHS. ! Example 73. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x
4 C 0C r ! C 1C r !1 ! C 2 C r ! 2 ! ... ! C n $ r C n ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n , prove that
"
2n ! 2n ! 1 # 3 # 5 ...(2n $ 1) n
(n $ r )! (n ! r ) ! C 02 ! C12 ! C 22 " " #2 .
n!n! n!
Aliter
Sol. Given, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n …(i)
Given,
n n n $1 n$2
(1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2
! ... ! C r x r ! C r r !1 Now, ( x ! 1) " C 0 x ! C 1x ! C 2x ! ... ! C n …(ii)
!1x
!2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
! Cr !2 xr ! ... ! C n $ r x r ! ... ! C n x n …(i)
(1 ! x )2n " ( C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n )
n
5 18 C C C Cr ! 1 Cr ! 2
Now, 71 ! : " C 0 ! 1 ! 22 ! ... ! rr ! r ! 1 ! r ! 2 = (C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! ... ! C n ) …(iii)
6 x9 x x x x x
Cn $ r Cn Now, coefficient of x n in RHS
! ... ! ! ... ! …(ii) 2 2 2 2
xn $ r xn " C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2n 2n !
And coefficient of x n in LHS " Cn "
(1 ! x ) 2n n !n !
2 r !1
" (C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x ! ... ! C r x r ! C r !1x
xn 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5...# (2n $ 1) 2n 1 # 3 # 5... (2n $ 1) 2n n !
" "
r !2 n $r n
! Cr !2 x ! .. ! C n $ r x ! .. ! C n x ) n !n ! n !n !
5 C C C Cr ! 1 Cr ! 2 But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x n in RHS

= 7C 0 ! 1 ! 22 ! ... ! rr ! r ! 1 ! r ! 2 " coefficient of x n in LHS.
6 x x x x x
Cn 8 2 2 2 2 2n !
! ... !
Cn $ r
! ... ! 4 C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n "
: …(iii) n !n !
xn $ r xn 9
1 # 3 # 5 #...# (2n $ 1) n
1 " #2
Now, coefficient of in RHS n!
xr Aliter
" (C 0C r ! C 1C r ! 1 ! C 2 C r ! 2 ! ... ! C n $ r C n ) Given, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2
! ... ! C n x n …(i)
1
> Coefficient of r in LHS " Coefficient of x n $ r in 5 18 C C
n
C
x Now, 71 ! : " C 0 ! 1 ! 22 ! ... ! nn …(ii)
2n ! 6 x 9 x x x
(1 ! x ) 2n " 2n C n $ r "
( n $ r ) ! (n ! r ) ! On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 (1 ! x )2n
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of in " ( C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n )
xr xn
5 C C C 8
1 = 7C 0 ! 1 ! 22 ! ... ! nn : …(iii)
RHS " coefficient of in LHS. 6 x x x 9
xr
Now, constant term in RHS " C 02 ! C 12 ! C 22 ! ... ! C n2
4 C 0C r ! C 1C r ! C 2 C r ! 2 ! ... ! C n $r C n
!1
2n ! (1 ! x )2n
" Constant term in LHS " Constant term in
(n $ r )! (n ! r ) ! xn
2n !
Corollary I For r " 0, " Coefficient of x n in (1 ! x )2n " 2n
Cn "
n !n !
2 2 2 2 2n !
C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n " n ! 2n [1 # 3 # 5... (2n $1)] 2n [1 # 3 # 5... (2n $ 1)]
(n !)2 " "
n !n ! n!
2n 2n 2n
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in 5 18 2n C1 2n C 2 C 2n
RHS " constant term in LHS. and 71 $ : " C0 $ ! $ ... ! …(ii)
6 x9 x x2 x 2n
2 2 2 2 2n ! {1 # 3 # 5... (2n $ 1)} n
4 C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n " " 2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n !n ! n!
( x 2 $ 1) 2 n 2n 2n 2n
Case II If terms of the series alternately positive and "( C0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! 2n
C 2n x 2n
)
x 2n
negative, then 2n 2n 2n
2n C1 C2 C 2n
n
(1 $ x ) " C 0 $ C 1 x ! C 2 x 2
$ ... ! ( $1) C n x n n
…(i) =( C0 $ ! 2
$ ... ! ) …(iii)
x x x 2n
n $1 n $2
and ( x ! 1) n " C 0 x n ! C 1 x ! C2 x ! ... ! C n …(ii) Now, constant term in RHS
Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the " ( 2 n C 0 )2 $ ( 2 n C 1 )2 ! ( 2 n C 2 )2 $ ... ! ( 2 n C 2n )2
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides. ( x 2 $ 1) 2 n
Constant term in LHS = Constant term in
Or x 2n
1
Replacing x by in Eq. (i), we get " Coefficient of x 2 n in ( x 2 $ 1)2 n
x
n " Coefficient of x 2 n in (1 $ x 2 )2 n
5 18 C1 C2 C
71 $ : " C 0 $ ! $ ... ! ( $ 1) n n ...(iii) 2n 2n
6 x9 x x 2
xn " C n ( $ 1)n " ( $ 1)n # Cn
Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii) and equate the But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in
RHS = constant term in LHS.
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides. 2n
4( C 0 )2 $ ( 2n
C 1 )2 ! ( 2n
C 2 )2 $ ... ! ( 2n
C 2 n )2
! Example 74. Prove that " ( $ 1)n # 2n
Cn
( 2n C 0 ) 2 $ ( 2n C1 ) 2 !( 2n C 2 ) 2 $ ... ! ( 2n C 2n ) 2 " ($ 1)n # 2n
Cn .
! Example 75. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x
Sol. Since, (1 $ x )2 n " 2n
C0 $ 2n
C1 x ! 2n
C2 x 2
! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n , prove that

$ ... ! ( $ 1)2 n # 2n
C 2 n x2 n
C 0 2 $ C 1 2 ! C 2 2 $ ... ! ( $1)n # C n2 " 0 or
or (1 $ x )2 n " 2n
C0 $ 2n
C1 x ! 2n
C 2 x 2 $ ... !
C 2n x 2n 2n
n!
…(i) ( $ 1)n / 2 # , according as n is odd or even.
and ( x ! 1)2 n " 2n
C 0 x 2n ! 2 nC 1 x 2 n $ 1 ! 2 nC 2 x 2 n $ 2 (n / 2)! (n / 2)!
! ... ! 2 n C 2 n …(ii) Also, evaluate C 0 2 ! C 1 2 ! C 2 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n # C n 2 for n
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get " 10 and n " 11
( x 2 $ 1)2 n " ( 2 n C 0 $ 2 n C 1 x ! 2 n C 2 x 2 $ ... ! 2 n C 2n x 2 n ) Sol. Since, (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1x ! C 2 x 2 $... ! ( $ 1)n C n x n …(i)
= ( 2 n C 0 x 2 n ! 2 n C 1 x 2 n $ 1 ! 2 n C 2 x 2 n $ 2 ! ... ! 2 n C 2 n ) and ( x ! 1)n " C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 !... ! C n …(ii)
Now, coefficient of x 2 n in RHS …(iii) On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2n 2 2n 2 2n
" ( C 0 ) $ ( C 1 ) ! ( C 2 ) $ ... ! ( C 2 n ) 2 2n 2 (1 $ x 2 )n " {C 0 $ C 1x ! C 2 x 2
$ ... ! ( $1)n C n x n }
= ( C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 !... ! C n ) …(iii)
Now, LHS can also be written as (1 $ x 2 )2 n .
> General term in LHS, Tr " 2n
C r ( $ x 2 )r Now, coefficient of x n in RHS
!1
2n " C 02 $ C 12 ! C 22 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n2
Putting r " n , we get Tn ! 1 " ( $ 1)n # Cn x 2n
General term in LHS " Tr !1 "
n
C r ( $ x 2 ) r " n C r ( $1)r x 2r
4 Coefficient of x 2 n in LHS " ( $ 1)n # 2n
Cn
Putting 2r " n , we get r " n / 2
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x 2 n in
> T (n / 2 ) ! 1 " n C n / 2 ( $ 1)n / 2 x n
RHS = coefficient of x 2 n in LHS
> Coefficient of x n in LHS " n C n / 2 ( $ 1)n / 2
4 ( 2 n C 0 )2 $ ( 2 n C 1 )2 ! ( 2 n C 2 )2 $ ... ! ( 2 n C 2 n )2 n!
" ( $ 1)n / 2 #
2n
" ( $ 1)n # Cn ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
Aliter ,0, if n is odd
2 &Q 5 odd 8 ! " ? )
Since, (1 ! x )2 n " "- ( 76 2 :9
2n 2n 2n 2
C0 ! C 1x ! C 2x n! +
( $ 1)n / 2 , if n is even ' *
! ... ! 2n
C 2 n x 2 n …(i) 2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
.
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x n in RHS 2. If sum of the lower suffixes of binomial
" coefficient of x n in LHS. coefficients in each term is same.
4 C 02 $ C 12 ! C 22 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n2 i.e., C 0 C n ! C 1 C n $ 1 ! C 2 C n $ 2 ! ... ! C n C 0
,0 , if n is odd Here, 0 ! n " 1 ! (n $ 1) " 2 ! (n $ 2 ) " ... " n ! 0 " n
2
"- n/2 n! Case I If each term of series is positive, then
( $ 1) , if n is even
2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) ! 2
. (1 ! x ) n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x !... ! C n x n
…(i)
Now, for n " 10, n 2 n
10 !
and (1 ! x ) " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x !... ! C n x …(ii)
C 02 $ C 12 ! C 22 $ ... ! C 10
2
" ( $ 1)10 / 2 " $ 252
5!5! Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
[Q10 is even] coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides.
and from n " 11, ! Example 76. Prove that
m !n
C 02 $ C 12 ! C 22 $ ... $ C 11
2
"0 [Q11 is odd] Cr " m Cr ! m Cr $1 n C1 ! m
C r $2 n C 2 ! ... ! n C r
Aliter if r @ m , r @ n and m, n, r are positive integers.
2
Since, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x !... ! C n x n …(i) Sol. Here, sum of lower suffixes of binomial coefficients in
each term is r .
1
Replacing x by $ , then we get i.e. r " r $ 1 ! 1 " r $ 2 ! 2 " ... " r " r
x
Since,
n
5 18 C1 C 2 C
! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n nn (1 ! x )m " mC 0 ! mC 1 x !... ! mC r $ 2 x r $ 2 ! mC r $ 1 x r $1
71 $ : " C 0 $ …(ii)
6 x9 x x x ! mC r x r ! ... ! mC m x m …(i)
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and (1 ! x )n " n C 0 ! n C 1 x ! n C 2 x 2 ! ... ! n C r x r
( x 2 $ 1)n 2 ! ... ! n C n x n ...(ii)
n
" (C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x ! ... ! C n x n ) =
x On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5 C1 C 2 n Cn 8
(1 ! x )m ! n " ( mC 0 ! mC 1x ! ... ! mC r $ 2 x r $ 2 ! mC r $ 1x r $ 1
7C 0 $ ! 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1) n : …(iii)
6 x x x 9 ! mC r x r ! ... ! mC m x m ) = (n C 0 ! n C 1x ! n C 2 x 2
Now, constant term in RHS ! ... ! n C r x r ! ... ! n C n x n ) …(iii)
r
" C 10 $ C 12 ! C 22 $ ... ! ( $1)n C n2 Now, coefficient of x in RHS
" mC r # n C 0 !m C r $ 1 # n C 1 !m C r $ 2 # n C 2 ! ... ! mC 0 # n C r
>Constant term in LHS
" mC r ! mC r $1 # n C 1 !m C r $2 # n C 2 ! ... ! n C r
( x 2 $ 1)n
" Constant term in Coefficient of x r in LHS " m !n
Cr
xn
2
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x r in LHS
" Coefficient of x n in ( x $ 1)n " coefficient of x r in RHS.
" Coefficient of x n in n C n / 2 ( x 2 )n $ (n / 2 ) ( $ 1)n / 2 4 m !n
C r " mC r ! mC r $1#
n
C 1 ! mC r $2 # n C 2 ! ... ! n C r
" ( $ 1)n / 2 # n C n / 2 Case II If terms of the series alternately positive and
n! negative, then
" ( $ 1)n / 2 #
( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) ! (1 $ x ) n " C 0 $ C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1) n C n x n …(i)
, 0, if n is odd
and (1 ! x ) n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n …(ii)
2
"- n!
( $1)n / 2 # , if n is even Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
.
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides.
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in
RHS " constant term in LHS. ! Example 77. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x
4 C 02 $ C 12 ! C 22 n
$ ... ! ( $1) C n2 ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n , prove that
,0, if n is odd C 0 C n $ C 1 C n $ 1 ! C 2 C n $ 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n C 0 " 0 or
2
"- n ! n!
( $1)n / 2 # , if n is even ( $ 1)n / 2 , according as n is odd or even.
2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
. (n / 2)! (n / 2)!
Sol. Given, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n $ 2 x n $ 2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we get
n $1 n n (1 ! x )2n $ 1 " ( C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2 !... ! n C n x n $1 )
! Cn $ 1 x ! Cn x …(i)
and (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1x ! C 2 x 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n x n …(ii) = (C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! C 3 x n $ 3 !... ! C n ) …(iii)
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Now, coefficient of x n $ 1 on RHS

(1 $ x 2 )n " ( C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n $ 2 x n $ 2 " C 12 ! 2C 22 ! 3C 32 ! ... ! n C n2
! C n $ 1 x n $ 1 ! C n x n ) = (C 2 $ C 1x ! C 2 x 2
$ and coefficient of x n $ 1 on LHS
... ! ( $ 1)n C n x n ) ...(iii) (2n $ 1) !
" n # 2n $ 1C n $ 1 " n #
( n $ 1) ! n !
Now, coefficient of x n in RHS
( 2n $ 1) ! ( 2n $ 1) !
" C 0C n $ C 1 C n $ 1 ! C 2 C n $ 2 $ K ! ( $ 1)n C n C 0 " "
(n $ 1) ! (n $ 1) ! {(n $ 1) !)2 }
Now, general term in LHS,
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the coefficient of x n $ 1
Tr ! 1 " n C r ( $ x 2 )r " ( $ 1)r # n C r x 2 r
in RHS " coefficient of x n $1 in LHS.
Putting 2r " n , we get
2 2 2 2 (2n $ 1) !
r " n /2 4 C 1 ! 2C 2 ! 3C 3 ! ... ! nC n "
{(n $ 1) !}
Now, Tn / 2 ! 1 " ( $1)n / 2 # n C n / 2 x n
> Coefficient of x n in LHS " ( $1)n / 2 . n C n / 2 ! Example 79. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 !...!C n x n ,
n! C2 C2 C2 (2n ! 1)!
" ( $ 1)n / 2 # prove that C 0 2 ! 1 ! 2 ! ... ! n " .
( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) ! 2 3 n ! 1 {(n ! 1)!} 2
,0 if n is odd
Sol. Given, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n
2
"- n !
( $1)n / 2 # , if n is even Integrating both sides w.r.t. x within limits 0 to x, then we
2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
. get
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the coefficient of x n in x x
30 (1 ! x ) 30 ( C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x
n 2
dx " ! ... ! C n x n ) dx
RHS " coefficient of x n in LHS.
4 C 0C n $ C 1C n $ 1 ! C 2 C n $ 2 $ ... ! ( $ 1)n C n C 0 (1 ! x )n ! 1 $ 1 C x2 C x3 C xn ! 1
" C 0x ! 1 ! 2 ! ... ! n …(i)
(1 ! n ) 2 3 n !1
,0, if n is odd
2 and ( x ! 1)n " C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! ... ! C n …(ii)
"- n!
( $1)n / 2 # , if n is even
2 ( n / 2) ! ( n / 2) !
.
Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3. If each term is the product of two binomial
1
coefficient divided or multiplied by an integer, { (1 ! x )2n ! 1 $ (1 ! x )n }
then integrating or differentiating by preceeding ( n ! 1)
method. Then, multiplying two series and 5 C x2 C x3 C xn ! 1 8
" 7C 0 x ! 1 ! 2 ! ... ! n :
equate the coefficient of suitable power of x on 6 2 3 n !1 9
both sides.
! Example 78. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 = (C 0 x n ! C 1 x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! ... ! C n ) …(iii)

n $1
! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n , prove that Now, coefficient of x in RHS of Eq. (iii)
2 2 2
(2n $ 1)! " C0 !
2 C1
!
C2 C
! ... ! n
C 12 ! 2 C 22 ! 3 C 32 ! ... ! nC n2 " . 2 3 n !1
((n $ 1)!) 2
2 3 and coefficient of x n ! 1 in LHS of Eq. (iii)
Sol. Given, (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1x ! C 2 x ! C3 x !... ! C n x n
1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get " { 2n ! 1C n ! 1 $ 0}
( n ! 1)
n (1 ! x )n $ 1 " 0 ! C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2 !... ! n C n x n $1 1 ( 2n ! 1) !
" #
4 n (1 ! x )n $ 1 " C 1 ! 2C 2 x ! 3C 3 x 2
!... ! n C n x n $1 ...(i) ( n ! 1) ( n ! 1) ! n !
and ( x ! 1)n " C 0 x n ! C 1x n $ 1 ! C 2 x n $ 2 ! C 3 x n $ 3 ( 2n ! 1) ! ( 2n ! 1) !
" "
!... ! C n …(ii) (n ! 1) ! (n ! 1) ! {(n ! 1) !} 2
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x n ! 1 in [C 0 (1 ! x )2n $ C 1 (1 ! x )2n $1 ! C 2 (1 ! x )2n $ 2

RHS of Eq. (iii) " coefficient of x n ! 1 in LHS of Eq. (iii). $ C 3 (1 ! x )2n $ 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n C n # (1 ! x )n ]
C 12 C 22 C2 (2n ! 1) ! " Coefficient of x n in
4 C 02 ! ! ! ... ! n "
2 3 n ! 1 {(n ! 1) !} 2 (1 ! x )n [C 0 (1 ! x )n $ C 1 (1 ! x )n $ 1 ! C 2 (1 ! x )n $ 2
$ C 3 (1 ! x )n $ 3 ! ... ! ( $1)n C n # 1]
Binomial Inside Binomial " Coefficient of x n in (1 ! x )n [ ((1 ! x ) $ 1)n ]

" Coefficient of x n in (1 ! x )n # x n d
The upper suffices of binomial coefficients are different " Constant term in (1 ! x )n " 1 " RHS
but lower suffices are same.
n
! Example 80. Evaluate % n !r Cn .
r "0 Sum of the Series
n
Case I When i and j are independent.
Sol. % n ! rCn " n
Cn ! n !1
Cn ! n!2
C n ! ... ! 2n
Cn
r "0 In this summation, three types of terms occur, when
" Coefficient of x n in i @ j , i " j and i A j,
n , 8 /2
2 5
n n n
[ (1 ! x )n ! (1 ! x )n ! 1 ! (1 ! x )n ! 2 ! ... ! ... ! (1 ! x )2n ] i.e., % % a i a j " % -a i 7 % a j : 0
i"0 j "0 i"0 7 :
& (1 ! x )n [(1 ! x )n !1 $ 1] ) 2. 6 j " 0 9 21
" Coefficient of x n in ( + 2 2
' (1 ! x ) $ 1 * n n 5 n 8 5 n 8
" % a i % a j " 7 % a i : or 7 % a j :
" Coefficient of x n ! 1 in [ (1 ! x )2n ! 1 $ (1 ! x )n ] i"0 j "0 7i " 0 : 7j "0 :
6 9 6 9
2n ! 1 2n ! 1 2
" Cn ! 1 $ 0 " Cn n n 5 n 8
Corollary I % % n C i n C j " 7 % n C i :
i"0 j "0 7 :
! Example 81. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x 6i " 0 9
! C 2 x 2! ... ! C n x n , prove that " (2 n ) 2 " 2 2n
C 0 # 2n C n $ C 1 # 2n $2 C n ! C 2 # 2n $ 4 C n $ ... " 2n
! Example 83. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x
2n 2n $ 2 2n $ 4
Sol. LHS = C 0 # Cn $ C1 # Cn ! C 2 # C n $ ...
! C 2 x 2 !... ! C n x n , find the values of the following.
n n
" Coefficient of x n in (i) % % (C i ! C j )
i "0 j "0
[ C 0 (1 ! x )2n $ C 1 (1 ! x )2n $ 2 ! C 2 (1 ! x )2n $ 4 $ ... ]
n n
" Coefficient of x n in (ii) % % (i ! j ) C i C j
i "0 j "0
[C 0 (1 ! x )2 ] n $ C 1 [(1 ! x )2 ] n $ 1 ! C 2 [ (1 ! x )2 ] n $ 2 $ ...]
n n n n n n
" Coefficient of x n in [[ (1 ! x )2 $ 1]n ] Sol. (i) % % (C i ! C j ) " i %" 0 j %" 0 C i ! i %" 0 j %" 0
i "0 j "0
Cj
" Coefficient of x n in (2x ! x 2 )n n 5 n 8 n 5 n 8
" Constant term in (2 ! x ) " 2 " RHS n n " % 7 % C i :: ! i %" 0 77 j %" 0 C j ::
j " 0 7i " 0
6 9 6 9
n 2
! Example 82. If (1 ! x ) " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x n n
" % (2n ) ! % (2n ) " (n ! 1) # 2n ! (n ! 1) # 2n
! C 3 x 3 !... ! C n x n , prove that j "0 i "0
" 2 (n ! 1) 2n " (n ! 1) 2n !1
C 0 # 2n C n $ C 1 # 2n $1C n ! C 2 # 2n $ 2
Cn $ C 3 # 2n $ 3
C n ! ... !
n n n n n n
( $ 1)n C n # n C n " 1 (ii) % % (i ! j )C i C j
i "0 j "0
" % % i Ci C j
i "0 j "0
! % % j Ci C j
i "0 j "0
2n $1 2n $ 2
Sol. LHS = C 0 # 2n
Cn $ C1 # Cn ! C 2 # C n $ C 3 # 2n $ 3 C n n 5 n 8 n 5 n 8
! ... ! ( $ 1)n C n # nC n " % i C i 77 j %" 0 C j :: ! j %" 0 j C j 77i %" 0 C i ::
i "0
" Coefficient of x n in 6 9 6 9
"
n
% i C i (2 n ) ! j %" 0 j C j (2 n )
n
(vii) %% (i # j ) C i C j
i "0 0 Bi @ j Bn
n n 5 n n 8
" 2n % i n C i ! 2n j %" 0 j n C j 7% % C i :: $ % % C i
i "0 7i " 0 j "0
6 9 i " j
n n Sol. (i) %% Ci "
2
" 2n %
i "0
i#
n n $1
# Ci $ 1 ! 2 n %
j "0
j#
n n $1
# Cj $1
0 Bi @ j Bn
i j n n
n n ( n ! 1) % C i $ i %" 0 C i
" n # 2n
i "0
% n $1
Ci $ 1 ! n # 2 n %
j "0
n $1
Cj $1 "
i "0
2
" n # 2n $ 1
n $1
" n # 2 n # 2n $1 ! n # 2 n # 2 n $ 1
(ii) %% j Ci " %
r "0
n
Cr
2n $ 1 2n 0 Bi @ j Bn
" n # 2# 2 " n #2
{(r ! 1) ! (r ! 2) ! (r ! 3) ! ... ! n }
Case II When i and j are dependent. n $1
( n $ r ) ( n ! r ! 1)
In this summation, when i @ j is equal to the sum of the " % n
Cr #
terms when i A j, if a i and a j are symmetrical. So, in this r "0 2
case n $1
n n "
1
% n C r (n 2 $ r 2 ! n $ r )
% % ai a j
i"0 j "0
" %% ai a j ! % % ai a j 2r"0
0 Bi @ j Bn i"j n $1 n $1 n $1
(n ! n ) % n C r $ % r # n C r $ % r 2 # nC r
1 2 1 1
! %% ai a j "
2 r "0 2r"0 2 r"0
0 B j @i Bn
1 1
"2 %% ai a j ! % % ai a j " (n 2 ! n ) (2n $ 1) $ # n # (2n $ 1 $ 1)
2 2
0 Bi @ j Bn i"j
1
n n $ # n [(n $ 1) (2n $ 2 $ 1) ! 2n $ 1 $ 1]
% % ai a j $ % % ai a j
i"0 j "0
2
4 %% ai a j "
i"j " n ( 3n ! 1) # 2 n $ 3
0 Bi @ j Bn 2
When a i and a j are not symmetrical, we find the sum by Remark
Here, j and Ci are not symmetrical.
listing all the terms.
Corollary I
n n (iii) Here, i C j i.e., i A j or i @ j
% % n C i n C j $ %% n
Ci # nC j But C i and C j are symmetrical.
%%
0 Bi @ j Bn
n
Ci nC j "
i"0 j "0 i"j
> % % Ci C j "2 %% Ci C j
2 i C j 0 Bi @ j Bn
n
(2 n ) 2 $ % (n Ci )2
2 2n $ 2n C n 2n !
5 22n $ 2n C n 8
"27
i"0 : [from corollary I]
" " " 2 2n $ 1 $ 6 2 9
2 2 2 (n !) 2
" 2 2n $ 2n
Cn
n
! Example 84. If (1 ! x ) " C 0 ! C 1 x (iv) %% Ci C j " %% Ci C j ! % % Ci C j
! C 2 x !... ! C n x n , find the values of the following.
2 0 Bi B j Bn 0 Bi @ j Bn i " j
1 2n
(i) %% Ci (ii) %% j Ci "
2
(2 $ 2n
Cn ) ! 2n
C n [from corollary I]
0 Bi @ j Bn 0 Bi @ j Bn
1
" (22n ! 2n
(iii) % % Ci C j (iv) %% Ci C j 2
Cn )
iCj 0 Bi B j Bn
(v) %% (C i D C j )2 " %% (C i2 ! C 2j D 2 C i C j )
(v) %% (C i D C j ) 2 0 Bi @ j Bn 0 Bi @ j Bn
0 Bi @ j Bn " %% (C i2 ! C 2j ) D 2 %% Ci C j
(vi) %% (i ! j ) C i C j
Q %% ( C i2 ! C 2j )
0 Bi @ j Bn
0 Bi @ j Bn
n n
% % (C i2 ! C 2j ) $ 2 i %" 0 C i2
n
Let P" %% (i ! j ) C i C j ...(i)
0 Bi @ j Bn
i "0 j "0
"
2 Replacing i by n $ i and j by n $ j in Eq. (i), then we
n 5 n n8 get
i "0
% 7
7 j "0
% Ci
2
! % C 2j :: $ 2 #
j "0
2n
Cn P" %% (n $ i ! n $ j ) C n $ i C n $ j
6 9 0 Bi @ j Bn
"
2 [Q sum of binomial expansion does not
n
change if we replace r byn $ r ]
% ( ( n ! 1) C i !
2 2n
Cn ) $ 2 # Cn 2n
"
i "0
P" %% (2n $ i $ j ) C i C j
2 0 Bi @ j Bn
n n
[Q n C r " n C n $ r ] …(ii)
( n ! 1) % C i 2 ! 2nC n i %" 0 1 $ 2 # 2nC n
i "0
" On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
(n ! 1) # 2n C n ! 2n C n # (n ! 1) $ 2 # 2n
Cn 2P " 2n %% Ci C j
" 0 Bi @ j Bn
2
" n # 2n C n or P "n %% Ci C j "
n 2n
(2 $ 2n
Cn )
> %% (C i D C j ) " n # 2 2n
C n D (2 2n
$ 2n
Cn )
0 Bi @ j Bn 2
0 Bi @ j Bn [from corollary I]
[from corollary 1] (vii) %% (i # j ) C i C j " %% (i n C i ) ( j # n C j )
" ( n m 1) 2n
C n D 22n ; %% (i ! j )C i C j
0 Bi @ j Bn "n 2
%% n $1
Ci $ 1 n $1
Cj $1
0 Bi @ j Bn
Remark
%% ( Ci ! Cj ) " n # 2n
" n2 (
& 22 (n $ 1) $ 2n $ 2 C n $1 )
0B i @ j B n + [from corollary I]
(' 2 +*
(vi) %% (i ! j )C i C j
5 1 8
0 Bi @ j Bn " n 2 72 2n $ 3 $ # 2n $ 2 C n $ 1 :
6 2 9

1. The coefficient of a4 b 8 c 9d 9 in the expansion of (abc ! abd ! acd ! bcd )10 is
10 !
(a) 10 ! (b) (c) 2520 (d) None of these
4 !8 !9 !9 !
2. If (1 ! 2x ! 3x 2 )10 " a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x 2 ! ... ! a 20 x 20, then a1 equals
(a) 210 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) None of these
3. 2 3 5
If (1 ! x ! x ! x ) " a 0 ! a1x ! a 2x 2
! ... ! a15 x 15
, then a10 equals
(a) 99 (b) 100 (c) 101 (d) 110
4. Coefficient of x 15 3
in (1 ! x ! x ! x ) is 4 n
5 5 5 3
(a) % nC5 $ r # nC3r
r "0
(b) % n C5r
r "0
(c) % n C2r
r "0
(d) % n C3 $ r # n C5r
r "0
n
5 18
5. The number of terms in the expansion of 7 x 2 ! 1 ! 2 : , n < N is
6 x 9
n !2 n !3 2 n !1 3n ! 1
(a) C2 (b) C2 (c) C2 n (d) C3 n
6. If (1! x ) 10
" a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x ! ...! a10 x , then (a 0 $ a 2 ! a4 $ a 6 ! a 8 $ a10 ) ! (a1 $ a 3 ! a 5 $ a 7 ! a 9 )2 is equal to
2 10 2
(a) 2 9 (b) 3 9 (c) 2 10 (d) 3 10
7. If (1! x )n " C0 ! C1x ! C2 x 2 ! C3 x 3

! ...! Cn x n, n being even the value of
C0 ! (C0 ! C1 ) ! (C0 ! C1 ! C2 ) ! ... ! (C0 ! C1 ! C2 ! ... ! Cn $ 1 ) is equal to
(a) n # 2n (b) n # 2n $ 1 (c) n # 2n $ 2 (d) n # 2n $ 3
C0 C C C Cn
8. The value of $ 1 ! 2 $ 3 ! ... ! ( $ 1)n is
1# 3 2 # 3 3 # 3 4 # 3 (n ! 1) # 3
3 n!1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
n! 1 3 3 (n ! 1)
5508 5508 5508 5508 5508 5508 5n 8
9. The value of 7 : 7 : ! 7 : 7 : ! ... ! 7 : 7 : , where nCr " 7 : , is
6 09 6 19 6 19 6 29 6499 6509 6 r9
2
5 1008 5 1008 5 508 5 508
(a) 7 : (b) 7 : (c) 7 : (d) 7 :
6 50 9 6 51 9 6 259 6 259
10. If Cr stands for 4Cr , then C0 C4 $ C1 C3 ! C2 C2 $ C3 C1 ! C4 C0 is equal to

(a) C1 (b) C2 (c) C3 (d) C4
n
11. The sum
r "0
% (r ! 1) ( nCr )2 is equal to
(n ! 2) (2n $ 1) ! (n ! 2) (2n ! 1) ! (n ! 2) (2n ! 1) ! (n ! 2) (2n $ 1) !

(a) (b) (c) (d)
n ! (n $ 1) ! n ! (n $ 1) ! n ! (n ! 1) ! n ! (n ! 1) !
n 5 r $1 n r 8
12. % 7 % Cr Cp 2p : is equal to
r "1 7
6 p " 0 :
9
(a) 4n $ 3n ! 1 (b) 4n $ 3n $ 1 (c) 4n $ 3n ! 2 (d) 4n $ 3n
5 10 10 8 5 10 10
C 8
13. 77 % Cr :: 77 % ( $ 1)m mm :: is equal to
6r " 0 9 6 m " 0 2 9
(a) 1 (b) 2 5 (c) 2 10 (d) 2 20
14. The value of %%%% 2 is equal to

0Bi @ j @k@l Bn
n!1 n! 2
(a) 2 (n ! 1) 3 (b) 2 # C4 (c) 2 (n ! 1)4 (d) 2 # C3
JEE Type Solved Examples :

Single Option Correct Type Questions
! This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. sinm, ( m C 1(cos , )m +1 . sin , +m C 3 (cos , )m + 3 . sin 3 , !///
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of …(ii)
which ONLY ONE is correct. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
" 2n ! 1% " 2n ! 1% " 2n ! 1% cosm, ! sin m, (m C 0 (cos , )m !m C 1(cos , )m +1 . sin ,
" Ex. 1 If $ ' !$ ' !$ ' ! ... ( 170 , then n
# 0 & # 3 & # 6 & +m C 2 (cos , )m + 2 sin 2 , + mC 3 (cos , )m + 3 sin 3 ,
equals
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 " 0%
!m C 4 (cos , )m + 4 sin 4 , !///sin $m, ! '
Sol. (b) Q (1 ! x ) 2n !1
( 2n !1
C0 ! 2n !1
C 1x ! 2n !1 2
C 2x ! 2n !1
C 3x 3 # 4&
! 2n !1
C 4x ! 4 2n !1
C 5x !5 2n !1
C 6 x 6 ! ... 1 m C 0 !m C 1 tan , + mC 2 tan 2 , +m C 3 tan 3 , 4
( (cos , )m 2 5
m 4 m 5
Putting x ( 1, ), )2 (where ) is cube root of unity) and 3 ! C 4 tan , ! C 5 tan , + ... 6
adding, we get 0 " ( m ! 1 ) 0 % 1
Putting , ( , 2 sin $ ' ( m/2
22n !1 ! (1 ! )) 2n !1! (1 ! )2 )2n !1 ( 3( 2n !1C 0 7 # 4 & 2
! 2n !1C 3 ! 2n !1 C 6 ! ... 1(m C 0 !m C 1 +m C 2 +m C 3 ) ! (m C 4 !m C 5 +m C 6 +m C 7 )4
( 2n !1) 2 5
* 22n !1 + )2 + )2n !1 ( 3( 2n !1C 0 ! 2n !1 C 3 m m m m
3 !...!( C m + 3 ! C m + 2 + C m +1 + C m ) 6
! 2n !1C 6 ! ...) [Q1 ! ) ! )2 ( 0] Q(m C 0 !m C 1 +m C 2 +m C 3 ) ! (m C 4 !m C 5 +m C 6 +m C 7 )
2n !1 1 !... ( 0 [given]
* C 0 !1! 2n C 3 ! 2n !1 C 6 ! ... (
3 " ( m ! 1) 0 % ( m ! 1) 0
8 sin $ ' (0 * ( k0
(22n !1 + )2 (2n !1) + )2n !1 ) # 4 & 4
"2n ! 1% "2n ! 1% "2n ! 1% 1
* $ '!$ '!$ ' ! ... ( or m ( 4k + 1,9k - I
# 0 & # 3 & # 6 & 3
(22n !1 + )2 (2n !1) + )2n !1 ) " Ex. 3 If coefficient of x n in the expansion of (1 ! x ) 101
1 (1 + x ! x 2 ) 100 is non-zero, then n cannot be of the form
* 170 ( (22n !1 + )2 (2n !1) + )2n !1 )
3 (a) 3 : ! 1 (b) 3: (c) 3 : ! 2 (d) 4 : ! 1
1
For n ( 4, 170 ( (512 + 1 + 1) ( 170 [Q)3 ( 1] Sol. (c) Q(1 ! x )101(1 + x ! x 2 )100 ( (1 ! x )((1 ! x )(1 + x ! x 2 ))100
3
( (1 ! x )(1 ! x 3 )100
Hence, n(4
( (1 ! x )(1 !100 C 1x 3 !100 C 2 x 6 !100 C 3 x 9 !...!...!100 C 10 x 300 )
" Ex. 2 ( m C 0 !m C 1 +m C 2 +m C 3 ) Clearly, in this expression x 3 will present if n ( 3: or
n ( 3: ! 1. So, n cannot be of the form 3: ! 2.
! ( m C 4 !m C 5 +m C 6 +m C 7 ) ! ... ( 0
if and only if for some positive integer k, m is equal to m "10 % " 20 %
p
"Ex. 4 The sum ; $ ' $ ' , (where ( 0, if p < q) is
(a) 4k (b) 4k ! 1 (c) 4k + 1 (d) 4k ! 2 i (0# i & # m + i & q
maximum when m is
Sol. (c) If , - R and i ( +1 , then (cos , ! i sin , )n (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
( C 0 (cos , ) !m C 1(cos , )m +1(i sin , )
m m
m "10% " 20 % m 10 20
!m C 2 (cos , )m + 2 (i sin , )2 !...! mC m (i sin , )m Sol. (c) ; $ '$ ' ( ; C i C m +i
i (0 # i & #m + i & i ( 0
(cos m, ! i sin m, ) ( [ mC 0 (cos , )m +m C 2 (cos , )m + 2 . sin 2 , 10 10 10 10
( C 0 . 20C m ! C 1 .20 C m +1 ! C 2 .20 C m + 2 !...! C m .20C 0
m m+4 4 m m +1
! C 4 (cos , ) sin , + ...] ! i [ C 1(cos , )
( Coefficient of x m in the expansion of product
m m+3 3
.sin , + C 3 (cos , ) sin , !...] (1 ! x )10 (1 ! x )20
[using Demoivre’s theorem] ( Coefficient of x m in the expansion of (1 ! x )30 ( 30
Cm
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get 30
To get maximum value of the given sum, C m should be
cosm, ( m C 0 (cos , )m +m C 2 (cos , )m + 2 sin 2 ,
30
!m C 4 (cos , )m + 4 sin 4 , +/// …(i) maximum. Which is so, when m ( ( 15
2
n +1
" Ex. 5 If C r ( (k 2 + 3 ) . n C r ! 1 then k belongs to On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), then we get
(a) ( +=, + 2] (b) [ 2, = ) 1 " x % " x %2 4
B1 ! $ ' !$ ' B
(c) [ + 3 , 3 ] (d) ( 3 , 2] S B #1 ! x & #1 ! x & B
( (1 ! x )100 2 5
Sol. (d) Q n +1 2
C r ( ( k + 3) . C r ! 1 n (1 ! x ) B " x %
100
" x % B
101
!...! $ ' + 101 $ '
n +1 B3 #1 ! x & # 1 ! x & B6
Cr r !1
* k2 +3 ( ( …(i)
n
C r !1 n 1 " " x %101 % 4
B 1 . $$1 + $ ' '' B
* 0 > r > n +1 #1 ! x & & 101
100 B # " x % B
( (1 ! x ) 2 + 101$ ' 5
* 1 > r !1 > n #1 ! x &
B 1 + "$
x %
' B
1 r !1 B #1 ! x & B
* > >1 3 6
n n
1 8 S ( (1 ! x )102 + x 101(1 ! x ) + 101x 101
* > ( k 2 + 3) > 1
n and coefficient of x 50 in S ( 102 C 50 .
1
* 3! > k2 > 4 or 3 < k 2 > 4 [here, n ? 2]
n "Ex. 8 The largest integer : such that 2 : divides
2n
8 k - [ +2, 3 ) @ ( 3, 2] 3 + 1, n - N is
(a) n + 1 (b) n (c) n ! 1 (d) n ! 2
6 2n 2n
" 1 % " b % Sol. (d) Q3 + 1 ( ( 4 + 1) +1
" Ex. 6 If $ x ! ! 1' ( a 0 ! $ a 1 x ! 1 '
# x & # x&
n
2n n
+1 2n n
+2 n
( (42 + C1 . 4 2 ! C 2 . 42 +...+ 2 C 2n +1 . 4 ! 1) + 1
" b % " b % n n
+1 2n (2n + 1) 2n + 2
!$ a 2 x 2 ! 2 ' !...!$ a 6 x 6 ! 6 ' , ( 4 2 + 2n . 4 2 ! .4 +...+2n . 4
# x 2& # x6 & n!1 n!1
2
( 2n ! 2 (22 +n + 2
+ 22 + 4 ! ... + 1) ( 2n ! 2 (Integer)
the value of a 0 is
n
(a) 121 (b) 131 Hence, 32 + 1 is divisible by 2n ! 2 . : ( n ! 2
(c) 141 (d) 151
6 6 6 r " Ex. 9 The last term in the binomial expansion of
" 1 % " 1%
Sol. (c) Q $ x ! ! 1' ( ; C r $ x ! ' for constant term r n log 3 8
# x & r (0 # x& "3 1 % " 1 %
must be even integer. $ 2+ ' is $ 3 ' , the 5th term from beginning is
# 2& #3 9 &
8 a0 ( 6 C 0 ! 6C 2 A 2 C 1 ! 6C 4 A 4 C 2 ! 6C 6 A 6C 3
(a) 10 C 6 (b) 2 10C 4
( 1 ! 30 ! 90 ! 20 ( 141 1
(c) . 10C 4 (d) None of the above
2
" Ex. 7 The coefficient of x 50 in the series n
" 1 %
101 Sol. (a) Since, last term in the expansion of $ 3 2 + '
; rx r +1 (1 ! x ) 101+r is # 2&
r (1 log 3 8 n log 3 8
(a) 100 C 50 (b) 101C 50 " 1 % " 1 % " 1 %
($ 3 ' * n Cn . $ + ' ( $ 3 '
#3. 9 & # 2& #3. 9 &
(c) 102 C 50 (d) 103 C 50
n/2 log 3 8
101 "1% " 1 % 3
Sol. (c) Let S ( ; rx r +1(1 ! x )101+r * ( +1)n . $ ' ( $ 5/3 ' ( (3+5 / 3 )log 3 2
r (1 #2& #3 &
5 5
( (1 ! x )100 ! 2x (1 ! x )99 ! 3x 2 (1 ! x )98 !...!101x 100 + A 3 A log 3 2 +5 "1%
(3 3 ( 3+5 log 3 2 ( 3log 3 2 ( 2+5 ( $ '
1B #2&
" x % 4B
2 100
" x % " x %
S ( (1 ! x )100 21 ! 2 $ ' ! 3$ ' !...!101 $ ' 5
B3 #1 ! x & #1 ! x & #1 ! x & B "1%
n/2
"1%
5
6 * ( +1)n . $ ' ( $ ' 8 n ( 10
…(i) #2& #2&
1" x % " x %
2 4 " 1 %
4
B$ ' ! 2$ ' B Now, 5th term from beginning ( 10 C 4 ( 3 2 )6 $ + '
Sx 100 B # 1 ! x & #1 ! x & B # 2&
8 ( (1 ! x ) 2 5 …(ii)
(1 ! x ) B " x %
3
" x % B
101
1
!3 !...!101 $ ( 10 C 4 . 22 . ( 10 C 4 ( 10 C 6
B3 $# 1 ! x '& '
# 1 ! x & B6 22
n n
" Ex. 10 If f ( x ) ( ; {r 2 ( n C r +n C r +1 ) ! ( 2r ! 1) n C r } ( ; ((r ! 1)2 . n C r + r 2 .n C r +1 )
r (1 r (1
:
and f (30 ) ( 30( 2 ) , then the value of : is ( ( n ! 1) 2 . n C n + 12 . n C 0
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 ( (n ! 1)2 + 1 ( (n 2 ! 2n )
n
Sol. (c) Here, f ( x ) ( ; {r 2 (n C r +n C r +1 ) ! (2r ! 1)n C r } 8 f (30) ( (30)2 ! 2(30) ( 960
r (1
n ( 30 A 32 ( 30(2)5 ( 30(2): [given]
2 n 2 n
( ; (r ! 2r ! 1) C r + r . C r +1
r (1 Hence, : (5

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
! This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each "0% " 50 %
8 S 5 $ ' ( 24 . sin $ ' ( 16,
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which #2& # 2 &
more than one may be correct.
" 0% " 70 %
n S 7 $ + ' ( 26 . sin $ + ' ( 26 A +1 A +1 ( 64
" 1% # 2& # 2 &
" Ex. 11 Let a n ( $1 ! ' . Then for each n - N
# n& S 50 ( 0 ) ( 249 . sin(500 ) ( 0
(a) an ? 2 (b) an < 3 (c) an < 4 (d) an < 2 and S 51( + 0 ) ( 250 . sin( +510 ) ( 0
Sol. (a, b, c)
" 1%
n
"1% n "1%
2 " Ex. 13 If a ! b ( k , when a , b D 0 and
Q an ( $1 ! ' ( n C 0 !n C 1 . $ ' ! ; n C r $ '
# n& #n & r (2 #n & n
2 S(k , n ) ( ; r 2 ( n C r )a r . b n +r , then
n
n "1% r (0
( 2 ! ; Cr $ '
r (2 #n & , ) ( 3(3a 2 ! ab )
(a) S (13 (b) S ( 2, 4 ) ( 16( 4a 2 ! ab )
8 an ? 2 for all n - N (c) S (3,5) ( 25(5a 2 ! ab ) (d) S ( 4,6 ) ( 36(6a 2 ! ab )
n
" 1% Sol. (a, b)
Also, lim $1 ! ' ( e ( 2.7182 ...
n C= # n& n
Q S(k ,n ) ( ; r 2 . (n C r )ar . bn +r
8 an < e r (0
n "n % " a %r
Finally, 2 > an < e ( bn ; r 2 . $ r . n +1C r +1 ' . $ '
r (0 $ ' #b &
n # &
" Ex. 12 Let Sn ( x ) ( ; n C k sin(kx ) cos((n + k ) x ) then n
"a %
r
k (0 ( nbn ; ((r + 1) ! 1)n +1C r +1 . $ '
r (0 #b &
"0% " +0 %
(a) S 5 $ ' ( 16 (b) S7 $ ' ( 64 n
"a %
r
# 2& # 2 & ( nbn ; ((n + 1) . n + 2C r + 2 !n +1 C r +1 ) $ '
r (0 #b &
(c) S 50 ( 0 ) ( 0 (d) S 51( + 0 ) ( +250 2 n r +2
" a % " a %
Sol. (a, b, c) ( nbn . (n + 1) . $ ' ; n + 2C r + 2 $ '
n
#b & r (0 #b &
r +1
Q Sn ( x ) ( ; n C k sin(kx )cos((n + k )x ) …(i) " % n
a "a %
k (0 !nbn . $ ' ; n +1C r + $ '
#b &r (0 #b &
Replace k by n + k in Eq. (i), then 2 n+2 n +1
n "a % " a % n "a % " a%
n ( nb . (n + 1)$ ' $1 ! ' ! nb . $ '. $1 ! '
Sn ( x ) ( ; n C n +k sin((n + k )x )cos(kx ) #b & # b & #b & # b &
k (0
n ( n (n + 1)a 2k n + 2 ! nak n +1
n
or Sn ( x ) ( ; C k sin((n + k )x )cos(kx ) …(ii) ( n 2a 2k n + 2 ! nak n + 2 (k + a ) ( n 2a 2k n + 2 ! nabk n + 2
k (0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 8S(1, 3) ( 9a 2 ! 3ab ( 3(3a 2 ! ab ) [Q a ! b ( k ]

n S(2, 4 ) ( 16( 4a 2 ! ab )
2Sn ( x ) ( ; n C k .sin(nx ) ( 2n . sin(nx )
k (0 S(3, 5) ( 135(5a 2 ! ab )
n +1
* Sn ( x ) ( 2 . sin(nx ) S( 4, 6) ( 1536(6a 2 ! ab )
" Ex. 14 The value of x, for which the ninth term in the * : ( 2, + 2 / 5
10 * x ( 102 , 10+2 / 5 [from Eq. (i)]
1 1 4
B 10 2 log10 x B
expansion of 2 !x.x 5 is 450 is equal to
5 log10 x
B3( x ) B6
" Ex. 15 For a positive integer n, if the expansion of
(b) 102 (d) 10+ 2 /5 " 5 4%
(a) 10 (c) 10 $ 2 ! x ' has a term independent of x, then n can be
: #x &
Sol. (b, d) Let log10 x ( : * x ( 10 …(i)
(a) 18 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) 45
Given, 2 T 9 ( 450 n
" % " 5 %
Sol. (a, b, c, d) Let (r ! 1)th term of $ 2 ! x 4 ' be independent
10 $ 10 ' : 1/ 2 8 #x &
* C8 .$ ' . (10 . 10 ) ( 450 n +r
:2 " 5 %
$ 52 ' of x. We have, Tr ! 1 ( C r $ 2 ' ( x ) ( n C r . 5n +r . x 6r + 2n
n 4 r
# 10 &
#x &
10 10 :
* C2 . . 108 . 104 ( 450 For this term to be independent of x,
5 :2
10
*
2
108 : ! 4 + 5 : ( 1 ( 100 6r + 2n ( 0 or n ( 3r
* 8: ! 4 + 5:2 ( 0 For r ( 6, 9, 12, 15,
* 5:2 + 8: + 4 ( 0 n ( 18,27,36, 45.

Passage Based Questions
2n 4n r
This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each " 1 % "1%
E ar
!
1
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be $1 ! ! 2 ' ( $ '
# x x & r (0 #x &
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
4n
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
* (1 ! x ! x 2 )2n ( E ar
r (0
x 4n + r …(ii)
Passage I (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) 4n 4n
2n From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get E ar x r ( E ar x 4n + r
Consider (1 ! x ! x 2 ) n ( E
r(0
a r x r , where a 0 , a1 , r (0 r (0
4n + r
Equating the coefficient of x on both sides, we get
a 2 , ... , a 2n are real numbers and n is a positive integer.
n +1 a 4n + r ( ar for 0 > r > 4n
16. The value of E a 2r
r (0
is Hence, ar ( a 4n + r
Putting x ( 1 in Eq. (i), then
9n + 2a 2n + 1 9n + 2a 2n ! 1 4n
(a) (b)
4 4 E ar
r (0
( 32 n ( 9n …(iii)
9n ! 2a 2n + 1 9n ! 2a 2n ! 1 4n
(c)
4
(d)
4 Putting x ( + 1 in Eq. (i), then E
r (0
( + 1)r ar ( 1 …(iv)
n
17. The value of E a 2r + 1 is 16. (b) On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
r (1 2 (a 0 ! a 2 ! a 4 ! ... ! a 2n + 2 ! a 2n ! ... ! a 4n ) ( 9n ! 1
9n + 1 9n + 1 9n ! 1 9n ! 1 *2[2 (a 0 ! a 2 ! a 4 ! ... ! a 2n + 2 ) ! a 2n ) ( 9n ! 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4 [Q ar ( a 4n + r ]
18. The value of a 2 is 9n + 2a 2n ! 1
8 a 0 ! a 2 ! a 4 ! ... ! a 2n + 2 (
4n ! 1 3n ! 1 4
(a) C 2 (b) C2
n +1 n
2n ! 1
(d) n ! 1C 2 + 2a 2n ! 1
(c) C2 * E a 2r ( 9
r(0 4
Sol.
4n
17. (b) On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
We have, (1 ! x ! x 2 )2n ( E
r (0
ar x r …(i)
2 (a1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 2n + 1 ! a 2n ! 1 ! ... ! a 4n +1 ) ( 9n + 1
1
Replacing x by in Eq. (i), we get * 2 [2 ( a1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 2n + 1 ] ( 9n + 1 [Q ar ( a 4n +r ]
x
9n + 1 21. The value of K ! G is

8 a1 ! a 3 ! a 5 ! ... ! a 2n + 1 (
4 (a) 2 S + 2 (b) 2 S + 1
n n
+1 (c) 2 S ! 1 (d) 2 S ! 2
* E a 2r + 1 ( 9
r (1 4 Sol.
18. (c)Qa 2 ( Coefficient of x 2 in (1 ! x ! x 2 ) 2n 30 30 ! r 30 30 ! r
C r (2r + 1) Cr " 30 + r ! 1 %
QS( E ( E $1 + '
8 (1 ! x ! x 2 ) 2n ( E 2n !
F ! G ! H ( 2n F ! G ! H !
(1 ) F ( x )G ( x 2 ) H r (1 30
C r (30 ! r ) r (1 30
Cr # 30 ! r &
30 30 ! r 30 ! r
( E 2n !
x G ! 2H ( E KM Cr
+
Cr
.
(30 + r ! 1) N
P
F ! G ! H ( 2n F ! G ! H ! r (1
L
30
Cr 30
Cr (30 ! r ) O
For a 2, G ! 2 H ( 2 K (30 ! r ) 29 ! r N
M 30 ! r C r
30 . Cr +1
Possible values of F, G, H are (2n + 2, 2, 0 ) and (2n + 1, 0, 1 ). (31 + r ) P
( E M 30 + r .
2n ! 2n ! r (1 Cr 30
Cr 30 ! r P
8 a2 ( ! M P
(2n + 2) ! 2 ! 0 ! (2n +1) ! 0 ! 1 ! L O
K 30 ! r C r 29 ! r
+1N K n + r ! 1N
2n 2n 2n ! 1 30 n
( C2 ! C1 ( Cr
C2
( EM
r (1 30
+ 30 P MQ n
Cr
( P
ML Cr Cr +1 PO ML Cr + 1 r PO
Passage II
" 31 + r 30 30 %
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) For n ( 30 $ . Cr ( Cr + 1'
# r &
30 30 ! r 30
C r (2r + 1)
Let S( E 30
,K ( E ( 30 C r ) 2 (
30 ! 30
C 30
+
29 ! 1
C0
( 60
C 30 + 1
r (1 C r (30 ! r ) r(0 30
C 30 30
C0
60
and G( E (+ 1) r ( 60 C r ) 2
r(0 K(
30
E ( 30C r )2 ( 60C 30 and G ( r E( 0 ( + 1)r ( 60 C r )2
60
r (0
19. The value of IG + SJ is ( ( 60 C 0 )2 + ( 60 C 1 )2 ! ( 60 C 2 )2 + ... ! ( 60 C 60 )2 ( 60C 30

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 30
(d) 2 60 [Qn ( 60 is even ]
60
19.(b) G + S ( C 30 + ( 60 C 30 + 1) ( 1
20. The value of ISK + SG J is
(a) 0 (b) 1 20. (a) SK + SG ( S ( K + G ) ( S (G + G ) ( 0 [Q K ( G ]
(c) 230 (d) 260
21. (d) K ! G ( 2 . 60C 30 ( 2 (S ! 1) ( 2 S ! 2

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
!
This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each Sol. (5) Here, ar ( nC r
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 n
ar Cr
(both inclusive). 8 br ( 1 ! (1! n
100
ar +1 Cr +1
" Ex. 22 The digit at unit’s place in 2 9 is n + r ! 1 ( n ! 1)
(1! (
Sol. (2) Q 9100 ( (2 . 4 ! 1)100 ( 4n ! 1 [say] r r
n n
[where n is positive integer] ( n ! 1)
8 29
100
( 24n !1 ( 24n .2 ( (16)n . 2
* Q br ( rQ
r (1 (1 r
The digit at unit’s place in (16)n ( 6. (n ! 1) (n ! 1) (n ! 1) (n ! 1) (n ! 1)n
( . . ... (
8 The digit at unit’s place in (16)n . 2 ( 2 1 2 3 n n!
n (101)100
(
" Ex. 23 If (1 ! x ) ( E a x , b ( 1 !
n ar r [given]
r r 100 !
r (0 a r +1
n
(101) 100 n
and Q br (
n 8 n ( 100 * (5
, then the value of is 20
r (1 100 ! 20

Matching Type Questions
! This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25
( E 6!
(1)F (21/ 2 )G (31/ 3 )H
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and F!G ! H ( 6 F !G! H !
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given
statement in Column I can have correct matching with ( E 6!
2G / 2 . 3H / 3
one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
F!G ! H ( 6 F !G! H !
Values of (F , G, H ) for rational terms are (0, 0, 6) ,
" Ex. 24 (1, 2, 3), (3, 0, 3), (0, 6, 0), (2, 4, 0), ( 4, 2, 0), (6, 0, 0).
Column I Column II 8 Number of rational terms ( 7 i.e., m ( 7
(A) If m and n are the numbers of rational (p) n + m ( 6 and (1 ! 3 2 ! 5 3 )15 ( (1 ! 21/ 3 ! 31/ 5 )15
terms in the expansions of ( 2 ! 31 / 5 )10
and ( 3 ! 51 / 8 ) 256 respectively, then ( E 15 !
(1)F (21/ 3 )G (31/ 5 )H
F ! G ! H ( 15 F !G! H !
(B) If m and n are the numbers of irrational (q) m ! n ( 20
terms in the expansions of (21 / 2 ! 31 / 5 ) 40 ( E 15 !
2G / 3 . 3H / 5
F ! G ! H ( 15 F !G! H !
and (51 /10 ! 21 / 6 )100 respectively, then
of (F , G, H ) for rational terms are
(C) If m and n are the numbers of rational (r) n + m ( 31
terms in the expansions of (1 ! 2 ! 31 / 3 ) 6 (5, 0, 10), (2, 3, 10), (10, 0, 5), (7, 3, 5), ( 4, 6, 5), (1, 9, 5),
and (1 ! 3 2 ! 5 3 )15 respectively, then
(15, 0, 0), (12, 3, 0), (9, 6, 0), (6, 9, 0), (3, 12, 0), (15, 0, 0).
8 Number of rational terms ( 13 i.e. n ( 13
(s) m ! n ( 35
Hence, m ! n ( 20 and n + m ( 6
(t) n + m ( 39 n
Sol. (A) C (r, s); (B) C (t); (C) C (p, q) " Ex. 25 If (1 ! x ) n ( E C r x r , match the following.
r (0
(A)Q ( 2 ! 31/ 5 )10 ( (21/ 2 ! 31/ 5 )10
Column I Column II
10 + r r n
8 Tr !1
10
( Cr . 2 2 .3 5 (A) If S ( E
r(0
: Cr and values of S are (p) a ( b ! c
For rational terms, r ( 0, 10 [Q0 > r > 10] 2
a, b, c for : ( 1, r , r respectively,
8 Number of rational terms ( 2 then
n
(B) If S ( r E
i.e., m ( 2 and ( 3 ! 51/ 8 )256 ( (31/ 2 ! 51/ 8 )256 ( + 1 )r : Cr and values of
(0
(q) a ! b ( c ! 2
256 + R 2
256 S are a,b, c for : ( 1, r , r
8 TR ! 1 ( CR .3 2 . 5R / 8
respectively, then
For rational terms, r ( 0, 8, 16, 24 , 32, ... , 256 [Q0 > r > 256] n
: Cr
8 Number of rational terms ( 1 ! 32 ( 33 (C) IfS ( E and values ofS are (r) a 3 ! b 3 ! c 3 ( 3abc
r(0 (r ! 1 )
i.e., n ( 33 * m ! n ( 35 (s) and n + m ( 31 a, b, c for : (1,r , r 2 respectively, then
40 + r
(B) Tr !1 in (2
1/ 3
!31/ 5 )40 ( 40
Cr .2 3 . 3r / 5 (s) bc + a ! (c + a )b ( 1
For rational terms, r ( 10 , 25, 40 [Q0 > r > 40] (t) a ! c ( 4b

Q Number of rational terms ( 3 Sol. (A) C (p, q); (B) C (p, r, t); (C) C(s, t)
8 Number of irrational terms n
( Total terms + Number of rational terms

(A) For : ( 1, a ( E Cr
r (0
( 2n
n n
( 41 + 3 ( 38 i.e. m ( 38
100 + R For : ( r , b ( E r Cr
r (0
( E r . n . n + 1C r + 1
r (0 r
and T R !1 in (51/10 ! 21/ 6 )100 ( 100
CR . 5 10 . 2R / 6 n
rational terms, R ( 0, 30, 60, 90 [Q0 > R > 100]

(n E
r (0
n +1
Cr + 1 ( n.2
n +1
n n
Q Number of rational terms ( 4 and for : ( r 2 , c ( E r 2 Cr
r (0
( E r 2 . n . n + 1C r + 1
r (0
8 Number of irrational terms ( 101 + 4 ( 97 r
n n
i.e. n ( 97 * m ! n ( 100 , n + m ( 97 + 38 ( 39
(n E r . n + 1C r +1 (n E r . n + 1C r + 1
(C)Q (1 ! 2 ! 31/ 3 )6 ( (1 ! 21/ 2 ! 31/ 3 )6 r (0 r (1
K n N n n
( n M E {(r + 1) ! 1}n + 1C r + 1 P
r (1
(n E ( + 1)r (r + 1) n + 1C r + 1 ! n r E( 0 ( + 1)r . n + 1C r + 1
r (0
ML PO
(0!0 (0
K n n N
( n M E (r + 1) . n + 1C r + 1 ! E n + 1C r + 1 P 8a ( b ( c ( 0 * a ( b ! c
MLr ( 1 r (1
PO * a 3 ! b 3 ! c 3 ( 3abc * a ! c ( 4b
n n
K N
E "$ n ! 1 %' . nC r
n Cr
(C) For : ( 1, a ( E
( n + 1) n + 2 1
( n M E ( r + 1) . C r + 2 ! 2n + 1 P r ( 0 ( r ! 1)
(
r (1 ( r + 1 ) ( n ! 1) r (0 #r ! 1&
ML PO
n
K n
( n M(n + 1) E n + 2 C r + 2 ! 2n + 1 P
N (
1
E n !1
Cr !1 (
1
(2n ! 1 + 1)
r (1
( n ! 1) r ( 0 n !1
ML PO
2n ! 1 + 1
( n [ (n + 1) . 2n + 2 ! 2n + 1 ] ( n (n ! 1) 2n + 2 (
n !1
For n ( 1, a ( 2, b ( 1, c ( 1 4a ( b ! c n n
5 r . Cr " 1 %
and for n ( 2, a ( 4, b ( 4, c ( 66 a ! b ( c ! 2 For : ( r , b ( E ( E $1 + ' Cr
( r ! 1) r ( 0 #
r (0 r ! 1&
n
(B) For : ( 1, a ( E ( + 1)r . C r
r (0
(0 " 2n ! 1 + 1 % (n + 1) 2n ! 1
( 2n + $ ' (
For : ( r , # n !1 & n !1
n 2 n
.Cr " 1 %
n
b ( E ( + 1) . r . C r ( E ( + 1) . r .
r n
n
r n +1
Cr
For : ( r 2 , c ( Er ( E $( r + 1) ! ' Cr
r (0 r (0
+1 r (0 (r !1) r ( 0 # r ! 1&
r
n n n
( E r .Cr + E Cr ! E
n Cr
(n E ( + 1)
r (1
r
. n +1
Cr +1 ( n ( 1 + 1) n +1
(0 r (0 r (0 r !1 r (0
n 2n ! 1 + 1
and for : ( r 2 , c ( E ( + 1)r . r 2 . C r ( n . 2n + 1 + 2n !
r (0 n !1
2 n +1
n ( n + n ! 2) 2 +1
( E ( + 1)r . r 2 . n . n + 1C r + 1
r (0
(
( n ! 1)
r
n 3 1 1 4
(n E
r (0
( + 1)r . r . n + 1C r +1
For n ( 1, a ( ,b ( ,c (
2 2 2 B a ! c ( 4b
5
n 7 5 7
(n E ( + 1)r { (r + 1) ! 1} n + 1C r and for n ( 2, a ( ,b ( ,c ( ;B bc + a ! (c + a )b ( 1
r (0
+1 3 3 36

Statement I and II Type Questions
!
Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are ! (87 ! 7C 1 . 86 ! 7C 2 . 85 ! ... ! 7C 6 . 8 ! 1)
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples
contains two statements: ( 89 + 9 . 88 ! 87 . ( 9 C 2 ! 1) ! 86 ( + 9C 3 ! 7 )
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) ! 85 ( 9C 4 ! 7C 2 ) ! ... ! 8 ( 9 C 8 ! 7C 6 )
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, ( 64 : [: is an integer]
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
8 7 9 ! 9 7 is divisible by 16.
the correct choice as given below.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 8 Statement-1 is true. Statement-2 is false.
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
" Ex. 27. Statement-1 Number of distinct terms in the
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 sum of expansion (1 ! ax ) 10 ! (1 + ax ) 10 is 22.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false Statement-2 Number of terms in the expansion of (1 ! x ) n
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
is n !1, 9 n - N.
" Ex. 26 Statement-1 (7 9 ! 9 7 )is divisible by 16 Sol. (d) Q (1 ! ax )10 ! (1 + ax )10 ( 2 {1 !
C 2 (ax )2 10
Statement-2 ( x y ! y x ) is divisible by ( x ! y ), 9 x , y . ! C 4 (ax ) ! C 6 (ax ) ! C 8 (ax )8 ! 10C 10 (ax )10 }

10 4 10 6 10
Sol. (c) 7 9 ! 9 7 ( ( 8 + 1)9 ! ( 8 ! 1)7 8 Number of distinct terms ( 6

( ( 89 + 9C 1 . 88 ! 9C 2 . 87 + 9C 3 . 86 ! ... ! 9C 8 . 8 + 1) * Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is obviously true.
Subjective Type Examples

And C k is the coefficient of x k y n + k x n + k y k
3
" Ex. 28 Find the coefficient independent of x in the
9
"3 1 % i.e., x n y n (r ( s ( t ( k )
expansion of (1 ! x ! 2 x 3 ) $ x 2 + ' .
#2 3x & Hence, the coefficient of x n y n in (1 ! x )n (y ! 1)n ( x ! y )n
9
"3 1 % n
Sol. (r ! 1) th term in the expansion of $ x 2 +
#2
'
3x &
3 3
( C 0 ! C 1 ! C 2 ! ... ! C n (
3 3
E Cr 3
r (0
9 +r r
"3 % " 1 % n!4
( 9C r $ x 2 ' $+ '
i.e., Tr !1
#2 & # 3x & " Ex. 30 Let (1 ! x 2 ) 2 (1 ! x ) n ( E a k x k . If a 1, a 2 and a 3
k (0
9 +r r
"3% " 1% are in AP, find n.
( 9C r $ ' . x 18 + 2r . $ + ' . x +r
#2& # 3& Sol. We have,
9 +r
"3% " 1%
r
(1 ! x 2 )2 (1 ! x )n ( (1 ! 2x 2 ! x 4 )
( 9C r $ ' . $ + ' . x 18 + 3r
#2& # 3& A (n C 0 ! n C 1x ! n C 2 x 2 ! n C 3 x 3
! ...)
2 3
Hence, general term in the expansion of (1 ! x ! 2x ) 3 ( a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x ! a 3 x ! ... [say]
9 9 +r r 2 3
"3 2 1 % 9 "3% " 1% 18 + 3r Now, comparing the coefficients of x , x and x , we get
$ x + ' ( C r $ ' $ + ' .x
#2 3x & #2& # 3& a1 ( n C 1, a 2 ( 2 . n C 0 ! n C 2 , a 3 ( 2 . n C 1 ! n C 3 …(i)
9 +r r
9 "3% " 1% 19 + 3r In a1, n ? 1, in a 2 , n ? 2 and in a 3 , n ? 3
! Cr $ ' $+ ' . x
#2& # 3& 8 n ?3 …(ii)
9 +r r From Eq. (i),
"3% " 1% 21 + 3r
! 2 9C r $ ' $+ ' . x n ( n + 1) n 2 + n ! 4
#2& # 3& a1 ( n , a 2 ( 2 ! (
1 .2 2
For independent term, putting 18 + 3r ( 0, 19 + 3r ( 0,
21 + 3r ( 0 respectively, we get n (n + 1) (n + 2) n 3 + 3n 2 ! 14n
and a 3 ( 2n ! (
r ( 6, r ( 19 / 3 [impossible] r ( 7, second term do not given 1 .2 .3 6
the independent term. Since, a1, a 2 , a 3 are in AP.
Hence, coefficient independent of x Therefore, 2a 2 ( a1 ! a 3
3 6 2 7
"3% " 1% "3% " 1% n 3 + 3n 2 ! 14n
( 9C 6 . $ ' . $ + ' ! 0 ! 2 . 9C 7 . $ ' $ + ' * n2 + n ! 4 ( n !
#2& # 3& #2& # 3& 6
27 9 1 7 2 17 * n 3 + 9n 2 ! 26n + 24 ( 0
( 9C 3 . + 2 .9 C 2 . . ( + (
8729
. 4 2187 18 27 54 or ( n + 2) ( n + 3) ( n + 4 ) ( 0
8 n ( 2, 3, 4
" Ex. 29 If (1 ! x ) n ( C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! ... ! C n x n , Hence, n ( 3, 4 [from Eq. (ii)]
n
show that E C r 3 is equal to the coefficient of x n y n in the
r (0
" Ex. 31 If (1 + x 3 ) n (
n
E a r x r (1 + x ) 3n +2 r , find a r , where
r (0
expansion of {(1 ! x ) (1 ! y ) ( x ! y )} n . n -N.
n
E ar x r (1 + x )3n + 2 r
n
n
Sol. (1 ! x ) (y ! 1) ( x ! y ) ( n n
E
r (0
Cr x r Sol. We have, (1 + x 3 )n (
r (0
n n n r
(1 + x )3n
E C sy n + s t E( 0 C t x n + ty t ...(i) * (1 + x )n (1 ! x ! x 2 )n ( E ar . x
s(0 r (0 (1 + x )2 r
Since, C 0 is the coefficient of x 0y n + 0 x n + 0y 0
3 n
(1 + x )n (1 ! x ! x 2 )n ar . x r
* 3n
( E
i.e., x n y n ( r ( s ( t ( 0) (1 + x ) r (0 (1 + x )2 r
n
Now, C 1 is the coefficient of x 1y n +1x n + 1y
3 n
K1 ! x ! x 2 N xr
* M 2 P ( E ar .
i.e., x n y n ( r ( s ( t ( 1) L (1 + x ) O r (0 (1 + x )2 r
n n r n n
K ( 1 + x ) 2 ! 3x N K x N Cr Cr !1
P (r E
* ar Then, (
M 2 M 2P n
Cr n
Cr
L (1 + x ) O (0
L ( 1 + x ) O +1
n r n +r !1 n +r K n
Cr n + r ! 1N
K " x %N n
K x N * ( MQ n ( P
* M1 ! 3 $ 2 ' P ( E ar M 2P
…(i) r r !1 ML Cr + 1 r PO
L # (1 + x ) & O r ( 0
L (1 + x ) O
* ( n + r ! 1) ( r ! 1) ( r ( n + r )
x * nr ! n + r 2 + r ! r ! 1 ( nr + r 2
Let A(
(1 + x )2 * n !1(0
n * n ( +1
Then, Eq. (i) becomes (1 ! 3A )n ( E ar Ar
r (0 which is not possible, since n is a positive integer.
(ii) Suppose that rth, (r ! 1)th and (r !2)th coefficients of
On comparing the coefficient of A r , we get
n
(1 ! x )n are in HP,
C r . 3r ( ar
i.e. n C r + 1,
n
C r , n C r ! 1 are in HP.
Hence, ar ( n C r . 3r 2 1 1
Then, n
( !
Cr n Cr + 1 n Cr ! 1
" Ex. 32 If a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a 2n are the coefficients in the n n
Cr Cr
expansion of (1 ! x ! x 2 ) n in ascending powers of x, show * 2( n
! n
Cr +1 Cr !1
that a 02 + a 12 + a 22 + ... ! a 22n ( a n . K n
Cr n + r !1N
Sol. We have, (1 ! x ! x 2 )n ( a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x 2 ! a 2n x 2n
...(i) MQ n ( P
ML Cr + 1 r PO
" 1% n + r !1 r ! 1
Replacing x by $ + ' in Eq. (i), we get * 2( !
# x& r n +r
" 1 1 % a1 a 2
n
a 2n * 2r (n + r ) ( (n + r ! 1) (n + r ) ! r (r ! 1)
$1 + ! 2 ' ( a 0 + ! 2 + ... ! 2n ...(ii) * 2nr + 2r 2 ( n 2 + nr + nr ! r 2 ! n + r ! r 2 ! r
# x x & x x x
* n 2 + 4nr ! 4r 2 ! n ( 0 * (n + 2r )2 ! n ( 0
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n
which is not possible, as (n + 2r )2 ? 0 and n is a
" 1 1 % positive integer.
(1 ! x ! x 2 )n A $1 + ! 2 ' ( (a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x 2
# x x & n n
" a a a %
! ... ! a 2n x 2n ) A $a 0 + 1 ! 22 + ... ! 22nn '
" Ex. 34 Evaluate E E n C j . j C i , i > j.
i ( 0 j (1
# x x x & n n
*
(1 ! x 2 ! x 4 )n
( (a 0 ! a1x ! a 2 x 2 ! ... ! a 2n x 2n ) Sol. We have, E E nC j . j C i
i ( 0 j (1
x 2n
" a a a % ( n C 1 ( 1C 0 ! 1C 1 ) ! n C 2 ( 2 C 0 ! 2C 1 ! 2C 2 )
A $a 0 + 1 ! 22 + ... ! 22nn ' ...(iii)
# x x x & ! n C 3 ( 3C 0 ! 3C 1 ! 3C 2 ! 3C 3 )
Constant term in RHS ( a 02 + a12 ! a 22 + ... ! a 22n ! n C 4 ( 4C 0 ! 4C 1 ! 4C 2 ! 4C 3 ! 4C 4 )
(1 ! x 2 ! x 4 ) n ! ... ! n C n (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n )
Now, constant term in ( Coefficient of x 2n
x 2n ( n C 1(2) ! n C 2 (2)2 ! n C 3 (2)3 ! ... ! n C n (2)n ( (1 ! 2)n + 1
in (1 ! x 2 ! x 4 )n ( an [replacing x by x 2 in Eq. (i)]
( 3n + 1
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore, the constant term in
RHS ( constant term in LHS.
" Ex. 35 Find the remainder, when 27 40 is divided by 12.
a 02 + a12 ! a 22 + ... ! a 22n ( an
Sol. We have, 27 40 ( (33 )40 ( 3120 ( 3 . ( 3)119 ( 3 . ( 4 + 1)119
( 3 ( 4n + 1), where n is some integer
" Ex. 33 Show that no three consecutive binomial coeffi-
( 12n + 3 ( 12n + 12 ! 9 ( 12 (n + 1) ! 9
cients can be in (i) GP and (ii) HP.
( 12m ! 9, where m is some integer.
Sol. (i) Suppose that the r th, (r ! 1)th and (r ! 2)th
coefficients of (1 ! x )n are in GP. 27 40 9
8 (m !
n n 12 12
i.e., Cr + 1, C r , nC r !1 are in GP.
Hence, the remainder is 9.
" Ex. 36 Show that [( 3 ! 1) 2n ] ! 1 is divisible by 2 n ! 1 , difference (26081690 + 41690 ) is also divisible by 7, since it is
9 n - N, where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function. divisible by 2608 + 4 ( 2604 ( 7 A 372.
Sol. Let x ( ( 3 ! 1)2n ( [ x ] ! f ...(i) As to sum 32608 ! 41690 , it can be rewritten as
where, 0> f <1 3. (33 )869 ! 4 . ( 4 3 )563
2n
and ( 3 + 1) (fR ...(ii) ( 3 (28 + 1)869 ! 4 (63 ! 1)563
where, 0 < f R< 1 ( 3 ( 7m + 1) ! 4 ( 7n ! 1)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get [where, m and n are some positive integers]
[ x ] ! f ! f R ( ( 3 ! 1)2n ! ( 3 + 1)2n where p is some positive integer.
( ( 4 ! 2 3 )n ! ( 4 + 2 3 )n Hence, the remainder is 1.
( 2n { (2 ! 3 )n ! (2 + 3 )n } " Ex. 39 If C 0 , C 1 , C 2 , ..., C n are the binomial coefficients

n n n n n+2
( 2 . 2 { C 0 ( 2) ! C 2 ( 2) in the expansion of (1 ! x ) n , prove that
( 3 )2 ! n C 4 (2)n + 4 ( 3 )4 ! ...} (C 0 ! 2C 1 ! C 2 ) (C 1 ! 2C 2 ! C 3 )... (C n + 1 ! 2C n ! C n ! 1 )
8 [ x ] ! f ! f R ( 2n ! 1 k , where k is an integer. ...(iii) n
( n ! 2) n
Hence, ( f ! f R ) is an integer.
( Q (C r + 1 ! C r ) .
( n ! 1)! r (U
i.e., f ! f R(1 S Q0 < ( f ! f R ) < 2T Sol. LHS ( (C 0 ! 2C 1 ! C 2 ) (C 1 ! 2C 2 ! C 3 ) ...
From Eq. (iii), we get (C n + 1 ! 2C n ! C n ! 1)
n !1 n
[x ] ! 1 ( 2 k
( Q ( nC r + 1 ! 2 nC r
r (1
! nC r ! 1)
2n n !1
* [( 3 ! 1) ] ! 1 ( 2 k [from Eq. (i)]
n
which shows that [( 3 ! 1)2n ] ! 1 divisible by 2n !1, 9 n - N . ( Q {( nC r + 1 ! nC r ) ! (n C r
r (1
! nC r ! 1 )}
n
" Ex. 37 Find the number of rational terms and also find
the sum of rational terms in ( 2 ! 3 3 ! 6 5 ) 10 .
( Q ( n ! 1C r
r (1
! n !1
Cr ! 1) [by Pascal’s rule]
Sol. We have, ( 2 ! 3 3 ! 6 5 )10 ( (21 / 2 ! 31 / 3 ! 51 / 6 )10 n n

"n ! 2% n !1 K n N
( Q ( n ! 2C r ! 1 ) ( rQ $
(1 #
'
&
C r MQ C r (
n n +1
. Cr + 1P
( E 10 !
2F / 2 . 3G / 3 . 5H / 6
r (1 r !1 L r O
F ! G ! H ( 10 F !G! H ! n n n
For rational terms, ( Q "$ n ! 2 %' ( nC r + 1 ! nC r ) ( rQ "n ! 2%

$ ' Q (C r + 1 ! C r )
r (1 #r ! 1& (1 r (1 #r ! 1&
F ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, G ( 0, 3, 6, 9, H ( 0, 6
n
Since, 0 > F , G, H > 10. ( n ! 2) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 2)
( . . ... Q (C r +1 ! Cr )
8 Possible triplets are ( 4, 0, 6), ( 4, 6, 0), (10,0,0). 2 3 4 ( n ! 1) r ( 1
There exists three rational terms. n
(n ! 2)n
8 Required sum
( Q (C r +1 ! C r ) ( RHS
( n ! 1) ! r ( 1
10 ! 10 ! 10 !
( 22 . 5 ! 22 . 32 ! 25
4 !0!6! 4 !6!0! 10 ! 0 ! 0 ! 2n 2n
( 4200 ! 7560 ! 32 ( 11792 " Ex. 40 If E a r ( x + 2 ) r ( rE( 0 br ( x + 3) r
r (0
and a k (1,
2n ! 1
" Ex. 38 Find the remainder, when (1690 2608 ! 2608 1690 ) is 9 k ? n, show that bn ( C n ! 1.
2n 2n
divided by 7.
2608 1690 2608 2608
Sol. Q E ar ( x + 2)r ( E br ( x + 3)r
Sol. We have, 1690 ! 2608 ( (1690 +3 ) r (0 r (0
! (26081690 + 41690 ) ! (3 2608 ! 41690 ) Let y (x + 3 *y ! 1 ( x + 2

So, the given expression reduces to
The number (16902608 + 32608 ) is divisible by 2n 2n
1690 + 3 ( 1687 ( 7 A 241 which is divisible by 7, the E ar (1 ! y )r
r (0
( E br y r
r (0
* a 0 ! a1 (1 ! y ) ! a 2 (1 ! y )2 ! ... ! a 2n (1 ! y )2n " Ex. 42 If (1 ! x ) n ( C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2

( b 0 ! b1y ! ... ! b 2n y 2n ! C 3 x 3 ! ... ! C n x n , show that
C C C 1 1 1
Using ak ( 1, 9 k ? n, we get C 1 + 2 ! 3 + ... ( + 1) n + 1 n ( 1 ! ! ! ... ! .
2 3 n 2 3 n
a 0 ! a1 (1 ! y ) ! a 2 (1 ! y )2 !... ! an + 1 (1 ! y )n + 1
Sol. We know that,
! (1 ! y )n ! (1 ! y )n ! 1 ! ... ! (1 ! y )2n (1 + x ) n ( C 0 + C1 x ! C 2 x 2 +... ! (+1) n C n x n
( b 0 ! b1y ! ... ! bn y n ! ... ! b 2n y 2n or C 0 + (1 + x )n ( C 1x + C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3
On comparing the coefficient of y n on both sides, we get + ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 C n x n
n
C n ! n ! 1C n ! n!2
C n ! ... ! 2n C n ( bn * 1 + (1 + x )n ( C 1x + C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3 +... ! ( + 1)n + 1 C n x n
n !1
* C n ! 1 ! n ! 1C n ! n!2
C n ! ... ! 2n C n ( bn Dividing in each side by x, then
1 + (1 + x )n
[Q n C r ! n C r +1 ( n !1
Cr ] ( C 1 + C 2 x ! C 3 x 2 + ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 C n x n + 1
x
n!2 n!2 2n
* Cn ! 1 ! C n ! ... ! C n ( bn On integrating within limits 0 to 1, we have
1 1 + (1 + x )n 1
[adding first two terms] V0 x
dx ( V (C 1 + C 2 x ! C 3 x 2 +
0
If we combine terms on LHS finally, we get ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 C n x n + 1 ) dx
2n ! 1
C n !1 ( bn 1
K C x 2 C 3x 3 xn N
( MC 1x + 2 ! + ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 C n P
L 2 3 n O0
" Ex. 41 (i) If n is an odd natural number, prove that
n 1 + (1 + x )n
1 C C ( + 1)n + 1
( + 1) r V0 dx ( C 1 + 2 ! 3 + ... !
E
r (0 nC
( 0. x 2 3 n
Cn
r Putting 1 + x ( t in integral,
(ii) If n is an even natural number, find the value of * dx ( + dt
n
( + 1) r
E
r ( 0 nC
. when x C 1, t C 0 and when x C 0, t C 1
1 (1 + t n ) C C C
( + dt ) ( C 1 + 2 ! 3 +... ! ( + 1)n + 1 n
r
n !1 8 V
0 (1 + t ) 2 3 n
2
n
( + 1)r K r
( + 1)n + r N
E E M ( +n 1)
n
1 (1 + t ) C2 C3 n + 1 Cn
( !
Sol. (i) We have,
r (0 n
Cr r (0
ML C r
n P
C n + r PO
* V 0 (1 + t ) dt ( C 1 + 2 ! 3 + ... ! ( + 1) n
n !1 n !1 1 C C
* V (1 ! t ! t 2 ! ... ! t n + 1 ) dt ( C 1 + 2 ! 3
2
K 1 ( + 1)n N 2
r K 1 1 N 0 2 3
( E ( + 1)r M n !n P ( E ( + 1) M n +n P Cn
r (0
ML C r Cn + r PO r (0
L Cr Cr O +... ! ( + 1)n + 1
1 n
(0 [Qn is odd and n C r ( n C n + r ] K t2 t3 tn N C C
* Mt ! ! ! ... ! P ( C 1 + 2 ! 3
(ii) We have, L 2 3 n O0 2 3
C
+ ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 n
n
+1
n
( + 1)r
2
K ( + 1)r ( + 1)n + r N ( + 1)n / 2 n
E ( E M n ! n P! n 1 1 1 C2 C3 n + 1 Cn
r (0 n
Cr r (0
ML C r C n + r OP Cn / 2 * 1 ! ! ! ... ! ( C 1 + ! +... ! ( + 1)
n
2 3 n 2 3 n
+1
C2 C3 C
+ ... ! ( + 1)n + 1 n
2
K 1 ( + 1)n N ( + 1)n / 2 Hence, C 1 + !
( E ( + 1)r
r (0
Mn ! n P! n 2 3 n
L Cr Cr O Cn / 2 1 1 1
n ( 1 ! ! ! ... !
+1 2 3 n
2
K 1 1 N ( + 1)n / 2
( E ( + 1)r Mn ! n P! n
r (0
L Cr Cr O Cn / 2 " Ex. 43 If (1 ! x ) n ( C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3
Kn + 1 N ! ... ! C n x n , find the sum of the seriesd
M2 2 P ( + 1)n / 2
( M E ( + 1) . n P ! n
r C 0 C1 C 2 C3
+ ! + ! ... ! ( + 1) n
Cn
.
r (0 Cr P Cn / 2
M 2 6 10 14 4n ! 2
L O
n +1
1 % n "$ %
C 0 C1 C 2 C 3 Cn "1 n
Sol. Let S ( + ! + ! ... ! ( + 1)n n +r
2 6 10 14 4n ! 2 8 S(
n
EE $ ! '( E ! E
r '
2 0 >i < j >n # C i C j & 2 $#r ( 0 C r r ( 1 Cr '
&
1 "C C C C Cn %
( $ 0 + 1 ! 2 + 3 ! ... ! ( + 1)n ' …(i) " n n +r r % n " n % n2
n n n
$E E '( $ E E
2# 1 3 5 7 2n ! 1 & n 1
( ! '(
$r ( 0 C r ( 0 Cr ' $ '
Consider, (1 + x 2 )n ( C 0 + C 1 x 2 ! C 2 x 4 + C 3 x 6
2 # r & 2 #r ( 0 C r & 2 r (0 Cr
! ... ! ( + 1)n C n x 2n " Ex. 45 If (1 ! x ) n ( C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2 ! C 3 x 3

1 1
* V0 (1 + x
2 n
) dx ( V0 ( C 0 + C 1x
2
! C2 x4 + C3 x6 ! ... ! C n x n , show that
! ... ! ( + 1)n C n x 2n ) dx C r 3 r !4
n
E
1 K C x 3
C2 x 5
C 3x 7 r(0 ( r ! 1) ( r ! 2) ( r ! 3) ( r ! 4)
V0 (1 + x
2 n
* ) dx ( MC 0 x + 1 ! +
L 3 5 7 " n!4 3 %
+ E
1 n!4
( $4 C t 3 t '.
( n ! 1) (n ! 2) (n ! 3) (n ! 4) $# '
2n ! 1 N
Cn x t(0
&
! ... ! ( +1)n
P
2n ! 1 O
C r . 3r ! 4
n
1 C C C
* V (1 + x 2 )n dx ( C 0 + 1 ! 2 + 3 !... ! ( + 1)n
Cn Sol. LHS ( E
r (0 ( r ! 1) ( r ! 2) ( r ! 3) ( r ! 4 )
0 3 5 7 2n ! 1
n r !4
Cr .3
( E
r ( 0 ( r ! 1) ( r ! 2) ( r ! 3) ( r ! 4 )
From Eq. (i), 4!
1 1 1 4!
V0 (1 + x ) dx ( 2S or S ( 2 V0 (1 + x ) dx
2 n 2 n
r !4
3r ! 4
n n
Put x ( sin, i.e., dx ( cos, d ,

( E Cr .3 ( E n!
.
r (0 r !4 C4 . 4 ! r (0 r !(n + r )! (r ! 4 )! . 4 !
1 0W 2
S ( V cos 2n !1 , d , 4 !r !
2 0 n
n ! . 3r ! 4
By using Walli’s formula, ( E
r (0 (n + r ) !. (n ! 4 ) !
1 2n (2n + 2) (2n + 4 ) ... 4 . 2
S( . .1 n
n !. 3r ! 4 ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 3) ( n ! 4 )
2 (2n ! 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) ... 3 . 1 ( E .
r (0 ( n + r ) ! . ( r ! 4 ) ! ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 3) ( n ! 4 )
1 X2n (2n + 2) (2n + 4 ) ... 4 . 2)Y
2
( . n
(n ! 4 ) ! 3r ! 4
2 (2n ! 1) ! ( E
r (0 ( n + r ) ! ( r ! 4 ) ! ( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 3) ( n ! 4 )
1 ( 2n n !)2 (n !)2
( . ( 22n + 1 K n (n ! 4 ) ! . 3r ! 4 N
ME
1
2 (2n ! 1) ! (2n ! 1) ! ( P
(n ! 1) (n ! 2) (n ! 3) (n ! 4 ) LMr ( 0 (n + r ) ! . (r ! 4 ) ! PO
n
" Ex. 44 If (1 ! x ) n ( E Cr
r (0
x r , then prove that (
1 K n n!4
ME
N
C r ! 4 3r ! 4 P
(n ! 1) (n ! 2) (n ! 3) (n ! 4 ) MLr ( 0 PO
" i j % n2
n
EE $ ! '( E 1
. 1
B
n!4 4
B
2E
1 n!4
0 > i < j > n # Ci Cj & 2 r (0 Cr ( C t 3t 5
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 3) ( n ! 4 ) B t ( 4
3 6B
" i j %
Sol. Let S ( EE $ ! ' ...(i) [put r ! 4 ( t ]
0 >i < j >n # Ci C j & (
1
( n ! 1) ( n ! 2) ( n ! 3) ( n ! 4 )
Replacing i by n + i and j by n + j , we get
1Bn ! 4 n ! 4 3 4B
2E C t 3t + E n ! 4C t 3t 5
"n +i n+j% "n + i n + j %
S( EE $ ! ' ( EE $ ! '
0 > i < j > n # Cn + i Cn + j & 0 > i < j > n # Ci Cj & B3 t ( 0 t(0 B6
B1 B4
3
[QC r ( C n + r ] ...(ii)
+ E n ! 4C t 3t 5
1 n!4
( 2(1 ! 3)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (n ! 1) (n ! 2) (n ! 3) (n ! 4 ) B3 t ( 0 B6
"1 1 % B1 n ! 4 B4
EE
3
+ E n ! 4C t 3t 5
2S ( n $ ! ' 1
( 24
0 >i < j >n # Ci C j & (n ! 1) (n ! 2) (n ! 3) (n ! 4 ) B3 t ( 0 B6
( RHS
9 9 " Ex. 48 Prove that

" Ex. 46 Prove that E xk divides E x kkkk . n 1 1 n+1 n0 4
k (0 k (0 C 3 ! n C 7 ! n C 11 ! ... ( 22 + 2 n / 2 sin 5
9 23 46
Sol. Let S1 ( E
k (0
x kkkk ( x 0 ! x 1111 ! x 2222
! ... ! x 9999
Sol. In given series difference in lower suffices is 4.
9 i.e., 7 + 3 ( 11 + 7 ( ... ( 4
and S2 ( E xk
k (0
( x0 ! x 1 ! x 2
! ... ! x 9
Now, (1)1/ 4 ( (cos 0 ! i sin 0)1/ 4
9 9 ( (cos 2r 0 ! i sin 2r 0J1/ 4
Now, S1 + S 2 ( E ( x kkkk + xk ) ( E x k ( x 10 ) kkk + 1) r0 r0
k (0 k (0 ( cos ! i sin , where r ( 0, 1, 2, 3
9 9 2 2
( [ ( x 10 )kkk + 1] E x k ( : k E( 0 x k
k (0
Four roots of unity ( 1, i , + 1, + i ( 1, F , F 2 , F 3 [say]
n
* S1 + S 2 ( : S 2 * S1 ( (1 ! : ) S 2
9 9
and (1 ! x )n ( E nC r x r
r (0
Hence, E x kkkk is divisible by k E( 0 x k .
k (0
n
Putting x ( 1, F , F 2 , F 3 , we get 2n ( E n C r ...(i)
r (0
k
E ( +3) r + 1 . 3n C 2r + 1 ( 0, where k ( 3n
n
" Ex. 47 Prove that
r (1 2
(1 ! F )n ( E nC r F r
r (0
...(ii)
and n is an even positive integer. n
Sol. Given, n is an even positive integer. (1 ! F 2 )n ( E nC r F 2 r
r (0
...(iii)
Let n ( 2m ;8 k ( 3m, m - N
n
LHS (
k
E ( + 3) r + 1 3n
C 2r +1 (
3m
E ( + 3) r + 1 6m
C 2r +1
and (1 ! F 3 )n ( E nC r F 3r
r (0
...(iv)
r (1 r (1
6m 6m On multiplying Eq. (i) by 1, Eq. (ii) by F, Eq. (iii) by F 2 and
( C1 + 3 . C 3 ! 32 . 6mC 5
Eq. (iv) by F 3 and adding, we get
+ ... ! ( + 3)3m + 1 6mC 6m + 1 ...(i)
* 2n ! F (1 ! F )n ! F 2 (1 ! F 2 )n ! F 3 (1 ! F 3 )n
6m 6m 6m 6m 2
Consider (1 ! i 3 ) ( C0 ! C 1 (i 3 ) ! C 2 (i 3 ) n
! 6m
C 3 (i 3 ) ! 3 6m
C 4 (i 3 ) ! 4 6m
C 5 (i 3 )5 ( E nC r (1 ! F r ! 1 ! F 2r ! 2 ! F 3r ! 3 )
r (0
...(v)
! ... ! 6mC 6m + 1 (i 3 )6m + 1 ! 6m
C 6m (i 3 )6m …(ii) For r ( 3, 7, 11, ... RHS of Eq. (v)
6m
1 " + 1 + i 3 %4 ( n C 3 (1 ! F 4 ! F 8 ! F 12 ) ! n C 7 (1 ! F 8 ! F 16 ! F 24 )
Now, (1 ! i 3 )6m ( 2( + 2) $ '5 ( ( + 2 )2 )6m
3 # 2 &6 ! n C 11 (1 ! F 12 ! F 24 ! F 36 ) ! ...
( 26m , where )2 is cube root of unity. ( 4 ( n C 3 ! n C 7 ! n C 11 ! ...) [QF 4 ( 1]
Then, Eq. (ii) can be written as and LHS of Eq. (v)
6m 6m 6m 6m 2
2 ( { C0 + C2 .3 ! C4 .3 ( 2n ! i (1 ! i )n ! i 2 (1 ! i 2 )n ! i 3 (1 ! i 3 )n
+ ... ! ( + 3)3m . 6m
C 6m } ! i 3 { 6m C 1 + 6m
C3 .3 ( 2n ! i (1 ! i )n ! 0 + i (1 + i )n
6m 2 3m + 1 6m
! C 5 . 3 + ... ! ( + 3) . C 6m + 1 } ( 2n ! i {(1 ! i )n + (1 + i )n }
On comparing the imaginary part on both sides, we get K K " 1 i %N N
n
3 ( 6m C 1 + 3 . 6m
C 3 ! 32 . 6mC 5 Since, M(1 ! i )n ( M 2 $ ! 'P P
ML L # 2 2 &O P
O
+ ... ! ( + 3)3m + 1 . 6m
C 6m + 1 ) ( 0 n
n n /2 n0 n /2 1 0 04
6m 6m 2 6m ( 2 ! i 2 . 2i sin (2 2 cos ! i sin 5
or C1 + 3 . C3 ! 3 . C5 4 3 4 46
+ ... ! ( + 3)3m + 1 . 6m
C 6m + 1 ( 0 n n /2 n0 n /2 1 n0 n0 4
( 2 + 2 . 2 sin (2 2 cos ! i sin 5
3m 4 3 4 46
* ;( + 3)r + 1 . 6mC 2r + 1 ( 0 " n0 %
r (1 Hence, 4 ( n C 3 ! n C 7 ! n C 11 ! ...) ( 2 $2n + 1 + 2n / 2 sin '
k # 4 &
or ; ( + 3)r + 1 . 3nC 2r + 1 ( 0, where n ( 2m and k ( 3m * n 1"
C 3 ! n C 7 ! n C 11 ! ... ( $2n + 1 + 2n / 2 sin
n0 %
'
r (1 2# 4 &
n +1 n !1 ( (9 ! 4 5 )n (9 + 4 5 )n ( 1n ( 1
" Ex. 49 Evaluate E E nCi
i ( 0 j (1!i
n !1
C j.
8 ( I + 1) f ! f 2
( I + 1 ( 2N + 1 + 1 ( 2N + 2
n +1 n !1 [from Eq. (v)]
Sol. Let P ( E E
i ( 0 j (1!i
n
Ci n !1
Cj ( An even integer
n!1 n!1 n!1 " Ex. 51 If Pr is the coefficient of x r in the expansion of

( E nC 0 n ! 1C j ! j E( 2 nC1 n ! 1C j ! j E( 3 nC 2 n ! 1C j 2 2 2
j (1
n!1 " x% " x % " x %
(1 ! x ) 2 $1 ! ' $1 ! ' $1 ! ' ... , prove that
! ... ! E
j (n
n
Cn + 1 n !1
Cj # 2 & # 2 2 & # 23 &
n!1 n!1 n!1 22 1072
Pr ( (Pr + 1 ! Pr + 2 ) and P4 ( .
( nC 0 E n ! 1C j ! nC1 j E( 2 n ! 1C j ! nC 2 j E( 3 n ! 1C j
j (1
r
( 2 + 1) 315
n!1
E n ! 1C j
2 2 2
! ... ! n C n + 1 " x% " x% " x%
j (n Sol. Let (1 ! x )2 $1 ! ' $1 ! 2 ' $1 ! 3 ' ...,
# 2& # 2 & # 2 &
( n C 0 (n ! 1C 1 ! n ! 1C 2 ! n ! 1C 3 ! ... ! n ! 1C n ! 1 ) ( 1 ! P1 x ! P2 x 2 3
! P3 x ! P4 x ! 4
! n C 1 ( n ! 1C 2 ! n ! 1C 3 ! n ! 1C 4 ! ... ! n ! 1C n ! 1 )
... ! Pr + 1 x r + 1 ! Pr x r ! ... …(i)
! n C 2 (n ! 1C 3 ! n ! 1C 4 ! n ! 1C 5 ! ... ! n ! 1C n ! 1 )
x
! ... ! n C n + 1 (n ! 1C n ! n !1
Cn ! 1) Replacing x by , we get
2
2 2 2 2
( n !1
C 1 . nC 0 ! n !1
C 2 (n C 0 ! n C 1 ) " x% " x% " x% " x%
$1 ! ' $1 ! 2 ' $1 ! 3 ' $1 ! 4 ' ...
! n ! 1C 3 (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ) # 2& # 2 & # 2 & # 2 &
! ... ! n !1
C n ! 1 (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n + 1 ) K "x % "x %
2
"x %
3 N
( M1 ! P1 $ ' ! P2 $ ' ! P3 $ ' ! ...P
( (n C 0 ! n C 1 ) . n C 0 ! (n C 1 ! n C 2 ) (n C 0 ! n C 1 ) ML #2& #2& #2& PO
! (n C 2 ! n C 3 ) (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ) On multiplying both sides by (1 ! x )2 , we get
2 2 2
! ...!(n C n ! n C n + 1 ) (n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n + 1 ) ! n " x% " x% " x%
(1 ! x )2 $1 ! ' $1 ! 2 ' $1 ! 3 ' ...
( (n C 0 )2 ! (n C 1 )2 ! (n C 2 )2 ! ... ! (n C n + 1 )2 # 2& # 2 & # 2 &
K "x % "x %
2
"x %
3 N
! 2 {n C 0 . n C 1 !n C 0 . n C 2 !n C 0 . n C 3 ( (1 ! x )2 M1 ! P1 $ ' ! P2 $ ' ! P3 $ ' ! ...P ...(ii)
ML #2& #2& #2& PO
! ... ! n C 0 . n C n + 1 ! ... ! n C n + 2 n C n + 1 } ! 2n + 1 ! n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
( ( n C 0 ! n C 1 ! n C 2 ! ... ! n C n + 1 )2 ! 2n + 1 ! n 1 ! P1 x ! P2 x 2 ! P3 x 3 ! P4 x 4 !... ! Pr + 1 x r + 1 ! Pr x r ! ...
( (2n + 1)2 ! 2n + 1 ! n ( 22n + 2n ! n K "x % "x %
2
"x %
3 N
( (1 ! x )2 M1 ! P1 $ ' ! P2 $ ' ! P3 $ ' ! ...P
ML #2& #2& #2& PO
" Ex. 50 If ( 9 ! 4 5 ) n ( I ! f , n and I being positive inte- On equating coefficient of x r , we get
gers and f is a proper fraction, show that (I + 1) f ! f 2 is an "1% " 1 % " 1 %
Pr ( Pr $ r ' ! 2 Pr + 1 $ r + 1 ' ! Pr + 2 $ r + 2 '
#2 & #2 & #2 &
even integer.
Sol. (9 ! 4 5 )n ( I ! f
" 1% 1
...(i) * Pr $1 + r ' ( r + 2 ( Pr +1 ! Pr + 2)
# 2 & 2
0> f <1 ...(ii)
22
Let f R ( (9 + 4 5) n
...(iii) * Pr ( r
( Pr +1 ! Pr + 2)
( 2 + 1)
and 0< f R<1 ...(iv) 1 1
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get Now, P0 ( 1, P1 ( 2 ! 1 ! ! ! ... ( 4
2 22
I ! f ! f R ( ( 9 ! 4 5 )n ! ( 9 + 4 5 )n 22 ( P1 ! P0 ) 20
( 2 {9n ! n C 2 9n + 2 ( 4 5 )2 ! ...} P2 ( ( ,
22 + 1 3
( 2N , where N is a positive integer. 22 ( P2 ! P1 ) 128
and from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 0 < f ! f R < 2 P3 ( (
23 + 1 21
Since, f ! f R is an integer.
8 f ! f R(1 " 128 20 %
4$ ! '
I ! 1 ( 2N * 1 ( 2N + 1 22 ( P3 ! P2 ) # 21 3 & 1072
Now, ...(v) and P4 ( ( (
Q ( I ! f ) (1 + f ) ( (9 ! 4 5 )n f R 24 + 1 15 315
#L Binomial Theorem Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n #1 n
This section contains 30 multiple choice questions.
!
!
Cr
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 9. is equal to
r"0 n Cr $ nCr $ 1
which ONLY ONE is correct
n
% 1 ( n n$1
3r 7r
1. If ! ( # 1)r
r"0
n
C r ' r $ 2 r $ 3r $ K upto m terms *
(a)
2
(b)
2
&2 2 2 ) n (n $ 1 ) n (n # 1 )
(c) (d)
+ 1 . 2 2 (n $ 1 )
" f (n ) -1 # mn 0,
, 2 / 100
10. The largest term in the expansion of +- $ .0
b b
3 is
,2 2/
1#3 f ( x
3 3
ln x ) d ( x ln x ) is equal to
100
(a) # 6 (b) # 3 +b .
(a) b100 (b) - 0
(c) 3 (d) Cannot be determined ,2/
100
100 +b .
2. The coefficient of (a 2 b 2 c 8 2 d 9 2 e 2 f ) in the expansion
3 6 (c) C 50 - 0 (d) 100C 50b100
,2/
of (a $ b $ c # d # e # f ) 31 is 6
(a) 123210 (b) 23110 + +- 1 .0 .
- , 1 $ log x / 12 0
(c) 3110 (d) None of these 11. If the fourth term of - x $ x 0 is equal to
- 0
3. The sum of rational terms in ( 2 $ 3 $ 6 5 )10 , is , /
(a) 12632 (b) 1260 200 and x 5 1, x is equal to
(c) 126 (d) None of these 10
(a) 10 2 (b) 10 (c) 10 4 (d)
2
4. If (1 $ x # 3x 2 ) 2145 " a 0 $ a1 x $ a 2 x 2 $ ... , then m
a 0 # a1 $ a 2 # a 3 $ ... ends with 12. The coefficient of x in
m m $1
(a) 1 (b) 3 (1 $ x ) $ (1 $ x ) $ ... $ (1 $ x )n , m 6 n, is
(c) 7 (d) 9 n$1 n #1
(a) Cm $ 1 (b) Cm # 1
n
+ q p7 . (c) Cm n n
(d) Cm $ 1
5. In the expansion of - $ 10 3 0 , there is a term
- p q 0/
,
13. The number of values of ' r ' satisfying the equation
similar to pq, then that term is equal to 39
C 3r # 1 # 39
Cr2 " 39
Cr2 # 1 # 39
C 3r is
(a) 45pq (b) 120 pq
(c) 210 pq (d) 252 pq (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
6. Let (5 $ 2 6 )n " I $ f , where n, I 3 N and 0 4 f 4 1, then 20 20
2
14. The sum S " C2 $ 22 C 3 $ 3 2 20 C 4 $ ... $ 19 2 20
C 20 is
the value of f # f $ I 2 f # I , is
equal to
(a) a natural number (b) a negative integer (a) 1 $ 5 2 2 20 (b) 1 $ 2 21
(c) a prime number (d) an irrational number (c) 1 $ 9 2 2 20 (d) 2 20
1 1
7. If x $ " 1 and p " x 4000 $ 4000 and q is the digit at 15. The remainder, if 1 $ 2 $ 2 2 $ 2 3 $ ... $ 21999 is divided by
x x
n 5, is
unit place in the number 2 2 $ 1, n 3 N and n 5 1, then
(a) 0 (b) 1
p $ q , is (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 8 (b) 6 1
(c) 7 (d) None of these 16. Coefficient of in the expansion of (1 $ x )n (1 $ 1 / x )n is
n
x
8. If the number of terms in +- x $ 1 $ .0 (n 3 I $ ) is 401,
1 n! 2n !
(a) (b)
, x/ (n # 1 )! (n $ 1 )! (n # 1 )! (n $ 1 )!
then n is greater than n! 2n !
(a) 201 (b) 200 (c) (d)
(2n # 1 )! (2n $ 1 )! (2n # 1 )! (2n $ 1 )!
(c) 199 (d) None of these
4 2008 2009 2010

17. The last two digits of the number 19 9 is 25. If (3 $ x $x ) " a 0 $ a1 x $ a 2 x 2
n
(a) 19 (b) 29 $ ... $ an x , the value of
(c) 39 (d) 81 a a a a
n a 0 # 1 # 2 $ a 3 # 4 # 5 $ a 6 # ... is
+ a . 2 2 2 2
18. If the second term in the expansion of --13 a $ 00 is
n , a #1 / (a) 1 (b) 2 2010
5/ 2 C3 (c) 5 2010 (d) 3 2010
14a , the value of n is
C2
(a) 4 (b) 3 26. The total number of terms which depend on the value of
n
(c) 12 (d) 6 + 1 .
x in the expansion of - x 2 # 2 $ 2 0 is
19. If 6 83 $ 8 83 is divided by 49, the remainder is , x /
(a) 0 (b) 14 (a) 2n $ 1 (b) 2n
(c) 35 (d) 42 (c) n $ 1 (d) n
10
20. The sum of all the rational terms in the expansion of 27. The coefficient of x in the expansion of
1/ 4 1/ 3 12
(3 $4 ) is 2
(1 $ x # x ) , is 3 8
(a) 91 (b) 251 (a) 420 (b) 476

(c) 273 (d) 283
(c) 532 (d) 588
21. Last four digits of the number N " 7 100 # 3100 is 28. The number of real negative terms in the binomial
(a) 2000 (b) 4000
expansion of (1 $ ix ) 4n # 2 , n 3 N , n 5 0, i " # 1, is
(c) 6000 (d) 8000
(a) n (b) n $ 1
22. If 5 99 is divided by 13, the remainder is (c) n # 1 (d) 2n
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 n n
+n . +m .
73 2003 : 29. ! ! - 0 - 0 is equal to
23. The value of 8 ;, where { . } denotes the fractional p "1m " p ,m / , p /
9 28 < n
(a) 3 (b) 2n
part function is
(c) 3n $ 2n (d) 3n # 2n
(a) 17/28 (b) 19/28
(c) 23/28 (d) 5/28 30. The largest real value of x, such that
20 4
+ 54 # r . + x r . 8
24. The value of ! r (20 # r )( 20 C r ) 2 is equal to !- 0 - 0 " is
r"0 r"0 ,(4 # r ) !/ , r ! / 3
(a) 400 37C 20 (b) 400 40C19 (a) 2 2 # 5 (b) 2 2 $ 5
(c) 400 38C19 (d) 400 38C 20 (c) # 2 2 # 5 (d) # 2 2 $ 5

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
!
This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 33. If n is a positive integer and (3 3 $ 5) 2 n $ 1 " = $ >,
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of where = is an integer and 0 4 > 4 1, then
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
(a) = is an even integer
31. If in the expansion of (1 $ x )m (1 # x )n , the coefficients (b) ( = $ > ) 2 is divisible by 2 2n $ 1
of x and x 2 are 3 and # 6 respectively, the values of m (c) the integer just below (3 3 $ 5 ) 2n $ 1 divisible by 3
and n are
(d) = is divisible by 10
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
32. If the coefficients of rth, (r $ 1)th and (r $ 2)th terms in 34. If (8 $ 3 7 )n " P $ F, where P is an integer and F is a
proper fraction, then
the expansion of (1 $ x )14 are in AP, then r is /are
(a) P is an odd integer (b) P is an even integer
(a) 5 (b) 9
(c) F ( P $ F ) " 1 (d) (1 # F ) ( P $ F ) " 1
(c) 10 (d) 12
n
35. The value of x for which the 6th term in the expansion
of
40. If f (n ) " ! +- 30 . + 20 .
0- 0, then
i"0 ,30 # i / ,30 # i /
7
7 : (a) maximum value of f (n ) is 50
C 25
? log 2 (9x # 1 $ 7) 1 ? (b) f ( 0 ) $ f (1 ) $ f (2 ) $ ... $ f (50 ) " 2 50
82 $ ; is 84, is
+ 1. x #1
? - 0
,5 /
log 2 (3 $ 1) ?
(c) f (n ) is always divisible by 50
9 2 <
(a) 4 (b) 3 (d) f 2( 0 ) $ f 2(1 ) $ f 2(2 ) $ ... $ f 2(50 ) " 100C 50
(c) 2 (d) 1 41. Number of values of r satisfying the equation
69 69 69 69
36. Consider the binomial expansion of C 3r # 1 # Cr2 " Cr 2 # 1 # C 3r is
n
+ 1 . (a) 1 (b) 2
- x $ 4 0 , n 3 N , where the terms of the expansion
, 22 x / (c) 3 (d) 7
8
42. If the middle term of +- x $ .
are written in decreasing powers of x. If the coefficients 1 630
sin # 1 x 0 is equal to ,
of the first three terms form an arithmetic progression, , x / 16
then the statement(s) which hold good is /are the values of x is/are
(a) Total number of terms in the expansion of the binomial @ @
is 8 (a) # (b) #
3 6
(b) Number of terms in the expansion with integral power of @ @
x is 3 (c) (d)
6 3
(c) There is no term in the expansion which is independent of
x
43. If b 2 4 ac , the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
(d) Fourth and fifth are the middle terms of the expansion (a= 2 x 2 $ 2b=x $ c )n , (a, b, c , = 3R, n 3N ), is
37. Let (1 $ x 2 ) 2 (1 $ x )n " a 0 $ a1 x $ a 2 x 2 $ ... , if (a) $ ve, if a 5 0 (b) $ ve, if c 5 0
(c) # ve, if a 4 0, n is odd (d) $ ve, if c 4 0, n is even
a1 , a 2 and a 3 are in AP, the value of n is n
+ 1 .
(a) 2 (b) 3 44. In the expansion of - x 2 $ 1 $ 0 , n 3 N , then
(c) 4 (d) 7 , x2 /
20
+ 17 . (a) number of terms " 2n $ 1
38. 10th term of -3 # $ 3 20 is (b) term independent of x " 2n # 1
, 4 /
(c) coefficient of x 2n # 2 " n
(a) an irrational number (b) a rational number
(c) a positive integer (d) a negative integer (d) coefficient of x 2 " n
20
45. The coefficient of the (r $ 1)th term of +- x $ .0 , when
39. If (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1 x $ C 2 x 2 $ C 3 x 3 $ ... $ C n x n , 1
then x/ ,
C 0 # (C 0 $ C 1 ) $ (C 0 $ C 1 $ C 2 ) expanded in the descending powers of x, is equal to the
10
# (C 0 $ C 1 $ C 2 $ C 3 ) $ ... $ ( # 1)n # 1 + 1 .
coefficient of the 6th term of - x 2 $ 2 $ 2 0 when
, x /
(C 0 $ C 1 $ C 2 $ ... $ C n # 1 ), when n is even integer is
expanded in ascending powers of x . The value of r is
(a) a positive value (b) a negative value
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) divisible by 2n # 1 (d) divisible by 2n (c) 14 (d) 15

Passage Based Questions
! This section contains 7 passages. Based upon each of 52. If a is the remainder when 5 40 is divided by 11 and b is
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be the remainder when 2 2011 is divided by 17, the value of
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), a $ b is
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (a) 7 (b) 8
Passage I (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) (c) 9 (d) 10
2n 53. If 19 93 # 13 99 is divided by 162, the remainder is
Consider (1 $ x $ x2 )n " ! ar xr , where a0 , a1 , a2 , ... , a2 n are
r "0 (a) 8 (b) 4
real numbers and n is a positive integer. (c) 1 (d) 0
n #1
46. The value of ! ar is
54. If 13 99 is divided by 81, the remainder is
r"0 (a) 13 (b) 23
# 3n # an 3n # an a # 3n 3n $ an (c) 39 (d) 55
(a) (b) (c) n (d)
2 2 2 2
n /2 # 1
Passage IV (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
47. If n is even, the value of !
r"0
a 2 r is Consider the binomial expansion R " (1 $ 2x )n " I $ f , where I
is the integral part of R and f is the fractional part of R, n 3 N .
3n # 1 $ an 3n # 1 # an Also, the sum of coefficients of R is 2187.
(a) (b)
2 4 1
3n $ 1 $ an 3n $ 1 # 2an 55. The value of (n $ Rf ) for x " is
(c) (d) 2
2 4
n $1 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
2
56. If ith term is the greatest term for x " 1 / 3 , then i equals
48. If n is odd, the value of ! a 2 r # 1 is
r "1 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
3n # 1 $ 2an 3n # 1 $ 2an
(a) (b) 57. If kth term is having greatest coefficient, the sum of all
2 4
possible values of k, is
3n $ 1 $ 2an 3n $ 1 # 2an
(c) (d) (a) 7 (b) 9
2 4 (c) 11 (d) 13
Passage II (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) Passage V (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)

2 20
If (1 $ x $ 2x ) " a0 $ a1 x $ a2 x 2 $ ... $ a40 x40 . If ( x $ a1 ) ( x $ a2 ) ( x $ a3 ) ... ( x $ an ) " xn $ S 1 xn # 1
49. The value of a 0 $ a 2 $ a 4 $ ... $ a 38 is $ S 2 xn # 2 $ ... $ S n

n
(a) 2 19 (2 19 # 1 ) (b) 2 20 (219 # 1 ) where, S 1 " ! ai , S 2 " ! !
i"1
ai a j , S 3 " CCC ai a j ak
16i4 j 6n 1 6 i4 j 4 k 6 n
(c) 2 19 (2 20 # 1 ) (d) 2 20 (2 20 # 1 )
and so on.
50. The value of a1 $ a 3 $ a 5 $ ... $ a 37 is
58. If (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1 x $ C 2 x 2 $ ... $ C n x n , the
(a) 2 19 (2 19 # 20 ) (b) 2 19 (2 20 # 21 )
coefficient of x n in the expansion of
(c) 219 (219 # 21 ) (d) 219 (219 # 19 )
( x $ C 0 ) ( x $ 3C 1 ) ( x $ 5C 2 ) ... ( x $ (2n $ 1) C n ), is
a 39
51. The value of , is (a) n 2 2n (b) (n $ 1 ) 2 2n
a 40
(c) n 2 2n $ 1 (d) n 2 2n $1
(a) 2 20 (b) (c) 10 (d) 1
59. If (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1 x $ C 2 x 2 $ ... $ C n x n , the
Passage III (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
coefficient of x n # 1 in the expansion of
Suppose, m divided by n, then quotient q and remainder r
( x $ C 0 ) ( x $ C 1 ) ( x $ C 2 ) ... ( x $ C n ) is
i.e. n )m(q 1 1
# (a) 2 2n # 1 # 2n
Cn # 1 (b) 2 2n # 1 # 2n
Cn
2 2
r 1 1
(c) 2 2n # 1 # 2n $ 1
Cn (d) 2 2n # 1 # 2n $ 1
Cn # 1
or m " nq $ r , A m, n , q , r 3 I and n B 0 2 2
60. Coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of Passage VII (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)

(1 $ x ) 2 (3 $ x ) 3 (5 $ x ) 4 is n
(a) 112 (b) 224 (c) 342 (d) 416 Let us consider the binomial expression (1 $ x )n " ! ar xr ,
r "0
Passage VI (Q. Nos. 61 to 63) where a4 , a5 and a6 are in AP, ( n 4 10 ). Consider another
binomial expression of A " ( 3 2 $ 4 3 )13 n , the expression of A
Let us consider the binomial expression
n contains some rational terms Ta 1 , Ta 2 , Ta 3 , ... , Ta m
+ 3.
m
+ 5x x# 2 . ( a1 4 a2 4 a3 4 ... 4 am ).
A " - x2 $ 0 and B " - $ 0
, x/ , 2 2 / n
Sum of coefficients of expansion of B is 6561. The difference of

64. The value of ! ai is
i "1
the coefficient of third term to the second term in the expansion (a) 63 (b) 127
of A is equal to 117. (c) 255 (d) 511
61. The value of m is 65. The value of am is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
(a) 87 (b) 88
62. If n m is divided by 7, the remainder is (c) 89 (d) 90
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
63. The ratio of the coefficient of second term from the 66. The common difference of the arithmetic progression
beginning and the end in the expansion of B, is a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., am is
(a) 125 (b) 625 (a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 3125 (d) 15625 (c) 10 (d) 12

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
!
This section contains 10 questions. The answer to 50 99 2 98
73. The value of 99 # 99 2 98 50 $ (97 ) 50 # ... $ 99 is
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 122
0 to 9 (both inclusive).
74. If the greatest term in the expansion of (1 $ x ) 2n has the
67. For integer n 5 1, the digit at unit’s place in the number
+ 10 11 .
100
greatest coefficient if and only if x 3 - , 0 and the
! r !$2
r"0
2n
is , 11 10 /
m
3n 3n + 1. n
fourth term in the expansion of - Dx $ 0 is ,
68. If (1 $ x $ x 2 $ x 3 )n " ! ar x r and ! ar " k and if , x/ 4
3n r"0 r"0
! r ar " D n k , the value of D is

r"0
the value of mD is
2 75. If the value of
69. The number of rational terms in the expansion of
20 (n $ 2) 2 n C 0 2 2n $ 1 # (n $ 1) 2 n C 1 2 2n $ n 2 n C 2 2 2n # 1 # ...
+3 1 .
- 4 $ 4 0 is is equal to k (n $ 1), the value of k is
, 6/
76. If (1 $ x $ x 2 $ ... $ x 9 ) 4 ( x $ x 2
$x 3
$ ... $ x 9 )
70. If 2 2006 $ 2006 is divided by 7, the remainder is 45
71. The last two digits of the natural number 19 9 is ab,

4 " ! ar x r
r "1
and the value of a 2 $ a 6 $ a10 $ ... $ a 42 is D,
the value of b # 3a is the sum of all digits of D is
% n C r $ 4 2 n C r $1 $ 6 2 n C r $ 2 (
' *
'& $ 4 2 n C r $ 3 $ n C r $ 4 *) n $ D
72. If " ,
% n C r $ 3 2 n C r $1 $ 3 2 n C r $ 2 ( r $D
' *
'& $ n C r $ 3 *)
the value of D is

Matching Type Questions
! This section contains 5 questions. Questions 77, 78 and 79 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I
and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II and questions 80 and 81 have four statements (A, B, C and D)
given in Column I and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have
correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
77. (B) The sum of binomial coefficients of (q) 258

Column I Column II rational terms in the expansion of
(A) If D and E are the unit’s place (1 $ 3 )62 is divisible by
(p) D2 $ E 2 " 1
digit in mn and nm respectively, + 1 1.
31
(r) 259
where m and n are the number of (C) If - x $ $ x 2 $ 2 0 " a0 x # 62
, x x /
rational and irrational terms in the
expansion of (71/ 3 $ 111/ 9 )6561 $ a1 x # 61 $ a2 x # 60 $ ... $ a124 x62 ,
respectively, then then a1 $ a3 $ a5 $ ... $ a123 is
divisible by
(B) If D and E are the unit’s place (q) DE $ E D " 1
(s) 260
digit in mn and nm respectively,
where m and n are the number of (t) 261
terms with integral coefficients
and number of terms with 80.
non-integral coefficients in the Column I Column II
expansion of (71/ 3 $ 51/ 2 2 x )600
(A) If 11n $ 21n is divisible by 16, then n can be (p) 4
respectively, then
(C) If D and E are the unit’s place (r) D$E"4
(B) The remainder, when 337 is divided by 80, (q) 5
is less than
digit in mn and nm respectively,
where m and n are the number of (C) In the expansion of (1 $ x )29 coefficient of (r) 6
rational and irrational terms in the (r $ 1) th term is equal to that of (r $ k ) th
expansion of ( 2 $ 3 3 $ 6 7 )10 term, then the value of k cannot be
respectively, then (D) If the ratio of 2nd and 3rd terms in the (s) 7
(s) D D D D ... F " E expansion of (a $ b)n is equal to ratio of
3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of
(t) D $ E " DE (a $ b)n $ 3, then n is less than
78.
Column I Column II 81.
+ 18 . + 18 . + 18. + 20. Column I Column II
(A) If - 0 $ 2- 0 $ - 0 G - 0, (p) 5
, r # 2/ , r # 1/ , r / , 13 / (A) If number of dissimilar terms in the (p) a$ b$ c"3
then the values of r is /are expansion of (x $ 2 y $ 3z)n (n 3 N )
(B) The digit in the unit’s place of the (q) 6 is an2 $ bn $ c, then
number 183 ! $ 3183 is less than (B) If number of dissimilar terms in the (q) a$ b$ c"4
(C) If the 4th term in the expansion of 7 expansion of (x $ y $ z)2n $ 1
n (r) # (x $ y # z)2n $ 1 (n 3 N ) is
+ 1.
- ax $ 0 is 5 / 2, then na is less than an2 $ bn $ c, then
, x/
(s) 8 (C) If number of dissimilar terms in the (r) a $ b " 2c
expansion of (x # y $ z)n
(t) 9
$ (x $ y # z)n (n 3is even natural
79. number) is an2 $ bn $ c, then
Column I Column II (D) If number of dissimilar terms in the (s) b $ c " 8a
!n
(p) + x2 $ 1 $ x4 .
(A) The sum of binomial coefficients of 257 expansion of - 0
terms containing power of x more , x2 /
than x 30 in (1 $ x )61 is divisible by (n 3 N ) is an2 $ bn $ c, then

Statement I and II Type Questions
! Directions (Q. Nos. 71 to 82) are Assertion-Reason 84. Statement-1 In the expansion of (1 $ x )n , if coefficient
type questions. Each of these questions contains two of 31st and 32nd terms are equal, then n " 61.
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Middle term in the expansion of (1 $ x )n ,
Each of these questions also has four alternative has greatest coefficient.
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You 85. Statement-1 The number of terms in the expansion of
have to select the correct choice as given below. n
+ 1 .
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 - x $ $ 10 is (2n $ 1).
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 , x /
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 The number of terms in the expansion of
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 ( x 1 $ x 2 $ x 3 $ ... $ x m )n is n $ m # 1 C m # 1 .
(c) Statement1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 86. Statement-1 4 101 when divided by 101 leaves the
remainder 4.
82. Statement-1 Greatest coefficient in the expansion of
Statement-2 (n p # n ) when divided by ‘p’ leaves
(1 $ 3x ) 6 is 6 C 3 2 3 3 .
remainder zero when n G 2,n 3 N and p is a prime number.
Statement-2 Greatest coefficient in the expansion of 87. Statement-1 11 25 $ 12 25 when divided by 23 leaves the
(1 $ x ) 2n is the middle term. remainder zero.
83. Statement-1 The term independent of x in the Statement-2 a n $ b n is always divisible by
25
+ 1 . (a $ b ), A n 3 N .
expansion of - x 2 $ 2 $ 20 is 50 C 25 .
, x / 88. Statement-1 The maximum value of the term
Statement-2 In a binomial expansion middle term is independent of x in the expansion of (ax 1/ 6 $ bx 1/ 3 ) 9 is 84.
independent of x. Statement-2 a 2 $ b " 2.

Subjective Type Questions
n
!
In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. % ( 1
89. Determine the value of x in the expression of 94. Find n in the binomial ' 3 2 $ * , if the ratio of 7th
'& 3
3 *)
( x $ x log10 x ) 5 , if the third term in the expansion is
term from beginning to 7th term from the end is 1 / 6.
1000000.
95. If S n " n C 0 n C 1 $ n C 1n C 2 $ ... $ n C n # 1n C n and if
90. Find the value of
18 3 $ 7 3 $ 3 2 18 2 7 2 25 Sn $ 1 15
. " , find n.
6
(3 $ 6 2 243 2 2 $15 2 81 2 4 $20 2 27 2 8 $ 15 2 9 2 16+6 2 3 2 32 $ 64) Sn 4
+ a $1 a #1 .
10 96. If ( 1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1 x $ C 2 x 2 $ .... $ C n x n ,
91. Simplify - # 0 into a binomial C1 C C C n(n $ 1)
,a 2/3
# a $ 1 a # a 1/ 2 /
1/ 3 prove that $ 2 2 $ 3 3 $ ... $ n n "
C0 C1 C2 Cn # 1 2
and determine the terms independent of a.
21
92. Show that there will be a term independent of x in the % + a . + b .(
97. Which term in the expansion of ' 3 - 0 $ - 3 0 *
expansion of ( x a $ x # b )n only, if an is a multiple of '& , b / , a / *)
( a $ b ). contains a and b to one and same power.
93. If a, b and c are the three consecutive coefficients in the 98. Find the coefficient of x r in the expansion of
expansion of a power of ( 1 $ x ), prove that the index of ( x $ 3 )n # 1 $ ( x $ 3 )n # 2 ( x $ 2)
2ac $ b ( a $ c ) $ ( x $ 3 )n # 3 ( x $ 2) 2 $ ... $ ( x $ 2)n # 1 .
the power is .
b 2 # ac
99. Prove that, if p is a prime number greater than 2, 107. Let a 0 , a1 , a 2 ,... are the coefficients in the expansion of
the difference [( 2 $ 5 ) p ] # 2 p $ 1 is divisible by p, ( 1 $ x $ x 2 )n arranged order of x . Find the value of
where [. ] denotes greatest integer. ar # n C 1 ar # 1 $ n C r ar # 2 # ... $ ( # 1 )r n C r a 0 , where r
100. If ((x)) represents the least integer greater than x, prove is not divisible by 3.
that ( ( {( 3 $ 1) 2 n } ) ), n 3 N is divisible by 2n $ 1 . 108. If for z as real or complex.
101. Solve the equation ( 1 $ z 2 $ z 4 ) 8 " C 0 $ C 1z 2 $ C 2 z 4 $... $ C 16 z 32 ,
11 10 11 8 11 6 11 4
C 1x # C 3x $ C 5x # C 7x prove that
(i) C 0 # C 1 $ C 2 # C 3 $ ... $ C 16 " 1
$ 11C 9 x 2
# 11C 11 " 0.
(ii) C 0 $ C 3 $ C 6 $ C 9 $ C 12 $ C 15
200 200
$ ( C 2 $ C 5 $ C 8 $ C 11 $ C 14 ) H
102. If g ( x ) " ! =r 2xr and f ( x ) " ! > r x 4 , > r " 1 for
r"0 r " 10 $ ( C 1 $ C 4 $ C 7 $ C 10 $ C 13 $ C 16 ) H2 " 0,
r G 100 and g ( x ) " f (1 $ x ), show that the greatest
where H is a cube root of unity.
coefficient in the expansion of ( 1 $ x ) 201 is = 100 .
109. Let f ( x ) " a 0 $ a1 x $ a 2 x 2 $ ... $ a 2 n x 2 n and
103. If (1 $ x )n " C 0 $ C 1 x $ C 2 x 2 $ ... $ C n x n , find the g ( x ) " b 0 $ b1 x $ b 2 x 2 $ ... $ bn # 1 x n # 1
value of $ x n $ x n $ 1 $ ... $ x 2n
.
! ! ( i $ j )(C i
0 6i 4 j 6n
$ C j $ C i C j ). If f ( x ) " g ( x $ 1), find an in terms of n.
110. If a 0 , a1 , a 2 ,... are the coefficients in the expansion of
104. Evaluate !!
0 6 i B j 6 10
21
C i 2 21 C j .
(1 $ x $ x 2 )n in ascending powers of x, prove that
105. Find the coefficients of x 4 in the expansions of (i) a 0 a1 # a1a 2 $ a 2 a 3 # ... " 0
(i) (1 $ x $ x 2 $ x 3) 11. (ii) a 0 a 2 # a1a 3 $ a 2 a 4 # ... $ a 2 n # 2 a 2 n " an $ 1
(ii) (2 # x $ 3 x 2 ) 6. (iii) if E 1 " a 0 $ a 3 $ a 6 $ ...; E 2 " a1 $ a 4 $ a 7 $... and
E 3 " a 2 $ a 5 $ a 8 $ ..., then E 1 " E 2 " E . 3 " 3n # 1
106. Prove the identity
1 1 111. Prove that (n # 1) 2 C 1 $ (n # 3) 2 C 3 $ (n # 5) 2 C 5
$
2n $ 1
Cr 2n $ 1
Cr $ 1 $ .... " n(n $ 1) 2n # 3 , where C r stands for n C r .
2n $ 2 1 C 0 C1 C 2 Cn
" 2 2n , 112. Show that # $ # ... $ ( #1)n
2n $ 1 Cr 1 4 7 3n $ 1
r " 2n # 1
( # 1 )r # 1 r 3n 2 n !
use it to prove ! "
n
. "
1 2 4 2 7...(3n $ 1)
, where C r stands for n C r .
r "1 2n
Cr n $1

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year’s Exams
!
This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 114. If the coefficients of p th, ( p $ 1)th and ( p $ 2)th terms in
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 expansion of (1 $ x )n are in AP, then [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
to year 2017.
(a) n 2 # 2np $ 4 p 2 " 0
+30. +30. +30. +30. +30.
113. The value of - 0 - 0 # - 0 - 0 $ - 0 (b) n 2 # n ( 4 p $ 1 ) $ 4 p 2 # 2 " 0
, 0 / ,10/ , 1 / ,11/ , 2/
+30. +30. +30. (c) n 2 # n( 4 p $ 1 ) $ 4 p 2 " 0
- 0 $ ... $ - 0 - 0 is
,12/ ,20/ ,30/ [IIT JEE 2005, 3M]
(d) None of the above
60 30 60 40
(a) C 20 (b) C10 (c) C 30 (d) C 30
11 10 10
115. If the coefficient of x 7 in +-ax 2 $
1.
,
0 is equal to the 122. Let S 1 " ! j( j # 1) 2 10 C j , S2 " ! j 2 10 C j and
bx / j "1 j "1
11 10
+ 1 .
coefficient of x # 7 in -ax # 2 0 , then ab is equal to
,
S3 " ! j 2 2 10 C j
bx / [AIEEE 2005, 3M] j "1 [IIT-JEE 2010]
(a) 1 (b) 1 / 2 Statement-1 S 3 " 55 I 2 9
(c) 2 (d) 3
Statement-2 S 1 " 90 I 2 8 and S 2 " 10 I 2 8
116. For natural numbers m and n, if
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
(1 # y )m (1 $ y )n " 1 $ a1y $ a 2 y 2 $ ... and a1 " a 2 " 10, correct explanation for Statement-1
then (m, n ) is [AIEEE 2006, 3M] (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
(a) (20, 45 ) (b) (35, 20 ) not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) ( 45, 35 ) (d) (35, 45 ) (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
117. In the binomial expansion of (a # b )n , n G 5, the sum of
a 123. The coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of
5th and 6th terms is zero, equals (1 # x # x 2 $ x 3 ) 6 , is [AIEEE 2011, 4M]
b [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
5 6 (a) # 132 (b) # 144
(a) (b) (c) 132 (d) 144
n#4 n #5
n #5 n#4 124. If n is a positive integer, then ( 3 $ 1) 2n # ( 3 # 1) 2n is
(c) (d)
6 5 [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
(a) an odd positive integer
118. The sum of the series (b) an even positive integer
20
C 0 # 20 C 1 $ 20 C 2 # 20 C 3 $...$ 20
C 10 is [AIEEE 2007, 3M] (c) a rational number other than positive integer
20 1 (d) an irrational number
(a) # C10 (b) 20C10
2 125. The term independent of x in the expansion of
(c) 0 (d) 20C10 10
+ x $1 x #1 .
n - # 0 is
119. Statement-1 ! (r $ 1) n C r
r"0
" (n $ 2) 2 2n # 1 ,x 2 /3
#x 1/ 3
$ 1 x # x 1/ 2 / [JEE Main, 2013, 4M]
n (a) 120 (b) 210
Statement-2 ! (r $ 1) n C r
r"0
xr (c) 310 (d) 4
126. The coefficients of three consecutive terms of (1 $ x )n $ 5
" (1 $ x )n $ nx (1 $ x )n # 1 . [AIEEE 2007] are in the ratio 5 : 10 : 14, the value of n is
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a [JEE Advanced 2013M]
correct explanation for Statement-1 3 4
127. If the coefficients of x and x in the expansion of
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
(1 $ ax $ bx 2 ) (1 # 2x )18 in powers of x are both zero,
not a correct explanation for Statement-1
then (a, b ) is equal to [JEE Main 2014, 3M]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
+ 272 . + 272 .
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true (a) -14, 0 (b) -16, 0
, 3 / , 3 /
120. The remainder left out when 8 2 n # (62) 2 n $1 is divided by + 251 . + 251 .
(c) -14, 0 (d) -16, 0
, 3 / , 3 /
9, is [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
11
(a) 8 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 7 128. Coefficient of x in the expansion of
121. For r " 0, 1, 2, ..., 10, let A r , Br and C r denote respectively, (1 $ x ) (1 $ x ) (1 $ x 4 )12 is [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
2 4 3 7
the coefficients of x r in the expansion of (a) 1051 (b) 1106 (c) 1113 (d) 1120
10
129. The sum of coefficients of integral powers of x in the
(1 $ x )10 , (1 $ x ) 20 and (1 $ x ) 30 , ! A r ( B 10 Br
r "1
# C 10 A r )
binomial expansion of (1 # 2 x ) 50 , is [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
is equal to [IIT-JEE 2010, 5M] 1 50 1 50
(a) (2 $ 1 ) (b) (3 $ 1 )
(a) B 10 # C 10 (b) A10 ( B 10 # C10A10 ) 2 2
(c) 0 (d) C10 # B 10 1 1
(c) (3 50 ) (d) (3 50 # 1 )
2 2
130. The coefficients of x 9 in the expansion of 132. Let m be the smallest positive integer such that the
(1 $ x )(1 $ x 2 )(1 $ x 3 )...(1 $ x 100 ) is coefficient of x 2 in the expansion of
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M] (1 $ x ) 2 $ (1 $ x ) 3 $......$(1 $ x ) 49 $ (1 $ mx ) 50 is
+ 2 4 .
n (3n $ 1) 51 C 3 for some positive integer n. Then the value
131. If the number of terms in the expansion of -1 # $ 0 , of n is
, x x2 / [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M]
x B 0 is 28, then the sum of the coefficients of all the terms 133. The value of
in this expansion, is [JEE Main 2016, 4M] ( 21 C 1 # 10
C 1 ) $ ( 21 C 2 # 10
C 2 ) $ ( 21 C 3 # 10
C3 )$
(a) 243 (b) 729 (c) 64 (d) 2187 21
( C4 # 10 21
C 4 )$......$( C 10 # 10
C 10 ) is
[JEE Advanced 2017, 4M]
(a) 2 20 # 210 (b) 2 21 # 211
(c) 2 21 # 210 (d) 2 20 # 2 9
Answers
Exercise for Session 1 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (c)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (b)
7. (c) 8. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (d)
64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (d)
67. (0) 68. (3) 69. (3) 70. (8) 71. (6) 72. (4)
Exercise for Session 2
73. (0) 74. (3) 75. (4) 76. (9)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)
77. (A) J (q, r); (B) J (p, q, t); (C) J (s)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
78. (A) J (r, s, t); (B) J (s, t); (C) J(p, q, r, s, t)
Exercise for Session 3 79. (A) J (p, q, r, s); (B) J (p, q, r, s, t); (C) J (p, q, r, s, t)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 80. (A) J (q, s); (B) J (p, q, r, s); (C) J (q, s); (D) J (r, s)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 81. (A) J (p, r); (B) J (q); (C) J (s); (D) J (p, r)
82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (c)
Exercise for Session 4 88. (a)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 89. x " 10 or 10 #5 / 2 90. 1 91. 210 94. 9 95. 4,2
7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d)
r@
13. (a) 14. (b) 97. 10 n
98. C r (3 n#r
#2 n# r
) 101. x " cot +- .0 , r " K 1, K 2,... , K 5
, 11 /
Chapter Exercises 7 2n ! : 1% 42! (
103. n 2 2 2 n $ n82 2n # 1 # 104. ' 2 40 #
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 2; *
9 2(n!) < 2& 2(21!)2 )
7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 2n $ 1
105. (i) 990 (ii) 3660 107. 0 109. Cn $ 1
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d)
113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (a) 116. (d) 117. (d) 118. (b)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c,d) 32. (a,b) 33. (a,d) 34. (a,d) 35. (c,d) 36. (b,c) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121. (d) 122. (b) 123. (b) 124. (d)
37. (b,c) 38. (a,d) 39. (b,c) 40. (a,b,d) 41. (c,d) 42. (a,d) 125. (b) 126. (6) 127. (b) 128. (c) 129. (b) 130. (8)
43. (a,b,c,d) 44. (a,c) 45. (a,d) 131. (b) 132. (5) 133. (a)
5. We have,
Solutions
n "r r n "r r " n 7r
# q& # p7 & n "
3r
)
Tr ) 1 * nCr % %10 (
( % q 3 ( * Cr (q ) 9 (p )
2 10 2 10
$ p' $ '
5n " 8r 12r " 5n
* nCr 3 q 10 3p 10
For coefficient of pq, we put

n + # 1 &r #3&
r
#7&
r . 5n " 8r 12r " 5n
1. Q ! ( " 1)r nCr - % ( ) % ( ) % ( ) Lupto m terms0 * 1, *1
r*0 -$2' ,
$ 4' $8' 0 / 10 10
n n n : 5n " 8r " 10 * 0, 12r " 5n " 10 * 0
# 1& # 3& # 7&
* %1 " ( ) %1 " ( ) %1 " ( ) L upto m terms : r * 5, n * 10
$ 2' $ 4' $ 8'
1 1 1 1 T6 * 10C 5 pq *252 pq
* n ) 2n ) 3n ) Lupto m terms
2 2 2 6. We have,
1 + (5 ) 2 6 )n * (5 ) 24 )n
#1& .
m
n -
1 " % n( 0
2 -, $2 ' 0 # 1 & # 1 & Now, let I ) f * (5 ) 24 )n …(i)
* /*
% n ( %1 " mn (
# 1& $ 2 "1 ' $ 2 ' 0 8 f 41 …(ii)
%1 " n (
$ 2 ' and f ; * (5 " 24 )n …(iii)
1 f (n ) * n
1 0 4 f ; 41 …(iv)
2 "1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
1 2"33 f ( x 3 ln x ) 3 d ( x 3 ln x ) I ) f ) f ; * 2k (even integer)
1 : f ; ) f ; *1
* 23 3 (3 x 2 ln x ) x 2 )dx : f ; *1 " f
x 3 ln x
"3 (2 " 1 )
1 f 2 " f ) If " I * f ( f " 1 ) ) I ( f " 1 )
Since, ln x cannot be defined for x 4 0.
* ( f "1) (I ) f )
1 Above integral cannot be calculated.
* " (1 " f ) ( I ) f ) * " f ;( I ) f )
2. Coefficient of (a 3 3 b 6 3 c 8 3 d 9 3 e 3 f ) in given expansion
* " (5 " 24 )n (5 ) 24 )n
31 !
* ( " 1 ) 9 3 ( " 1 )1 3 ( " 1 )1 3 * " (25 " 24 )n * " 1
3 !6 !8 !9 !1 !1 !
3. General term of given expression * a negative integer
1
*
10 !
2 5 /2 3 3 6 /3 3 5 7 /6 …(i) 7. Given, x ) *1 : x 2 " x ) 1 * 0
5! 6! 7 ! x
: ( x ) <) ( x ) <2 ) * 0
5, 6, 7 satisfying two following property
0 8 5, 6, 7 8 10; 5 ) 6 ) 7 * 10 : x * " <, " <2
1 5 * 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; 6 * 0, 3, 6; 7 * 0, 6 1 1
1 p * ( " <) 4000 ) * <4000 ) 4000
Hence, possible pairs of ( 5, 6, 7 ) * ( 4, 6, 0 ); ( 4, 0, 6 ); (10, 0, 0 ) ( " <) 4000 <
1There exists three rational terms. 1 <2 ) 1 <
*<) * * " * "1
So, sum of rational terms < < <
10 ! 2 2 10 ! 2 1 10 ! 5 x * " <2, p * " 1
* 32 33 ) 2 35 ) 2 *12632 Also, for
4 !6 ! 4 !6 ! 10 !
For n =1, 2n * 4k, k > N
4. We have, n
(1 ) x " 3 x 2 ) 2145 * a 0 ) a1x ) a 2x 2 ) L 1 2 2 * 2 4k * (16 )k * last digit number is 6
n
On putting x * " 1, we get Now, q * unit digit at unit place in the number (2 2 ) 1 )
a 0 " a1 ) a 2 " K * ( " 3 ) 2145 * 6 )1 * 7
But we know that, 1 p ) q * "1 ) 7 * 6
31 * 3, 3 2 * 9, 3 3 * 27, 3 4 * 81 # 1&
n
(1 ) x ) x 2 )n
8. Now, % x ) 1 ) ( *
1 a 0 " a1 ) a 2 ) K * [( " 3 ) ] 4 536
("3) 1 $ x ' xn
1 End digit of ( " 3 ) 2145 Since, (1 ) x ) x 2 )n is of the form
* End digit of [( " 3 ) 4 ]536 9 End digit of ( "3 )1 a 0 ) a1x ) a 2x 2 ) L ) a 2n x 2n which contains 2n ) 1 terms.
* 1 93 *3 1 2n ) 1 * 401 : 2n * 400 : n *200
which is greater than 199.
n "1 Cr n n "1 n
Cr 14. We have, (1 ) x ) 20 * 20C 0 ) 20C1 x ) 20C 2 x 2 ) L ) 20C 20 x 20
9. We have, ! n n
* ! n)1
r*0 Cr ) Cr ) 1 r * 0 Cr ) 1 On dividing by x, we get
n "1Cr n
r )1 n "1 (1 ) x ) 20 20C 0 20 20 20
* ! * ! * ) C1 ) C 2x ) C 3x 2 ) L ) 20
C 20 x 19
n)1n
r*0 r * 0 n )1 x x
Cr
r )1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 n(n ) 1 ) n 20 (1 ) x )19 3 x " (1 ) x ) 20 " 20C 0
* [1 ) 2 ) L ) n ] * * * )0) 20
C2
n)1 2 (n ) 1 ) 2 x2 x2
10. Here, n *100, so the total number of terms is 101. ) 2 320 C 3x ) L ) 19 320 C 20 x18
1 Largest term * Middle term * 51th term On putting x *1, we get
50 50 100
#b & #b & #b & 1
* 100
C 50 % ( % ( * 100
C 50 % ( 20 (2 )19 " (2 ) 20 * " ) 20
C 2 ) 2 320 C 3) L ) 19 320 C 20
$2' $2' $2' 1
3 20
# #% 1 &( & 1 C 2 ) 2 320 C 3 ) L ) 19 320 C 20 * 1 ) 10 3 2 20 " 2 20 * 1 ) 9 3 2 20
% % ((
11. We have, T4 * C 3 % x $ 1 ) log x ' ( ( x 1/12 ) 3 *200
6
[given] 1 (2 2000 " 1 )
% ( 15. We have, S * * 2 2000 " 1 * (2 2 )1000 " 1
$ ' 2 "1
3
* (5 " 1 )1000 " 1
: 20 ( x 2(1 ) log x ) ) x 1 /4 * 200
3
)
1 * (51000 " 1000C1 3 5 999 ) 1000
C 2 3 5 998 L
: x 2(1 ) log x ) 4
* 10 1000
) C 998 3 5 2 " 1000C 999 3 5 ) 1 ) " 1
On taking logarithm on base 10, we get
* 5 (5 999 " 1000C1 3 5 998 ) 1000
C 2 3 5 997" L " 1000C 999 )
+ 3 1.
- ) 0 log x * 1 1Remainder is 0.
, 2 (1 ) log x ) 4/ n
# 1& (1 ) x ) 2n
(6 ) 1 ) log x ) log x 16. Now, (1 ) x )n %1 ) ( *
: *1 $ x' xn
4 (1 ) log x )
n
(log x ) 2 ) 3 log x " 4 * 0 # 1&
: 1Coefficient of x "1 in (1 ) x )n %1 ) (
$ x'
: (log x ) 4 ) (log x " 1 ) * 0
(2n )!
: log x * " 4, 1 * Coefficient of xn "1 in (1 ) x ) 2n * 2nCn " 1 *
(n " 1 )! (n ) 1 )!
1 x * 10 "4 , 10
4 4
But x =1 17. Q 19 9 * (20 " 1) 9 * (20 " 1) 6521 * " 1 ) (6521) 9 20 ) multiple
1 x *10 of 100
* " 1 ) 20 ) multiple of 100
12. Q (1 ) x )m ) (1 ) x )m ) 1 ) L ) (1 ) x )n
* 19 ) multiple of 100
(1 ) x )m {(1 ) x )n " m ) 1 " 1 } (1 ) x )n ) 1 " (1 ) x )m 4
* * 1Last two digits of the number 19 9 is 19.
(1 ) x ) " 1 x
1
# a &
1 Coefficient of xm in 18. T2 * nC1 (13 a )n " 1 % ( * 14 a
5/ 2
[given]
(1 ) x )m ) (1 ) x )m ) 1 ) L ) (1 ) x )n $ a "1 '
n "1
(1 ) x )n ) 1 " (1 ) x )m
1
1)
or coefficient of xm in : n(a ) 13 a 2 * 14 a 5/2
x
n "1
or coefficient of xm ) 1 in (1 ) x )n ) 1 " (1 ) x )m : na 13 a 3/2 * 14 a 5/2
* n ) 1Cm ) 1 " 0 * n ) 1Cm ) 1 When we put n *14, then it satisfies the above equation
n
C 3 14 C 3 14 " 3 ) 1
13. We have, 39
C 3r " 1 ) 39
C 3r * 39Cr 2 ) 39
Cr 2 1 * * *4
"1
n
C 2 14 C 2 3
: 40 40
C 3r * Cr 2 19. 6 83 ) 8 83 * (7 " 1 ) 83 ) (7 ) 1 ) 83
: 3 r * r 2 or 40 " 3r * r 2 * 2 (7 83 ) 83
C 2 3 7 81 ) 83
C 4 3 7 79) K ) 83 C 807 3 ) 83 C 827 )
83
* 2 { 49m ) C 82 3 7 }
: r * 0, 3 or r 2 ) 3r " 40 * 0
where, m is an integer
: (r ) 8 ) (r " 5 ) * 0 : r * 0, 3,5, " 8
* 98m ) 2 383 C1 3 7 * 98m ) 2 3 83 3 7
But r * 0, " 8 do not satisfy the given equation
1 r * 3, 5 * 98m ) 2 (77 ) 6 ) 3 7 * 49 (2m ) 22 ) ) 84
Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 503
20
* 49 (2m ) 22 ) ) 49 ) 35 24. ! r (20 " r ) 9 ( 20Cr ) 2
* 49 (2m ) 23 ) ) 35 * 49n ) 35 r*0
20 20
where n is an integer.
* ! r 9 20Cr (20 " r ) 9 20C 20 "r * ! 20 319 Cr " 1 9 20 9 19C19 "r
Hence, the remainder is 35. r*0 r*0
20. In the expansion of (31/4 ) 2 2/3 )12, the general term is * 400 !
20
19
Cr " 1 9 19C19 " r
r 2r r*0
3"
Tr ) 1 * 12Cr (31/4 )12 " r (2 2/3 )r * 12Cr 3 4 23 * 400 9 Coefficient of x18 in (1 ) x )19 (1 ) x )19
Now, 0 8 r 8 12 * 400 9 38 C18 * 400 9 38C 20
1 r * 0, 12
25. Given, (3 ) x 2008 ) x 2009 ) 2010 * a 0 ) a1x ) a 2x 2 ) L ) an xn
Rational terms are T0 ) 1 and T12 ) 1
On putting x * < and <2 respectively, we get
Now, T1 * 12C 03 32 0 * 27
(3 ) <2008 ) <2009 ) 2010 * a 0 ) a1< ) a 2 <2 ) a 3 <3 ) L
: T13 * 12C123 0 3 2 8 * 256
or (3 ) < ) <2 ) 2010 * a 0 ) a1 < ) a 2 <2 ) a 3 <3 ) L
1 Required sum * T1 ) T13
* 27 ) 256 * 283 or 2 2010 * a 0 ) a1 < ) a 2 <2
21. N * 7100 " 3100 * (7 2 ) 50 " (3 2 ) 50 ) a 3 <3 ) a 4 <4 ) a 5 <5 ) a 6 <6 ) L …(i)
* (50 " 1 ) 50 " (10 " 1 ) 50 and [3 ) ( <2 ) 2008 ) ( <2 ) 2009 ]2010
50 50 49 50 48 50
* [(50 ) " C1 (50 ) ) C 2(50 ) " C3 * a 0 ) a1 <2 ) a 2 <4 ) a 3<6 ) a 4 <8 ) a 5 <10 ) a 6 <12 ) L
(50 ) 47 ) L ) 50
C 48 (50 ) 2 " 50C 49(50 ) ) 1 ] or (3 ) <2 ) <) 2010
" [10 50 " 50C1 3 10 49 ) 50C 2(10 ) 48 " 50C 3(10 ) 47 * a 0 ) a1<2 ) a 2 <4 ) a 3 <6 ) a 4 <8) a 5 <10 ) a 6 <12 ) L
)L) 50
C 48 (10 ) 2 " 50C 49(10 ) ) 1 ] :2 2010 * a 0 ) a1<2 ) a 2<4 ) a 3<6 ) a 4 <8) a 5 <10 ) a 6 <12 …(ii)
* [10 4 m " 50C 47(50 ) 3 ) 50C 48(50 ) 2 " 50C 49 (50 ) ) 1 ] On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 50 3 50 2 50 2 9 2 2010 * 2a 0 ) a1 ( < ) <2 ) ) a 2( <2 ) <4 )
" [10 n " C 47(10 ) ) C 48(10 ) " C 49(10 ) ) 1 ]
) a 3 ( <3 ) <6 ) ) a 4 ( <4 ) <8 )
when m and n are integers.
) a 5( <5 ) <10 ) ) a 6( <6 ) <12 ) ) L
* 10 4 p " 50 C 3[(50 ) 3 " (10 ) 3 ] ) 50 C 2[(50 ) 2
* 2a 0 " a1 " a 2 ) 2a 3 " a 4 " a 5 ) 2a 6 " L
" (10 ) 2 ] " 50C1[(50 ) " (10 )]
1 1 1 1
When p is an integer. : 2 2010 * a 0 " a1 " a 2 ) a 3 " a 4 " a 5 ) a 6 " L
2 2 2 2
* 10 4 p " 124 9 196 9 10 5 ) 294 9 10 4 " 2000 * 10 4 q " 2000 n
# 1 & ( x 4 " 2 x 2 ) 1 )n ( x 2 " 1 ) 2n
26. Now, % x 2 " 2 ) 2(
* *
When q is an integer. $ x ' x 2n x 2n
* 10 4 q " 10 4 ) 10 4 " 2000 * 10 4 (q " 1 ) ) 8000 1Total number of terms that are dependent of x is equal to
1 Last four digits * 0000 ) 8000 * 8000 number of terms in the expansion of ( x 2 " 1 ) 2n that have
22. Let P * 5 99 * 5 9 5 98 * 5 (25 ) 49 * 5 (26 " 1) 49 degree of x different from 2n, which is given by
(2n ) 1 ) " 1 * 2n.
* 5[ 49C 0(26 ) 49 " 49C1(26 ) 48 ) 49
C 2(26) 47
27. Given expansion can be rewritten as [1 ) x 2(1 " x )]8
" L ) 49C 48(26 ) " 49C 49 3 1 ]
* 8C 0 ) 8C1x 2(1 " x ) ) 8C 2 x 4 (1 " x ) 2
* 5 9 26k " 5, when k is an integer.
P 5 8 ) 8C 3x 6(1 " x ) 3 ) 8C 4 x 8(1 " x ) 4 ) 8C 5x10(1 " x ) 5 ) L
1 * 10k " * 10k " 1 )
13 13 13 There are only two terms, which we get the coefficient of x10.
Hence, the remainder is 8. 1Coefficient of x10 * 8C 4 [Coefficient of x 2 in (1 " x ) 4 ]
3 2003 3 2 9 3 2001 9 9 ) 8C 5 [Coefficient of x 0 in (1 " x ) 5]
23. Now, * * (3 3 ) 667 * (28 " 1 ) 667
28 28 28 28
9 * 8C 4 ( 4 C 2 ) ) 8C 5 (1 )
* {(28 ) 667 " 667C1(28 ) 666 ) 667C 2(28 ) 665 " L ) 667C 666(28 ) " 1 }
28 * ( 8C 4 )( 4 C 2 ) ) 8C 3 * (70 ) (6 ) ) 56 * 476
9 28. (1 ) ix ) 4n " 2 * 4n " 2
C0 ) 4n " 2
C1(ix ) ) 4n " 2
C 2(ix ) 2
* 9k " , where k is an integer.
28 ) L ) 4n " 2C 4n " 2 (ix ) 4n " 2
19
* (9k " 1 ) ) Here, we see that Ist negative term is T3 and the next term is T7
98
and the last negative term is T4n " 1.
? 3 2003 B ? 19B 19
or @ C * @(9k " 1 ) ) C * Now, 3, 7, L, 4n " 1
A 28 D A 28D 28 It is an AP.
Q l * a ) ( N " 1 )d r 14 " (r ) 1 ) ) 1
: 2* )
1 4n " 1 * 3 ) ( N " 1 ) 4 14 " r ) 1 r )1
: n "1 * N "1 : N * n r 14 " r
# n & #m & n! m! : 2* )
29. Q % (% ( * 9 15 " r r )1
$m ' $ p ' m !(n " m )! p !(m " p )!
: 2 (15 " r ) (r ) 1 ) * r (r ) 1 ) ) (15 " r ) (14 " r )
n! #n & # n " p &
* *% (% ( : " 2 r 2 ) 28 r ) 30 * 2 r 2 " 28 r ) 210
(n " m )! p !(m " p )! $ p ' $m " p '
n n # n & #m & n n #n & # n " p &
: 4 r 2 " 56 r ) 180 * 0 : r 2 " 14 r ) 45 * 0
1 ! ! % ( % ( * ! ! % (% (
p *1 m*p $m ' $ p ' p *1 m*p $ p ' $m " p ' : (r " 9 ) (r " 5 ) * 0
n #n & n #n " p & : r * 5, 9
* ! % ( ! % ( 33. (3 3 ) 5) 2n ) 1 * ( 27 ) 5 ) 2n ) 1
p *1 $ p ' m*p $m " p '
n # n & n "p #n " p & Now, let5 ) 6 * ( 27 ) 5 ) 2n ) 1 …(i)
* ! % ( ! % ( [where, t * m " p]
p *1 $ p ' t * 0 $ t ' 0 46 41 …(ii)
n #n & and let 6 ; * ( 27 " 5 ) 2n ) 1 …(iii)
* 2n ! % ( 2n " p
p *1 $ p ' 0 4 6; 41 …(iv)
n #n & 1 +# 1&
n . n n On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get
* 2n ! % ( p * 2n - %1 ) ( "10 *3 "2
p *1 $ p ' 2 -, $ 2 '
/0 5 ) 6 " 6 ; * ( 27 ) 5 ) 2n ) 1 " ( 27 " 5 ) 2n ) 1 …(v)
4 5 4 " r # xr & 8 : 5 ) 0 * 2p (even integer), F p > N
30. Given, ! % (*
r * 0 ( 4 " r )! $ r ! ' 3 : 5 * 2p * even integer
4
(5 ) x ) 8 Also, from Eq. (v), we get
: *
4! 3 5 * ( 27 ) 5 ) 2n ) 1 " ( 27 " 5 ) 2n ) 1 divisible by
: (5 ) x ) 4 * 64 * (2 2 ) 4 : 5 ) x * E 2 2 ( 27 ) 5 ) " ( 27 " 5 ), i. e. divisible by 10.
1 x * 2 2 " 5 or x * " 2 2 " 5 34. We have, (8 ) 3 7 )n * (8 ) 63 )n
Hence, largest real value of x is 2 2 " 5. Now, let P ) F * (8 ) 63 )n …(i)
31. We have,
0 4 F 41 …(ii)
Coefficient of x in (1 ) x )m (1 " x )n * mC1 " nC1
and let F ; * (8 " 63 )n …(iii)
and coefficient of x 2 in (1 ) x )m (1 " x )n * mC 2 " mC1 nC1 ) nC 2
m
0 4 F ; 41 …(iv)
According to the question, C1 " nC1 * 3 On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
: m "n *3 …(i) P ) F ) F ; * (8 ) 63 )n ) (8 " 63 )n …(v)
m
and C 2 " mC1 nC1 ) nC 2 * " 6
: P ) 1 * 2 p (even integer), F p > N
m(m " 1 ) n(n " 1 )
: " mn ) * "6 : P * 2 p " 1 * odd integer
2 2
1 F ; *1 " F
: (m " n ) 2 " (m ) n ) * " 12
1 (1 " F ) ( P ) F ) * F ;( P ) F ) * (8 " 63 )n (8 ) 63 )n
: 9 " (m ) n ) * " 12 [from Eq. (i)]
* (64 " 63 )n * 1n * 1
or m ) n * 21 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
35. We have, 6th term in the expansion of
7
? 1 B
m * 12 and n * 9 G log 2 ( 9 x " 1 ) 7) (1/ 5) log 2 ( 3x " 1 ) 1) G
@2 )2 C
32. Coefficient of rth, (r ) 1) th and (r ) 2) th terms in (1 ) x )14 are GA GD
14
Cr " 1, 14Cr 7
? 1 B
and 14 Cr ) 1, respectively. or @ (9 x " 1 ) 7 ) ) x " 1 is T6 * T5 ) 1
1/ 5 C
A (3 ) 1 ) D
Now, according to the question, 2 (14 Cr ) * 14Cr " 1 ) 14
Cr ) 1 5
? 1 B
On dividing both sides by 14
Cr , we get * 7C 5 ( 9 x " 1 ) 7 ) 2@ x " 1 1/ 5 C
14 14 A (3 ) 1) D
Cr " 1 Cr ) 1
2* ) (9 x " 1 ) 7 ) (9 x " 1 ) 7 )
14
Cr 14
Cr * 7C 2 3 * 21 3 * 84 [given]
(3 x " 1 ) 1 ) (3 x " 1 ) 1 )
: (9 x " 1 ) 7 ) * 4 (3 x " 1 ) 1 ) : 2 (n C 2 ) 2 ) * nC1 ) (n C 3 ) 2 nC1 )

Let 3 x " 1 * H, then + n(n " 1 ) . n(n " 1 )(n " 2 )
: -,2 2 0/ ) 4 * 3n )
2 6
H " 4H ) 3 * 0
: n 3 " 9n 2 ) 26n " 24 * 0
or (H "3) (H "1) * 0
: (n " 2 )(n 2 " 7n ) 12 ) * 0
1 H * 3, 1
: (n " 2 )(n " 3 )(n " 4 ) * 0
: 3 x " 1 * 31, 3 0
: n * 2, 3, 4
or x " 1 * 1, 0 or x *2, 1
n n
Hence, n * 3, 4 (n I 2,Q n C 3 is not defined)
# 1 & # 1 &
36. % x ) 4 ( or % x 1/2 ) x "1/4 ( 17 1 1
) 3 2 * (9 ) 8 ) 12 2 ) * (3 ) 2 2 ) 2
$ 23 x ' $ 2 ' 38. We have,
4 4 4
n 2n " 3 2 n"3
#1& #1& 17 1 #3 &
* nC 0 3 x 2 ) nC1 3 % ( 3 x 4 ) nC 2 3 % ( 3x 2 )L : 3" ) 3 2 * 3 " (3 ) 2 2 ) * % " 2 (
$2' $2' 4 2 $2 '
According to the question, 20
# 17 &
2 110th term in %3 " ) 3 2 ( is
n #1& #1& $ 4 '
C 0, nC1 % (, nC 2 % ( are in AP.
$2' $2' 20 " 9
#3&
#1&
2 T9 ) 1 * 20C 9 % ( (" 2 )9
1 n
C1 * nC 0 ) nC 2 % ( $2'
$2' 9
"11 )
n(n " 1 ) * 20C 9( " 1 ) 9311 3 2 2
: n *1 )
4 32 "
13
: n 2 " 9n ) 8 * 0 * " 20C 93112 2
: (n " 8 )(n " 1 ) * 0 which is a negative and an irrational number.

1 n * 8, n I 1 39. We have, C 0 " (C 0 ) C1 ) ) (C 0 ) C1 ) C 2 ) " (C 0
option (a) Number of terms * 8 ) 1 * 9 ) C1 ) C 2 ) C 3 ) ) L ( " 1 )n " 1 (C 0 ) C1 ) L ) Cn " 1 )
r r r
4" #1& " For even integer, take n * 2m, we get
option (b) Now, Tr ) 1 * 8Cr 3 x 2 3% ( 3x 4
$2' * C 0 " (C 0 ) C1 ) ) (C 0 ) C1 ) C 2 )
Q 0 8r 88 " (C 0 ) C1 ) C 2 ) C 3 ) ) L " (C 0 ) C1) L ) C 2m " 1 )
For integral powers of x, r * 0, 4, 8 * " (C1 ) C 3 ) C 5 ) L ) C 2m " 1 )
1Number of terms in the expansion with integral power of x * " (C1 ) C 3 ) C 5 ) L ) Cn " 1 ) [Q n * 2m ]
is 3. n "1
* "2
option (c) From option (b),
4"
3r r 40. We have,
#1&
Tr ) 1 * 8Cr 3x 4 3% ( n # 30 & # 20 & n # 30 & # 20 &
$2' f (n ) * ! % (% (* ! % (%
50
( * Cn
i * 0 $ 30 " i ' $ n " i ' i * 0 $ i ' $ n " i '
For independent of x,
3r 1 f (n ) is greatest, when n *25
4"
*0
4 1Maximum value of f (n ) is 50C 25.
16 Also, f ( 0 ) ) f (1 ) ) L ) f (50 )
r* JW
3 * 50C 0 ) 50
C1 ) 50
C2 ) L ) 50
C 50 *2 50
1No terms in the given expansion which is independent of x. 50
Also, Cn is not divisible by 50 for any n as 50 is not a prime
option (d) Middle term is number.
4
#1& 50
T5 * 8C 4 3 x 3 % ( ! ( f (n )) 2 * ( 50C 0 ) 2 ) ( 50C1 ) 2 ) L ) ( 50C 50 ) 2 * 100 C 50
$2' n*0
69 69
i.e. only one middle term. 41. C 3r " 1 ) C 3r * 69Cr 2 "1
) 69
Cr 2
37. We have, 70 70
: C 3r * Cr 2
Coefficient of x, x 2 and x 3 in (1 ) x 2 ) 2 (1 ) x )n
: r 2 * 3r or 70 " 3r * r 2
i.e., values of a1, a 2 and a 3 in (1 ) 2 x 2 ) x 4 ) (1 ) x )n
: r * 0, 3 or r 3 ) 3r " 70 * 0
: a1 * nC1, a 2 * nC 2 ) 2 and a 3 * nC 3 ) 2 nC1
: r * 0, 3 or (r ) 10 )(r " 7 ) * 0
According to the question,
: r * 0, 3, 7, " 10
2a 2 * a1 ) a 3
But r * 0, " 10 do not satisfies the given equation. On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Hence, two values of r satisfies, n (1 ) x ) x 2 )n 3 (1 ) 2 x ) * H 2n " 1 ) L ) 2nH 0 x 2n " 1
i. e. r * 3, 7
#8 & On putting x * 0, we get H 2n " 1 * n
42. Here, n is even, so middle term is % ) 1( th, i. e. 5th term.
$2 ' Hence, coefficient of x 2n " 2 * n
4
# sin "1 x & 630 # 1 &
n
1 T5 * 8C 4 ( x ) 4 % ( * [given] and coefficient of x 2 in % x 2 ) 1 ) 2 (
$ x ' 16 $ x '
: 70 (sin "1 x )4 *
630
: (sin "1 x ) 4 *
9 * Coefficient of x 2n ) 2 in (1 ) x 2 ) x 4 )n
10 16 * Coefficient of xn ) 1 in (1 ) x ) x 2 )n
"1 3 3
: (sin x ) 2 * : sin "1 x * E dn ) 1
4 2 * (1 ) x ) x 2 )n I n
K K dxn ) 1
+ "1 # K K &.
: x*" , -Q sin x > %$ " 2 , 2 (' 0 20
3 3 , / # 1&
45. Now, % x ) ( * 20C 0 x 20 ) 20
C1x18 ) 20
C 2 x16
43. Sum of coefficients * (a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c )n $ x'
20
Let f ( 5 ) * a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c ) C 3 x14 ) L
Now, D * 4b 2 " 4ac * 4 (b 2 " ac ) 4 0 ) 20

C9 x 2 ) 20
C10 ) C11x "2 ) L )
20
C 20 x " 20
20
1 f ( 5 ) 4 0 or f ( 5 ) = 0, F 5 > R Tr ) 1 * 20Cr 3 x 20 " 2r …(i)

If a = 0, then f ( 5 ) = 0 10 20
# 1 & #1 &
:(a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c )n = 0 and % x 2 ) 2 ) 2 ( * % ) x(
$ x ' $x '
If c = 0, i. e. f ( 0 ) = 0 : f ( 5 ) = 0
* 20C 0 x " 20 ) C1x " 18 )
20
C 2x " 16
20
: (a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c )n = 0
20 20
) L) C10 ) C11x 2 ) 20
C12 x 4
If a 4 0, then f ( 5 ) 4 0
20
: (a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c )n 4 0, if n is odd ) L) C 20 x 20
" 10
If c 4 0, then f ( 0 ) 4 0 : f ( 5 ) 4 0 1 T6 * T5 ) 1 * C 5 x 20
…(ii)
: (a5 2 ) 2b5 ) c )n = 0, if n is even.
According to the question, 20Cr * 20C 5
n
# 1 & (1 ) x 2 ) x 4 )n 1 r * 5 or 20 * r ) 5 : Sr * 5, 15
44. Q % x 2 ) 1 ) 2 ( *
$ x ' x 2n
a 0 ) a1x 2 ) a 2x 4 ) L ) a 2n x 4n
!
Sol. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
* 2n
x 2n 46. We have, (1 ) x ) x 2 )n * ! ar xr …(i)
r*0
1Number of terms * 2n ) 1
n 1
# 1 & On replacing x by , we get
Term independent of x * an * Constant term in % x 2 ) 1 ) 2 ( x
$ x ' n 2n r
# 1 1 & #1&
* Coefficient of x 2n in (1 ) x 2 ) x 4 )n %1 ) ) 2 ( * ! ar % (
$ x x ' r*0 $x'
* Coefficient of xn in (1 ) x ) x 2 )n 2n
: (1 ) x ) x 2 )n * M ar x 2n " r …(ii)
dn
* n (1 ) x ) x 2 )n I 2n " 1 r*0
dx From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n
# 1 & 2n 2n
Coefficient of x 2n " 2 in % x 2 ) 1 ) 2 ( M ar xr * M ar x 2n " r
$ x ' r*0 r*0
* Coefficient of x 4n " 2 in (1 ) x 2 ) x 4 )n Equating the coefficient of x 2n " r on both sides, we get

* Coefficient of x 2n " 1 in (1 ) x ) x 2 )n a 2n " r * ar …(iii)
2 n 2 0 8 r 8 2n
Now, let (1 ) x ) x ) * H 0 ) H1x ) H 2 x ) K
On putting r * 0, 1, 2, 3,L, n " 1, n, we get
) H 2n " 1x 2H " 1 ) H 2n x 2n a 2n * a 0
1 a 2n " 1 * a1
On replacing x by , we get
x a 2n " 2 * a 2
n a 2n " 3 * a 3
# 1 1 & H1 H 2 H 2n " 1 H
%1 ) ) 2 ( * H0 ) ) 2 ) L ) 2n " 1 ) 22nn M M M
$ x x ' x x x x
an ) 1 * an " 1, an * an
or (1 ) x ) x 2 )n * H 2n ) H 2n " 1 x ) L ) H1x 2n " 1 ) H 0 x 2n
Then, a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 ) L ) an " 1 On differentiating both sides of Eq. (v) w.r.t. x and put x * 0,
* an ) 1 ) an ) 2 ) L ) a 2n …(iv) we get
and on putting x * 1 in Eq. (i), we get a 39 * 20 (2 )19 …(vii)
2n
! ar * 3n 49. a 0 ) a 2 ) a 4 ) L ) a 38 ) a 40 * 219 (2 20 ) 1) [from Eq. (iii)]
r*0 19 20
: a 0 ) a 2 ) a 4 ) L ) a 38 * 2 (2 ) 1 ) " a 40
:(a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 ) ...) an "1 ) ) an ) (an ) 1 ) an ) 2 ) ...) a 2n ) * 3n
* 219(2 20 ) 1 ) " 2 20 [from Eq. (vi)]
From Eq.(iv), we get 19 20
* 2 (2 " 1)
2 (a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 )L) an " 1 ) * 3n " an
n "1
50. a1 ) a 3 ) a 5 ) L ) a 37 ) a 39 * 219 (2 20 " 1 ) [from Eq. (iv)]
(3n " an )
or ! ar * : a1 ) a 3 ) a 5 ) L ) a 37 * 2 (2 19 20
" 1 ) " a 39
r*0 2
19 20
47. On putting x * 1 and x * " 1 in Eq. (i), we get * 2 (2 " 1 ) " 20 (2 )19
[from Eq. (vii)]
3n * a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 ) L ) a 2n …(v)
* 219 (2 20 " 21 )
1 * a 0 " a1 ) a 2 " a 3 ) L ) a 2n …(vi)
On adding and subtracting Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get a 39 20 (2 )19
51. From Eqs. (vi) and (vii), we get * * 10
3n ) 1 a 40 2 20
* (a 0 ) a 2 ) L ) a 2n ) …(vii)
2
n
3 "1
! Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
* (a1 ) a 3 ) a 5 ) L ) a 2n " 1 ) …(viii)
2 52. 5 40 * (5 2 ) 20 * (22 ) 3) 20 * 22H ) 3 20, H > N
Also, ar * a 2n " r Also, 3 20 * (3 2 )10 * (11 " 2 )10 * 11N ) 210, N > N
Put r * 0, 2, 4, 6, L,n " 1 Now, 210 * 1024 * 11 9 93 ) 1
a 0 * a 2 n , a 2 * a 2 n " 2, a 4 * a 2 n " 4 , L
1 Remainder, a * 1
a n "1 * an ) 1
Also, 2 2011 * 2 3(2 4 ) 502 * 2 3(17 " 1 ) 502
From Eq. (vii), we get
3n ) 1 * 8 [(17 ) 502 " 502
C1(17 ) 501 ) L " 502
C 501(17 ) ) 1 ]
* 2 (a 0 ) a 2 ) L ) an " 2 ) ) an
2 * 8 (17 H ) 1 ), H > N * 8 9 17 H ) 8
3n ) 1 " 2 an 1Remainder, b *8
* a 0 ) a 2 ) L ) an " 1
4 Hence, a ) b *1 ) 8 *9
48. From Eq. (viii), we get 53. 19 93 " 13 99 * (odd number) " (odd number) * even number
3n " 1 1 19 93 " 13 99 is divisible by 2.
* 2 (a1 ) a 3 ) L ) an ) " an
2
Now, 19 93 " 13 99 * (18 ) 1 ) 93 " (12 ) 1 ) 99
3n " 1 ) 2an
* (a1 ) a 3 ) L ) an ) * [(18 ) 93 ) 93
C1(18 ) 92 ) 93
C 2(18 ) 91L ) L ) 93
C 92 (18 ) ) 1 ]
4
" [(12 ) 99 ) 99
C1 (12 ) 98 ) 99
C 2 (12 ) 97 ) L ) 99
C 98 (12 ) ) 1 ]
!
Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 2 93 2 99
* (18 ) H ) C1 9 18 " (12 ) N " C1(12 )
Given, (1 ) x ) 2 x 2 ) 20 * a 0 ) a1x ) a 2x 2 ) L ) a 40 x 40
When H and N are integers
On putting x * 1 and x * " 1 respectively, we get
* (18 ) 2 H " (12 ) 2N ) 486
a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 ) L ) a 40 * 4 20 * 2 40 …(i)
20 * 81 9 4 H " 12 2 ( 99C 2 ) 12 3 99C 3 ) ) 81 p ) 486
and a 0 " a1 ) a 2 " L ) a 40 * 2 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get * 81 (integer), where p is an integer.
a 0 ) a 2 ) a 4 ) L ) a 38 ) a 40 * 219 (2 20 ) 1 ) …(iii) But 2 and 81 are co-prime.
and a1 ) a 3 ) a 5 ) L ) a 37 ) a 39 * 219 (2 20 " 1 ) …(iv) 1 19 93 " 13 99 is divisible by 162.

1 54. 13 99 * (12 ) 1) 99 * (12) 99 ) 99C1(12) 98 ) 99C 2(12) 97 ) L )
Also, replacing x by in given expression, we get
x 99
C 97 (12 ) 2 ) 99 C 98(12 ) ) 1
20
# 1 2 & a1 a 2 a a a
* {(12 ) 99 ) 99
C1(12 ) 98 ) 99
C 2(12 ) 97
%1 ) ) 2 ( * a0 ) ) 2 ) L ) 38 ) 39 ) 40
$ x x ' x x x 38 x 39 x 40 99
) L) C 97 (12 ) 2 } ) 99
C1 (12 ) ) 1
: (2 ) x ) x 2 ) 20 * a 0 x 40 ) a1x 39
* 81 H ) 99 9 12 ) 1, where H is an integer
) L ) a 38x 2 ) a 39 x ) a 40 …(v)
* 81 H ) 81 9 14 ) 55
On putting x * 0, we get a 40 * 2 20 …(vi)
1 Remainder * 55
! Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) * x 9 ) (1 ) 1 ) 3 ) 3 ) 3 ) 5 ) 5 ) 5 ) 5 ) x 8

n
Here, (1 ) 2 ) * 2187 ) (1 3 1 ) 1 3 3 ) 1 3 3 ) 1 3 3 ) 1 3 5 ) L ) 1 3 5 ) 3 3 3
n
3 * 2187 * 3 :n * 7 7 ) 3 3 3 ) 3 3 5 ) L ) 5 3 5) x 7 ) L
1 1Coefficient of x 7 * (1 ) 1 ) 3 ) 3 ) 3 ) 5 ) 5 ) 5 ) 5 ) 2
At x* , R * ( 2 ) 1)7 * I ) f
2 " (1 2 ) 1 2 ) 3 2 ) 3 2 ) 3 2 ) 5 2 ) 5 2 ) 5 2 ) 5 2 )
55. Let f ; * ( 2 " 1) 7, 0 4 f ; 4 1 2
1 Rf ; * ( 2 ) 1 ) 7 ( 2 " 1 ) 7 * (1 ) 7 * 1 (31 ) 2 " (129 ) 961 " 129
* * * 416
1 (n ) Rf ) * 7 ) 1 * 8 2 2
(n ) 1 ) ( x ) Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 83)
56. Here, m * !
1)x Since, sum of coefficient of B is 6561.

# 1& 2 #5 1&
n
(7 ) 1 ) %2 9 ( 89 1 % ) ( * 6561
$ 3' 3 * 16 * 3.2 $2 2'
* *"
1 5 5
1)29 : 3n * 6561 : 3n * 3 8
3 3
1 n *8
T[m ] ) 1 * T3 ) 1 * T4
61. Coefficient (T3 " T2 ) * 117
57. Here, n * 7
7
m
C 23 2 " mC131 * 117
C 7 "1 7
1Greatest coefficient * or C 3 : m *6
2
7 62. nm * 8 6 * (1 ) 7 ) 6 * (1 ) 7k )
C 7)1
and , i. e. 7C 4 Hence, remainder is 1.
2 8
Sum of values of k * (3 ) 1 ) ) ( 4 ) 1 ) * 9 # 5x x " 2 & 7
#5& #1&
Coefficient of T2 in % ) ( 8
C1 % ( % (
$2 2 ' $2' $2'
!
Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60) 63. 8
* 7
* 5 6 * 15625
# x " 2 5x & 8 #1& #5&
58. ( x ) C 0 ) ( x ) 3 3 C1 ) ( x ) 5 3 C 2 ) ) L { x ) (2n ) 1) 3 Cn } Coefficient of T2 in % ) ( C1 % ( % (
$ 2 2 ' $2' $2'
* x n ) 1 ) x n {C 0 ) 3 3 C1 ) 5 3 C 2 ) L ) (2n ) 1 ) 3 Cn }
1Coefficient of xn * C 0 ) 3 3 C1 ) 5 3 C 2 ) L ) (2n ) 1 ) 3 Cn !
Sol. (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
* (C 0 ) C1 ) C 2 ) L ) Cn ) Qa 4 , a 5, a 6 i.e., n C 4 , nC 5, nC 6 are in AP, then
) 2 {C1 ) 2 3 C 2 ) L n 3 Cn }
2 3n C 5 * nC 4 ) nC 6
n ? n (n " 1 ) B
* 2 ) 2 @n )23 ) L ) nC C4 n n
C 5 n "6 ) 1
A 2 D : 2* ) n 6* )
C5 n
C5 n " 5 ) 1 6
? (n " 1 ) (n " 2 ) B
* 2n ) 2n @1 ) (n " 1 ) ) ) L ) 1C 5 n "5
A 1 32 D : 2* )
n"4 6
n n "1 n "1 n "1 n "1
* 2 ) 2n { C0 ) C1 ) C2 ) L ) Cn " 1 }
: 12n " 48 * 30 ) n 2 " 9n ) 20
n n "1 n n n
* 2 ) 2n (1 ) 1 ) * 2 ) n 3 2 * (n ) 1 ) 2 : 2
n " 21n ) 98 * 0 : n * 7,14
59. ( x ) C 0 ) ( x ) C1 ) ( x ) C 2 ) ) L ) ( x ) Cn ) Hence, n *7 [Q n 4 10 ]
n
# n & # & Also, A * ( 3 2 ) 4 3 )13n * (21/3 ) 31/4 ) 91
* xn ) 1 ) % M Cr ( xn ) % ! ! CiC j ( xn " 1 ) L
$r * 0 ' $0 8i j 8n ' 1 Tr ) 1 * 91Cr (21/3 ) 91 " r 3 (3 1/4 )r
n "1 91" r
1Coefficient of x in !! CiC j
0 8i 8 j 8n * 91Cr 3 2 3 3 3r /4 …(i)
1 G? # n # n 2 &GB 1 2n 2n
2 n 7
& 64. ! ai * ! ai * a1 ) a 2 ) a 3 ) L ) a 7
* @ % ! Cr ( " % ! Cr (C * {2 " Cn }
2 AG $r * 0 ' $r * 0 'G 2
D
i* 1 i *1
* 7C1 ) 7C 2 ) 7C 3 ) L ) 7C 7 * 2 7 " 1 * 127

1
2n " 1
*2 " 32n Cn
2 65. From Eq. (i), we get
60. ( x ) 1) 2 ( x ) 3) 3( x ) 5) 4 0 8 r 8 91
For rational terms, r * 4, 16, 28, 40, 52, 64, 76, 88
* ( x ) 1 ) ( x ) 1 ) ( x ) 3 ) ( x ) 3 ) ( x ) 3 )( x ) 5 ) ( x ) 5 )
(x ) 5) (x ) 5) Rational terms are T5, T17, T29, T41, T53, T65, T77, T89
1 am * 89
4
66. Also, 5, 17, 29, 41 53,…, 89 71. We have, 19 9 * (20 " 1) 6561
are in AP with common difference 12.
n
* (20 ) 6561 " 6561
C1 (20 ) 6560 ) 6561
C 2(20 ) 6559
67. The unit digit of 2 2 is always 6 for n = 1. 6561 2 6561
"L" C 6559 (20 ) ) C 6560(20 ) 2 " 1
100
Now, ! r ! * 0 ! ) 1 ! ) 2 ! ) 3 ! ) 4 ! ) 10 (k ); k > N * 1000 k " 6561
C 2( 400 ) ) 6561
C1(20 ) " 1
r*0
where, k is an integer.
* 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 6 ) 24 ) 10 k * 34 ) 10 k
100 n
* 1000 p ) 6561 9 20 " 1 * 1000 p ) 131220 " 1
1 Unit digit of ! r ! ) 2 2 where, p is an integer.
r*0
100
* 1000 p ) 131219
n
* Unit place of ! r ! + Unit place of 2 2 1 ab * 19
r*0
i.e. a * 1, b * 9
* 4 ) 0 ) 6 * 10, its unit place is 0.
3n
Hence, b " 3a * 9 " 3 * 6
68. Given, !ar xr * (1 ) x ) x 2 ) x 3 )n 72. n Cr ) 4 3n Cr ) 1 ) 6 3n Cr ) 2 ) 4 3n Cr ) 3 ) nCr ) 4
r *0
* (n Cr ) nCr ) 1 ) ) 3 (n Cr ) 1 ) nCr ) 2 )
It is clear that ar is the coefficient of xr in the expansion of
(1 ) x ) x 2 ) x 3 )n . ) 3 (n Cr ) 2 ) nCr ) 3 ) ) (n Cr ) 3 ) nCr ) 4 )
1 * n ) 1Cr ) 1 ) 3 3n ) 1 Cr ) 2 ) 3 3n ) 1 Cr ) 3 ) n ) 1 Cr ) 4
On replacing x by in the given equation , we get
x * (n ) 1Cr ) 1 ) n)1
Cr ) 2 ) ) 2 (n ) 1Cr ) 2
r
3n
#1& (1 ) x ) x 2 ) x 3 )n ) n)1
Cr ) 3 ) ) (n ) 1Cr ) 3 ) n)1
Cr ) 4 )
! ar % ( *
r*0 $x' x 3n n) 2 n) 2 n) 2
* Cr ) 2 ) 2 3 Cr ) 3 ) Cr ) 4
Here, ar represents the coefficient of 3 3n " r in (1 ) x ) x 2 ) x 3 )n . n) 2 n) 2 n) 2 n) 2
*( Cr ) 2 ) Cr ) 3 ) ) ( Cr ) 3 ) Cr ) 4 )
Thus, ar * a 3n " r …(i) n) 3 n) 3
3n 3n * Cr ) 3 ) Cr ) 4
Let I * ! r 9 ar * ! (3n " r ) a 3n " r
r*0 r*0 n) 4 n ) 4n) 3
* Cr ) 4 * Cr ) 3
[replacing r by 3n " r ] r) 4
3n
Similarly, n Cr ) 3 3n Cr ) 1 ) 3 3n Cr ) 2 ) nCr ) 3 * n ) 3Cr ) 3
* ! (3n " r ) ar [from Eq. (i)]
r*0 n)4 n)H
3n 3n 1 * : H*4
* 3n ! " ! r ar r)4 r)H
r*0 r*0 99 3 98
3nk 73. 99 50 " 99 3 98 50 ) (97 ) 50 " L ) 99
: 2 I * 3nk : I * 1 H *3 1 32
2 * 99 50 " 99C1 (98 ) 50 ) 99C 2 (97 ) 50 " L ) 99
C 98 3 1
20 " r
99 50 99 50 99
69. We have, Tr ) 1 * Cr 20
34 3 36 " r /4 * C 0(99 ) " C1 (99 " 1 ) ) C 2 (99 " 2 ) 50 " L
40 " 2r 99
) C 98 (99 " 98 ) 50 " 99C 99 (99 " 99 ) 50
* 20Cr 3 2 3 3 2 " r /4 3 3 " r /4
160 " 11r
* (99 ) 50 { 99C 0 " 99C1 ) 99
C2 " L ) 99
C 98 " 99C 99 }
* 20Cr 3 3 " r /4
3 2 12 ) 50
C1 (99 ) 49 { 99C1 " 2 399 C 2 ) 3 399 C 3 " L}
r 160 " 11r *0)0*0
For rational terms, and must be integers and
4 12 74. Given,
0 8 r 8 20. Q Greatest term in the expansion of (1 ) x ) 2n has the greatest
r coefficient.
1 is an integer.
4 1 Tn ) 1 * 2nCn xn (greatest term)
: r * 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20
160 " 11r 1 Tn 4 Tn ) 1 = Tn ) 2
Clearly, for r * 8, 16 and 20 is also an integer. : 2n
Cn " 1 3 xn " 1 4 2nCn 3 xn = 2nCn ) 1 3 xn ) 1
12
1The number of rational terms is 3. 2n
Cn " 1 1 2n
Cn ) 1
: 3 4 1 = 3x
70. We have, 2 2006 * 2 2 (2 3 ) 668 2n
Cn x 2n
Cn
* 4 (1 ) 7 ) 668 * 4 (1 ) 7k ) * 4 ) 28k n 1 n
: 3 41 = x
1 2 2006 ) 2006 * 4 ) 28k ) 7 9 (286) ) 4 n)1 x n)1
n n)1
Hence, remainder is 8. : x= and x 4
n)1 n
# n n ) 1& For rational term, r should be a multiple of 9, i.e.,

i.e., x >% , ( r * 0, 9, 18,L, 6561
$n ) 1 n '
Total rational terms, m * 730
# 10 11 &
Given, x >% , ( and irrational terms, n * 6562 " 730 * 5832
$ 11 10 '
Let H * unit digit of (730 ) 5832 * 0
1 n * 10
m 3 and N * unit digit of (5832 ) 7300.
# 1& #1& n
Also, T4 in % Hx ) ( * mC 3( Hx )m " 3 % ( * [given] * unit digit of (2 5 )145 3 2 5
$ x' $x' 4
n * (2 ) (2 ) * 4
m
C 3 3 Hm " 3 3 xm " 6 * [given]
4 1 HN ) N H * ( 0 ) 4 ) ( 4 ) 0 * 1
10 and H)N*0)4*4
* [Qn * 10]
4 (B) General term, tr ) 1 * 600Cr (71/3 ) 600 " r ( x51/2 )r
5
* 600 " r
2 * 600
Cr (7 ) 3 5r /2 x r
Put m " 6 * 0, we get
For rational term, r should be multiple of 6.
m *6
i. e. r * 0, 6, L, 600
6 5
1 C 3 3 H3 * 1Total rational terms, m * 101
2
3
and total irrational terms,
5 1 1 #1& n * 601 " 101 * 500
: H3 * 9 * *% (
2 20 8 $ 2 ' Let H * unit digit of (m )n
1
1 H* * unit digit of (101 ) 500 * 1
2
1 and N * unit digit of (500 )101 * 0
Hence, mH * 6 9 *3
2 1 H2 ) N 2 * (1 ) 2 ) ( 0 ) 2 * 1
75. We know that, ( x " 1)n * nC 0xn " nC1xn " 1 ) nC 2xn " 2 " L HN ) N H * (1 ) 0 ) ( 0 )1 * 1
2 n n n) 2 n n)1 n n
1 x ( x " 1 ) * C 0x " C1x ) C2 x " L and H ) N * 1 ) 0 * 1 * HN
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 10 !
(C) ( 2 ) 3 3 ) 6 7 )10 * M ( 2 ) 5 ( 3 3 )6 ( 6 7 ) 7
2 x ( x " 1 )n ) x 2 3 n( x " 1 )n " 1 5 !6 ! 7 !
10 !
* (n ) 2 ) nC 0 xn ) 1 " (n ) 1 ) nC1xn ) n 3n C 2 xn " 1 " L *M 2 5 /23 3 6 /33 3 7 /6
5 !6 ! 7 !
On putting x * 2, we get Q 5 ) 6 ) 7 * 10
(n ) 2 ) nC 0 2n ) 1 " (n ) 1 ) 3n C1 3 2n ) n 3 nC 2 2n " 1 " L For rational terms, 5 * 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 6 * 0, 3, 6, 9 and
* 4 ) 4n * 4 (1 ) n ) 7 * 0, 6
Possible triplets are ( 4, 6, 0 ), (10, 0, 0 ), ( 4, 0, 6 ).
1 k*4
1Total rational terms, m * 3
76. On putting x * 1, " 1, i , " i in the given expression, we get
Total irrational term, n * 10 ) 2C 2 " 3 * 63
10 4 9 9 * a1 ) a 2 ) a 3 ) a 4 ) L ) a 45 …(i)
Let H * unit’s place digit of 3 63 * (3 4 )15 3 3 3 * 1 9 27 * 7
0 * " a1 ) a 2 " a 3 ) a 4 ) L " a 45 …(ii)
4 and N * unit’s place digit of 63 3 * unit digit of 3 3 * 7
(1 ) i ) 3 i * a1i " a 2 " a 3i ) a 4 ) L
: " i (2i ) 2 * " a1i ) a 2 ) a 3i " a 4 " L Now, H H H H HLO *N
: 4i * " a1i ) a 2 ) a 3i " a 4 " L …(iii) ?1 1 1 B 1/ 2
@ ) ) ) LC
and " 4i * a1i ) a 2 " a 3i " a 4 " L …(iv) : HA 24 8 D
* N H1 " 1/2 * N 1 H * N * 7
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get # 18 & # 18 & #18 & #20 &
4 (a 2 ) a 6 ) a10 ) a14 ) L ) a 42 ) * 9 9 10 4 78. (A) Given, % ()2% ()% (P% (
$r " 2' $r " 1 ' $ r ' $13 '
or a 2 ) a 6 ) a10 ) L ) a 42 * 22500 * H [given] # 18 & # 18 & # 18 & #18 & #20 &
1Required sum * 2 ) 2 ) 5 ) 0 ) 0 * 9 : % ()% ()% ()% (P% (
$r " 2 ' $r " 1 ' $r " 1 ' $ r ' $13 '
77. (A) General term, Tr ) 1 * 6561Cr (71/3 ) 6561 " r (111/9 )r
# 19 & #19 & #20 &
# 6561 " r & (r /9) : % ()% (P% (
* 6561
Cr 7 % ( 11 $r " 1 ' $ r ' $13 '
$ 3 '
#20 & #20 & T2 T ;3

: % ( P % ( : 7 8 r 8 13 (D) Given, *
$r ' $7' T3 T ;4
1 r * 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
n
C1(a )n " 1 (b )1 n) 3
C 2 (a )n ) 1(b ) 2
: *
(B) The unit digit of 183! is 0.
n
C 2 (a )n " 2 (b ) 2 n) 3
C 3(a )n (b ) 3
Now, 3183 * (3 4 ) 45(3 ) 3 n
C1 a n) 3
C2 a
183 45
: n
9 * n) 3
3
Unit digit of 3 * Unit digit of (81 ) 9 Unit digit of 27 C2 b C3 b
*1 97 *7 C 2 n ) 3C 3
n
: *
1Unit digit of 183! ) 3183 * 0 ) 7 * 7
n
C1 n ) 3C 2
which is less than 8 and 9. n "2) 1 n ) 3 "3 ) 1
: *
#1& 5
3 2 3
(C) T4 * nC 3 (ax )n " 3 % ( * : 3n " 3 * 2n ) 2
$x' 2
5 1 1 n *5
: n C 3 a n " 3x n " 6 * : n * 6 and a *
2 3 81. (A) Number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
1 ( x ) 2y ) 3z )n (n > N )
1 na * 6 9 * 2
3 1 3
* n ) 3 " 1C 3 " 1 * n ) 2C 2 * n 2 ) n ) 1
79. (A) The coefficient of power of x more than x 30 in (1 ) x ) 61 is 2 2
61 61 61 1 3
C 31 ) C 32 ) L ) C 61 1 a * ,b * ,c *1
61
2 2
We know that, (1 ) 1 ) * C 0 ) 61C1 )
61 61
C2 ) L ) 61
C 61 1 3
61 61 61 61 Hence, a ) b ) c * ) ) 1 * 3
: 2 * 2 ( C 31 ) C 32 ) L ) C 61 ) 2 2
: 61
C 31 ) 61
C 32 ) L ) 61
C 61 * 2 60 1 3
and a ) b * ) * 2 * 2c
2 2
Hence, 2 60 is divisible by 2 57, 2 58, 2 59, 2 60.
(B) We have,
(B) General term is, Tr ) 1 * 62Cr ( 3 )r * 62Cr 3r /2
( x ) y ) z ) 2n ) 1 * {( x ) y ) ) z } 2n ) 1
For rational term * r should be multiple of 2.
* ( x ) y ) 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1
C1( x ) y ) 2n z
i.e. r * 0, 2, 4, 6, L, 62
2n ) 1
1 Required sum * T1 ) T3 ) L ) T63 ) C 2 ( x ) y ) 2n " 1z 2 ) 2n ) 1
C 3 ( x ) y ) 2n " 2z 3 ) L
* 62C 0 ) 62C 2 ) L ) 62C 62 * 2 62 " 1 * 2 61 2n ) 1
C 2n ( x ) y ) z 2n ) 2n ) 1
C 2n ) 1z 2n ) 1
61 57 58 59 60 61
Hence, 2 is divisible by 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 .
and ( x ) y " z ) 2n ) 1 * {( x ) y ) " z } 2n ) 1
(C) Put x * 1 and x * " 1 in given expression, then we get
* ( x ) y ) 2n ) 1 " 2n ) 1C1( x ) y ) 2n z ) 2n ) 1C 2( x ) y ) 2n "1z 2
4 31 * a 0 ) a1 ) a 2 ) a 3 ) L ) a124 …(i)
" 2n ) 1C 3( x ) y ) 2n " 2z 3 ) ...) 2n ) 1C 2n ( x ) y )z 2n " 2n ) 1C 2n ) 1z 2n)1
and 0 * a 0 " a1 ) a 2 " a 3 ) L ) a124 …(ii)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 1( x ) y ) z ) 2n ) 1 " ( x ) y " z ) 2n ) 1
2 62 * 2 (a1 ) a 3 ) L ) a123 ) * 2 { 2n ) 1C1 ( x ) y ) 2n z ) 2n ) 1
C 3 ( x ) y ) 2n " 2z 3 ) ...) z 2n ) 1 }
: 2 61 * (a1 ) a s ) L ) a123 ) 1The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
1 a1 ) a 3 ) L ) a123 is divisible by 2 57, 2 58, 2 59, 2 60, 2 61. ( x ) y ) z ) 2n ) 1 " ( x ) y " z ) 2n ) 1
80. (A) (11)n ) (21)n * (16 " 5 )n ) (16 ) 5)n * (2n ) 1 ) ) (2n " 1 ) ) (2n " 3 ) ) L 5 ) 3 ) 1
* 2 [n C 0 (16 )n ) nC 2 (16 )n " 2 (5 ) 2 (n ) 1 )
* (2n ) 1 ) 1 ) * (n ) 1 ) 2
2
) nC 4 (16 )n " 4 (5 ) 4 ) nC 6(16 )n " 6(5 ) 6 ) L ]
* n 2 ) 2n ) 1
Hence, given expression is divisible by 16, if
n * 1, 3, 5, 7 1 a * 1, b * 2, c * 1
(B) 3 37 4 9 9
* (3 ) 3 3 * (81 ) 3 3 * 3 (80 ) 1 ) ] 9 Hence, a ) b ) c *1 ) 2 ) 1 * 4
* 3 [ 9C1 (80 ) 8 ) 9C 2 (80 ) 7 ) L ) 1 ] (C) We have, ( x " y ) z )n * { x " (y " z )}n

* xn " nC1 xn " 1(y " z ) ) nC 2 xn " 2 (y " z ) 2
1Remainder of 3 37 is 3.
) nC 3 xn " 3 (y " z ) 3
(C) Tr ) 1 * Tr ) k : 29Cr * 29Cr ) k " 1
: 29 " r * r ) k " 1 : 30 * 2 r ) k [Q r 8 29 ] ) L" nCn " 1x (y " z )n " 1 ) nCn (y " z )n
For even values of k, i.e., k * 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, L, 28, and ( x ) y " z )n * ( x ) y " z )n
* xn ) n C1 xn "1(y " z ) ) n C 2 xn " 2(y " z ) 2 ) n C 3 xn " 3(y " z ) 3 1Number of terms * 1 ) n ) n * 2n ) 1
) ...) n Cn "1 x (y " z )n "1 ) (y " z )n 1Both the statements are correct but Statement-2 is not the
correct explanation of Statement-1.
1 ( x " y ) z )n ) ( x ) y " z )n
86. 4101 " 4 * 4 ( 4100 " 1) * 4 (16 50 " 1)
* 2 [ xn ) nC 2 xn " 2 (y " z ) 2
* 4 (16 25 ) 1 ) (16 25 " 1 )
) nC 4 xn " 4 (y " z )n ) L ) (y " z )n ]
* 4 (divisible by 16 ) 1) (divisible by 16 " 1)
1The number of dissilmilar terms in the expansion of * divisible by 102
( x " y ) z )n ) ( x ) y " z )n * 1 ) 3 ) 5 ) L ) (n ) 1 ) 14101 " 4 is divisible by 102.
(n ) 2 )
or if 4101 is divisible by 102, then remainder is 4.
(n ) 2 ) 2 1 2
* 2 (1 ) n ) 1 ) * * (n ) n ) 1 ) 1Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is obviously true.
2 4 4
1 87. Q( xn ) an ) is always divisible by ( x ) a ) when n is odd natural
1 a * , b * 1, c * 1 number. Therefore, (11 25 ) 12 25 ) is divisible by 11 ) 12 * 23.
4
Hence, b ) c * 1 ) 1 * 2 * 8a 1Statement-1 is always true but Statement-2 is false.
!n for n even natural number.
# x2 ) 1 ) x4 &
(D)Q % ( 9 "r r
"
$ x2 ' 88. Tr ) 1 * 9Cr (ax1/6 ) 9 "r (bx " 1/3 )r * 9Cr 3 a 9 " r 3 br 3 x 6 3
a 0 ) a 2 x 2 ) a 4 x 4 ) L ) a 2n (n ) 1) x 2n (n ) 1) 9 "r 5
* For independent of x, put " *0
xn (n ) 1) 6 3
1 : 9 " r " 2r * 0
1Number of terms * 3 2n (n ) 1 ) ) 1 * n 2 ) n ) 1
2 : r *3
1 a * 1, b * 1, c * 1 1 T3 ) 1 * 9C 3 3 a 6b 3 * 84a 6b 3
Hence, a ) b ) c * 1 ) 1 ) 1 * 3
Now using A M P GM
and a ) b * 1 ) 1 * 2 * 2c
a2 ) b Q
82. Statement-2 is obviously correct. : P (a 2b )1/2 : P (a 2b )1/2 [Q a 2 ) b * 2 ]
2 2
Now, we have (1 ) 3 x ) 6 * 6C 0 ) 6C1(3 x ) ) 6C 2(3 x ) 2
1 a 2b 8 1 :(a 2b ) 3 8 1 3 :84a 6b 3 8 84
) 6C 3 (3 x ) 3 ) 6C 4 (3 x ) 4 ) 6C 5 (3 x ) 5 ) 6C 6 (3 x ) 6
1 T4 8 84
1Greatest coefficient in (1 ) 3 x ) 6 is 6C 6 3 6. Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is the correct
So, Statement-1 is wrong. explanation of Statement-1.
# 1 &
25
# 1&
50 89. We have, 10000 * T3 * T2 ) 1 * 5C 2 x ( 5 " 2) ( x log10 x ) 2
83. We have, % x 2 ) ) 2( * %x ) (
$ x2 ' $ x' : 100000 * x 3 3 x 2 log10 x * x 3 ) 2 log10 x
r 5
#1& : 3 ) 2 log10 x * log x 100000 * 5 log x 10 *
1 Tr ) 1 * 50Cr 3 C 50 " r3 % ( * 50Cr x 50" 2r
$x' log10 x
For independent of x, we put :2 (log10 x ) 2 ) 3 log10 x " 5 * 0
50 " 2r * 0 : r * 25 Put log10 x * y , we get
1 T25 ) 1 * 50C 25 2 5
2y ) 3y " 5 * 0 : y * " or 1
n 2
But in binomial expansion of ( x ) a ) , middle terms is 5
independent of x, iff x 3 a * 1. 1 log10 x * " or 1
2
84. We have, : x * 10 or 10 " 5/2
Coefficient of 31st term in (1 ) x )n * Coefficient of 32nd term
18 3 ) 7 3 ) 3 3 18 3 7 3 25
in (1 ) x )n 90. We have,
+3 6 ) 6 3 243 3 2 ) 15 3 81 3 4 ) 20 3 27 3 8 .
: Coefficient of T30 ) 1 * Coefficient of T31 ) 1 - 0
n , ) 15 3 9 3 16 ) 6 3 3 3 32 ) 64 /
: C 30 * nC 31 :n * 30 ) 31 * 61 3 3
(18 ) 7 ) (25 ) (25 ) 3
Hence, both statements are correct but Statement-2 is not the * * * *1
(3 ) 2 ) 6 (5 ) 6 (25 ) 3
correct Explanation of Statement-1.
10
# 1 & #
n
1& # 1&
2 # a)1 a "1 &
85. We have, % x ) ) 1( * 1 ) nC1 % x ) ( ) nC 2 % x ) ( 91. We have, % " (
$ x ' $ x' $ x' $ a 2/ 3 " a 1/ 3 ) 1 a " a 1/ 2 '
n 10
# 1& + (a1/3 ) 3 ) 1 3 (a1/2 ) 2 " 1 2 .
) L ) nCn % x ) ( * - 2/ 3 " 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
$ x' 1/ 3
, a " a ) 1 a (a " 1 ) /
10
# a 1/ 2 ) 1 & According to the question, we have
* %(a1/3 ) 1 ) " ( * (a1/3 " a " 1/2 )10 n"6
$ a 1/ 2 ' n
C6 3 2 3 3 3" 2 1
n " 12 n " 12
1
10 1/ 3 10 " r " 1/ 2 r 6 "n
* :2 3 33 3 *
Now, Tr ) 1 * Cr (a ) (" a ) ...(i) 6 6
n
10 " r " r
C6 3 4 33 3
3 n " 12
10
* Cr a 3 2 ( " 1 )r n " 12
: (6 ) 3 * 6" 1 : * " 1, n * 9
It will be independent of a, if 2
10 " r r 95. We know that, (1 ) x )n (x ) 1 )n
" * 0 :20 " 2 r " 3 r * 0
3 2 * [n C 0 ) nC1 x ) nC 2 x 2 ) L) n Cn xn ]
: r *4
9 [n C 0 xn ) nC1 xn " 1 ) nC 2 xn " 2 ) L ) nCn ]
Putting r * 4 in Eq. (i), we get
Equating coefficient of xn ) 1 on both sides, we get
T5 * 10C 4 ( " 1 ) 4 * 10C 4 * 210
2n
Cn ) 1 * [n C 0nC1 ) n C1nC 2 ) L ) nCn " 1nCn ]
92. The general term in ( xa ) x " b )n is
1 Sn * 2nCn ) 1
Tr ) 1 * nCr ( xa )n "r ( x " b )r * nCr xa (n " r ) " br * nCr xan " (a ) b ) r
2n ) 2
Sn ) 1 15 Cn ) 2 15
For independent of x, we must have an " (a ) b ) * r * 0 But * : *
2n
an Sn 4 Cn ) 1 4
: r* : an * (a ) b ) r , r > N
a)b (2n ) 2 )
2n ) 1
Cn ) 1 15
: 3 *
: an is multiple of (a ) b ). (n ) 2 ) 2n
Cn ) 1 4
93. Let n be the index of power in (1 ) x ). Then, n Cr * a …(i)
2 (n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1
Cn 15
n : 3 *
Cr ) 1 * b …(ii) (n ) 2 ) 2n
Cn " 1 4
n
and Cr ) 2 * c …(iii) 2 (n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 15
: 3 *
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (n ) 2 ) n 4
n
Cr a : 8 (2n 2 ) 3n ) 1 ) * 15n 2 ) 30n
n
*
Cr ) 1 b : n 2 " 6n ) 8 * 0
r )1 a an " b 1 n * 4, 2
: * : r* …(iv)
n "r b a)b C1 C2 C3 C
96. ) 23 ) 33 ) L) n3 n
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get C0 C1 C2 Cn " 1
n
Cr ) 1 b n n (n " 1 ) n (n " 1 ) (n " 2 ) 2! 1
* * ) 23 ) 33 9 ) L) n3
n
Cr ) 2 c 1 2n 3! n (n " 1 ) n
r )2 b bn " b " 2c n (n ) 1 )
: * :r* …(v) * n ) (n " 1 ) ) (n " 2 ) ) L ) 1
n "r "1 c b)c 2
21
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get + # a & # b &. " 1/ 2 1/ 3
97. We have, - 3 % ( ) % 3 ( 0 * [ab ] ) (ba " 1/3 )1/2 ]21
bn " b " 2c an " b
* , $ b' $ a '/
b)c a)b Let Tr ) 1 contain a and b to one and the same power.
: (b 2 " ac ) n * 2ac ) b (a ) c ) 21 " r
2ac ) b (a ) c ) 1 Tr ) 1 * 21Cr (ab " 1/2 ) 3 (ba " 1/3 )r /2

: n* 21 " r r r 21 " r
(b 2 " ac ) " "
n
* 21Cr 3 a 3 6 3b 2 6
+ 1 . 21 " r r r 21 " r 21 " r 2r

94. Given expansion is - 3 2 )
3 0
. " * " 1 *
, 3/ Q
3 6 2 6 2 3
17th term from the beginning : 63 " 3r * 4r : 63 * 7r : r * 9
n"6 n"6
1Required term * r ) 1 * 10
* nC 6 (2 ) 3 3 (3 "1/3 ) 6 * nC 6 2 3 3 3" 2
n
98. Given series is a GP.
+ 1 . + # x ) 2& .
n
1Again, 7th term from end in - 3 2 ) 3 0
, 3/ -1 " % ( 0
- $ x ) 3' 0 n n
n
1S * ( x ) 3 )n " 1 , / * ( x ) 3 )n [( x ) 3 ) " ( x ) 2 ) ]
+ 1 . x)2
* 7th term from beginning in - 3 ) 3 3 0 1" (x ) 3) n
, 3 / x)3
6 "n
* nC 6(3 "1/3 )n " 6(2 ) 2 * nC 63 3 34 * ( x ) 3 )n " ( x ) 2 )n * (3 ) x )n " (2 ) x )n
1Coefficient of xr in S * nCr 3n " r " nCr 2n " r * " Re {1 ) ix }11 }
* nCr (3n " r " 2n " r ) Let x * cot R * " Re{1 " i cot R}’’
+? sin R ) i cos RB11 . ? (i )11 (cos R " i sin R)B
11
99. Let (2 ) 5 ) p or ( 5 ) 2) p * I ) f …(i) * " Re -@ C 0 * " Re @ C

-,A sin R D 0/ A sin R D
0 8 f 41 …(ii)
? " i (cos 11 R " i sin 11 R)B sin 11 R
p * " Re @ C* *0 [given]
( 5 " 2) * f ; …(iii) A sin11 R D sin11 R
and 0 4 f ;41 …(iv) RI0
1 sin 11R * rK
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get
rK
or R * , r * E 1, E 2, E 3, E 4, E 5
I ) f " f ; * ( 5 ) 2)p " ( 5 " 2)p 11
# rK &
* 2 { p C1( 5 ) p " 1 3 21 ) pC 3( 5 ) p " 3 3 2 3) L) pC p ( 5 ) 02 p } 1 x * cot R * cot % (
$ 11 '
[Q integer value of f " f ; * 0] r * E 1, E 2,L, E 5
1 [( 5 ) 2 ) p ] ) 0 " 2 p ) 1 102. Since, g( x ) * f (1 ) x )
p p "1 p p"3 3 p 2 p"2
* 2 { C1 ( 5 ) 3 2 ) C3 ( 5 ) 3 2 )L) C p " 2( 5 ) 3 2 } 200 200
g( x ) * ! 5r xr and f ( x ) * ! 6r xr
r*0 r*0
* pH * p (integer) 200 200
r r
1 [( 5 ) 2 ) p ] " 2 p ) 1 is divisible by P. 1 ! 5r x * ! 6r (1 ) x )
r*0 r*0
100. Let ( 3 ) 1 ) 2n * I ) f , 0 8 f 4 1 Now, 5 0 ) 51 x ) 5 2 x 2 ) L ) 5 200 x 200

and f ; * ( 3 " 1 ) 2n * 6 0 ) 61 (1 ) x ) ) 6 2 (1 ) x ) 2) L ) 6100 (1 ) x )100
) 6101 (1 ) x )101 ) L ) 6 200 (1 ) x ) 200
1I ) f ) f ; * ( 3 ) 1 ) 2n ) ( 3 " 1 ) 2n
: 5 0 ) 51 x ) 5 2 x ) L ) 5 200 x 200 2
* [( 3 ) 1 ) 2 ]n ) [( 3 " 1 ) 2 ]n
* 6 0 ) 61 (1 ) x ) ) 6 2 (1 ) x ) 2 ) L ) (1 ) x )100
* ( 4 ) 2 3 )n ) ( 4 " 2 3 )n
) (1 ) x )101 ) L ) (1 ) x ) 200 [Q 6100 * 6101 * L* 6 200 * 1 ]
* 2n (2 ) 3 )n ) 2n (2 " 3 )n
Equating the coefficient of x100, we get
* 2n 3 2 {n C 02n ) nC 2(2n " 2 ) (3 )
5100 * 100C100 ) 101
C100 ) 102
C100 ) L) 200
C100
) nC 4 (2n " 4 ) (3 2 ) ) L} * 101
C101 ) 101
C100 ) 102
C100 ) L ) 200
C100
n)1
1 I ) 1 *2 , k >I [Q f ) f ; * 1 ] * 102
C101 ) 102
C100 ) L ) 200
C100
2n n)1
or [({( 3 ) 1 ) })] * 2 k M M M M
200 200 201
* C101 ) C100 * C101 …(i)
Hence, [({( 3 ) 1 ) 2n })], n > N is divisible by 2n ) 1.
201
Again, greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 ) x )
101. 11C1 3 x10 " 11C 3 3 x 8 ) 11C 5 3 x 6" 11C 7x 4 ) 11C 9 x 2 " 11C11 * 0
* Coefficient of middle term
Now, (1 ) ix )11 * 11C 0 ) 11C1ix ) 11C 2 (ix ) 2 * Coefficient of T101 or coefficient of T102
201 201 201
) 11C 3 (ix ) 3 ) 11C 4 (ix ) 4 ) 11C 5 (ix ) 5 * C100 or C101 * C100 …(ii)
11 6 11 7 11 11 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
) C 6 (ix ) ) C 7 (ix ) ) L ) C11 (ix )
The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 ) x ) 201.
: (1 ) ix ) * ( C 0 _ 11C 2 x 2 ) 11C 4 x 4 "11 C 6 x 6
11 11
103. P * !! (i ) j ) (Ci ) C j ) CiC j ) …(i)
) 11C 8 x 8 ) 11C10 x10 ) 0 8i 4 j 8n
) i (11C1 x " 11C 3 x 3 ) 11C 5 x 5 " 11C 7 x 7) 11C 9 x 9 " 11C11 x11 ) Replacing i by n " i and j by n " j in Eq. (i), we get
P * ! ! (n " i ) n " j ) (Cn " i ) Cn " j ) Cn " i Cn " j )
Comparing real part on both sides, we get 0 8i 4 j 8n
(1 ) ix )11 * (11C11 " 11C 9 x 2 ) 11C 7 x 4 " 11C 5 x 6 * !! (2n " i " j ) (Ci ) C j ) CiC j ) [Q nCr * nCn " r ] …(ii)
0 8i 4 j 8n
) 11C 3 x 8 " 11C1 x10 ) [Q n Cr * nCn " r ]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we get
: Re {(1 ) ix )11 } * " (11C1 x10 " 11C 3 x 8 ) 11C 5 x 6
2 P * 2n !! (Ci ) C j ) CiC j )
" 11C 7 x 4 ) 11C 9 x 2 " 11C11 ) 0 8i 4 j 8n
: 11
C1x10 " 11C 3 x 8 ) 11C 5 x 6" 11C 7 x 4 ) 11C 9 x 2 " 11C11 1 P *n !! (Ci ) C j ) ) n !! CiC j
0 8i 4 j 8n 0 8i 4 j 8n
* n 3 n (C 0 ) C1 ) C 2 )L ) Cn ) )
n 2n 2n
(2 " Cn ) # 2n ) 1 & + 1 1 1
*% (- " )
2 $ 2n ) 2 ' , 2n ) 1C1 2n ) 1
C2 2n ) 1
C3
n 2n
* n 2 3 2n ) n 3 2 2n " 1 " 3 Cn 1 (2n " 1 ) .
2 " 2n ) 1
) L) 2n ) 1 0
C4 C 2n /
? 2n ! B
* n 2 3 2n ) n @2 2n " 1 " C # 2n ) 1 & + 1 1 1
A 2 (n !) 2 D *% ( " )
21
$ 2n ) 2 ' -, 2n ) 1C1 2n ) 1
C2 2n ) 1
C3
104. !! Ci 321 C j
0 8 i I j 8 10
1 1 2n .
1 + 10 10 21 21 . 10 21 2 " 2n ) 1
) L" 2n ) 1
) 2n ) 1 0
* -i ! ! Ci C j 0 " ! ( Ci ) C4 C 2n C 2n /
2 , *0 j*0 / i*0
+ # 2n ) 1 & + # 1 1 &
21 " r .
1 10 1 10
* 21
" ! ( 21Ci ) 2 *% ( -% " (
-i ! Ci 2 0 $ 2n ) 2 ' , $ 2n ) 1C1 2n ) 1
C 2n '
2 , *0 / 2 i*0
2 20 3 2 20 42C 21 1 + 40 ( 42 )! . # 1 1 & 2n .
* " * -2 " 0 " %% 2n ) 1 " ( ) L) 0
2 2 92 2 , 2 (21 !) 2 / $ C2 2n ) 1
C 2n " 1 (' 2n ) 1
C 2n 0/
105. (i) We have, (1 ) x ) x 2 ) x 3 )11 * (1 ) x )11 (1 ) x 2)11 # 2n ) 1 & + 2n . # 2n ) 1 & # 2n &
*% ( 0) 0*% (% (
* (1 ) 11C1 x ) 11C 2 x 2 ) 11C 3 x 3 ) 11C 4 x 4 ) L) $ 2n ) 2 ' -, 2n ) 1
C 2n / $ 2n ) 2 ' $ 2n ) 1 '
9 (1 ) 11C1 x 2 ) 11C 2 x 4 ) L) 2n n
* *
1Coefficient of x 4 * 11C 2 ) 11C 2 9 11C1 ) 11C 4 2n ) 2 n ) 1
* 55 ) 605 ) 330 * 990 107. Given, (1 ) x ) x 2 )n * a 0 ) a1 x ) a 2 x 2 ) L ) ar " 2 xr " 2
(ii) [(2 " x ) ) 3 x 2 ]6 ) ar "1 xr " 1 ) ar xr ) L ) a 2n x 2n …(i)
6 6 6 5 2 6 4 2 2
* C 0(2 " x ) ) C1 (2 " x ) (3 x ) ) C 2 (2 " x ) (3 x ) ) L n n n n 2
and (1 " x ) * C 0 " C1x ) C 2 x
* 6C 0 [ 6C 4 (2 ) 2 ] ) 6C1 9 3 [ 5C 2(2 ) 3 ] ) 6C 2 9 9 [ 4 C 0(2 ) 4 ] " L) ( " 1 )r nCr xr ) L ) ( " 1 )n nCn …(ii)
[equating coefficient of x 4 ] On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating coefficient of xr
* 60 ) 1440 ) 2160 * 3660 on both sides, we get
1 1 Coefficient of xr in (1 " x 3 )n
106. LHS * 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1
Cr Cr ) 1 * nC 0 ar " nC1ar " 1) nC 2ar " 2 " L ) ( " 1 )r nCrar
(2n ) 1 " r )! r ! (2n " r )! (r ) 1 )! Since, r is not a multiple of 3, therefore the expression (1 " x 3 )n
* )
(2n ) 1 )! (2n ) 1 )! does not contain xr in any term.
+ (2n ) 1 " r ) ) r ) 1 . 1 Coefficient of xr in (1 " x 3 )n * 0
* (2n " r )! (r )! - 0
, (2n ) 1 )! / Hence, ar " nC1 ar " 1 ) nC 2 ar " 2 " L ) ( " 1 )r nCr a 0 * 0
(2n " r )! (r )!(2n ) 2 ) 2n ) 2 1
* * 3 108. Given, (1 ) z 2 ) z 4 ) 8 * C 0 ) C1 z 2) C 2 z 4 ) L ) C16 z 32
(2n ) 1 ) (2n )! 2n ) 1 2n Cr
(i) Put z * i , we get
( " 1 )r " 1 3 r 2n " 1
2n " 1 # 2n ) 1 &
Now, ! * ! ( " 1 )r " 1 % ( (1 " 1 ) 1 ) 8 * C 0 " C1 ) C 2 " C 3 ) L ) C16
r *1
2n
Cr r *1 $ 2n ) 2 '
C 0 " C1 ) C 2 " C 3 ) L ) C16 * 1
+ 1 1 .
- 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 0 9r (ii) Put z * <, we get
-, Cr Cr ) 1 0/ (1 ) <2 ) <4 ) 8 * C 0) C1 <2 ) C 2 <4 ) C 3 <6) L ) C16 <32
# 2n ) 1 & 2n " 1 r "1
# 1 1 & :(1 ) <2 ) <) 8 * C 0) C1 <2 ) C 2 < ) C 3 ) C 4 <2
*% ( ! (" 1) %% 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 ( 9r
$ 2n ) 2 ' r * 1 $ Cr Cr ) 1 (' ) C 5 < ) L ) C16 <2
# 2n ) 1 & + # 1 1 & : 0 * (C 0 ) C 3 ) C 6 ) L ) C15 )
*% ( - % 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 (
$ 2n ) 2 ' , $ C1 C2 ' ) (C 2) C 5 ) L ) C14 ) < ) (C1 ) C 4 ) L ) C16 ) <2
# 1 1 & # 1 1 & 109. Given, f ( x ) * g(x ) 1)

"2 % 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 ( ) 3 % 2n ) 1 ) (
$ C2 C3 ' $ C3 2n ) 1
C4 ' 1 a 0 x 0) a1 x ) a 2 x 2 ) L ) a 2n x 2n
# 1 1 & * b0 ) b1 ( x ) 1 ) ) b2 ( x ) 1 ) 2 ) L ) bn " 1 ( x ) 1 )n " 1
" 4 % 2n ) 1 ) 2n ) 1 (
$ C4 C5 ' ) ( x ) 1 )n ) ( x ) 1 )n ) 1 ) ( x ) 1 )n ) 2 ) L ) ( x ) 1 ) 2n
# 1 1 & Equating coefficient of xn on both sides, we get
) L ) (2n " 1 ) %% 2n ) 1 ) (
$ C 2n " 1 2n ) 1
C 2n (' an * nCn ) n ) 1Cn ) L ) 2nCn
* n ) 1Cn ) 1 ) n)1
Cn ) L ) 2n
Cn [Q nCn * n ) 1Cn ) 1 ] : a 2 ) a 5 ) a 8 ) L* 3n " 1
* n ) 2Cn ) 1 ) L ) 2n
Cn * 2nCn ) 1 ) 2n
Cn Hence, a 0) a 3 ) a 6) L * a1 ) a 4 ) a 7 ) L
[Q nCr ) nCr " 1 * n ) 1Cr ] * a 2 ) a 5 ) a 8 ) ... * 3n " 1
* Qn ) 1
Cn ) 1 111. LHS * (n " 1) 2 C1 ) (n " 3 ) 2 C 3 ) (n "5 ) 2 C 5 ) L
110. Let (1 ) x ) x 2 )n * a 0 ) a1 x ) a 2 x 2 )L) a 2n x 2n * n 2 (C1 ) C 3 ) C 5 ) L) " 2n (C1 ) 3 C 3 ) 5 C 5 ) L)

...(i) ) (1 QC1 ) 3 2C 3 ) 5 2C 5 ) L)
# 1& * n (2 2 n "1
) ( " 2n )
Replacing x by % " ( , we get
$ x'
#n n "1 n n "1 n &
n % 3 C0 ) 3 3 3 C 2) 3 5 3n " 1 C 4 ) L(
# 1 1 & a1 a 2 a 2n $1 3 5 '
%1 " ) 2 ( * a 0 " ) 2 " L ) 2n
$ x x ' x x x # n n n &
) %1 2 3 3n " 1 C 0 ) 3 2 3 3n "1 C 2 ) 5 2 3 3n "1 C 4 ) L(
: (1 " x ) x 2 )n * a 0 x 2n " a1 x 2n " 1) a 2 x 2n " 2 " L ) a 2n x 2n $ 1 3 5 '
…(ii) * n 2 3 2n " 1 " 2n 2(n "1C 0) n "1
C2 ) n "1
C 4 ) L)
(i) Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of n "1 n "1
) n (1 3 C0 ) 3 3 C 2 ) 5 3n " 1 C 4 ) L)
x 2n ) 1, then we get
Coefficient of x 2n ) 1 in (1 ) x 2 ) x 4 )n * n 2 3 2n " 1 " 2n 2 3 2n " 2
* a 0a1 " a1a 2 ) a 2a 3 " L ) n[n " 1C 0 ) (2 ) 1 ) 3n " 1 C 2 ) ( 4 ) 1 ) 3 n " 1C 4 ) L]

In RHS, put x Q * y , we get * n 2 3 2n " 2(2 " 2 ) ) n[(n "1C 0 ) n "1C 2 ) n "1C 4 ) ... )]
a 0a1 " a1a 2 ) a 2a 3 " L * 0 (only even powers contains) ) (2 3n " 1 C 2 ) 4 3n " 1 C 4 ) L)]
(ii) Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of n"2 n"2 n"2
* 0 ) n [2 ) (n " 1 ) { C1 ) C 3 ) L}]
x 2n ) 2 n"2 n"3 n"3
* n [2 ) (n " 1 ) 3 2 ] * n 32 (2 ) n " 1 )
Coefficient of x 2n ) 2 in (1 ) x 2) x 4 )n
* n (n ) 1 ) 2 n " 3 * RHS
* Coefficient of y n ) 1 in (1 ) y ) y 2 )n
112. (1 " x 3 )n * C 0 " C1x 3 ) C 2 x 6 " C 3 x 9 ) L ) (" 1)n Cn x 3n
* a 0a 2 "a1a 3 ) a 2a 4 " L ) a 2n " 2 3 a 2n
1
[Q put x 2 * y ] Then, 2 (1 " x 3 )n dx
0
* an ) 1 1
(iii) Put x * 1, < and <2 in Eq. (i), we get * 2 (C 0 " C1 x 3) C 2 x 6 " L ) ( " 1 )n Cn ( x 3n ) dx
0
n 1
3 * a 0 ) a1) a 2) a 3 ) L ) a 2n …(iii) + C x C x S C2 x 7 C x 3n ) 1 .
Q
*- 0 " 1 ) " L ) ( " 1 )n n 0
2 n
:(1 ) < ) < ) * a 0 ) a1 < ) a 2 < ) a 3 < ) L ) a 2n < 3 2n
, 1 4 7 3n ) 1 / 0
: 0 * a 0 ) a1 < ) a 2 <2 ) a 3) L …(iv) C C C Cn

* 0 " 1 ) 2 " L) ( " 1 )n
1 4 7 3n ) 1
2 4 n 2 4 6
and (1 ) < ) < ) * a 0 ) a1 < ) a 2 < ) a 3 < ) L 1
Let I n * 2 (1 " x 3 )n 3 1 dx
: 0 * a 0 ) a1 <2 ) a 2 < ) a 3 ) L …(v) 0
1
* [(1 " x 3 )n 3 x ]10 " 2 n (1 " x 3)n " 1 3 ( " 3 x 2) 3 x dx
on adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get 0
1 3 n "1
3n * 3a 0 ) a1 (1 ) < ) <2 ) * 0 " 3n 20 (1 " x ) (1 " x 3 " 1 ) dx
) a 2 (1 ) <2 ) <) ) 3a 3 ) L )
* " 3n ( I n " I n "1 )
: 3n * 3 (a 0 ) a 3 ) a 6) L) : a 0 ) a 3 ) a 6 ) L * 3n " 1 3n 3 (n " 1 )
: In * I n " 1; I n " 1 * In " 2
(3n ) 1 ) (3n "2 )
On multiplying Eqs. (iv) and (v) by <2 and <, respectively
and then adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get 3 (n " 2 )
In " 2 * In " 3
3n * a 0 (1 ) <2 ) <) ) a1 (1 ) <3 ) <3 ) (3n " 5 )
M M M
) a 2 (1 ) <4 ) <3 ) ) a 3 (1 ) < ) <2 ) ) L
3 33 3 32 3 31 3 31
* 3 (a1 ) a 4 ) L) I3 * I 2; I 2 * I 1; I 1 * I0 * (1 )
10 7 4 3
:a1 ) a 4 ) L * 3n " 1
(3 3 1 ) (3 3 2 ) (3 3 3 ) L (3 3 n ) 3n 3 n !
1 In * 31 *
Again, multiplying Eq. (iv) by < and Eq. (v) by <2, respectively 1 3 4 3 7 3 10 L (3n ) 1 ) 1 3 4 3 7 3 10 L (3n ) 1)
and then adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
C 0 C1 C 2 Cn 3n 3 n !
3n * 3 (a 2) a 5 ) a 8) L) Hence, " ) " L ) ( " 1 )n *
1 4 7 3n ) 1 1 3 4 3 7 L (3n ) 1 )
113. (1 " x ) 30 * 30C 0 x 0 " 30C1 x1 ) 30C 2 x 2 ) L …(i) n

C 5 (a )n " 5 ( " b ) 5 #n " 5 ) 1& a
: * "1 : % (*
(x ) 1) T0 30
* C0 x 30
) 30
C1 x 29 30
) C2 x 28 n
C 4 (a )n " 4 ( " b ) 4 $ 5 ' b
) L ) 30C10 x 20 ) L ) 30
C 30 x 0 …(ii) a n"4
1 *
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of b 5
x 20 on both sides, we get 118. 20
C 0 " 20C1 ) 20
C 2 " 20C 3 ) L
required sum * coefficient of x 20 in (1 " x 2 ) 30 * 30C10 Q0
C9 ) 20
C10 " C11 ) 20 20
C12 " L ) 20
C 20 * 0
114. Coefficients of p th, ( p ) 1) th and ( p ) 2) th terms in expansion : 2 { C 0 " C1 ) C 2 " C 3 ) ..." C 9 } ) 20C10 * 0
20 20 20 20 20
of (1 ) x )n are n C p " 1, nC p , nC p ) 1.
: 2 { 20C 0 " Q0C1 ) 20
C 2 " 20C 3 ) L ) 20
C9 ) 20
C10 } * 20C10
Then, 2 3n C p * nC p " 1 ) nC p ) 1 1
n n
: 20
C 0 " 20C1 ) 20
C 2 " Q0C 3 ) L " 20C 9 ) 20
C10 * 20
C10
Cp " 1 Cp ) 1 2
2* n
) n
n n n
Cp Cp 119. ! (r ) 1) nCr * ! r 3n Cr ) ! nCr
r*0 r*0 r*0
p n"p n n
2* ) n
* ! r 3 3n " 1 Cr " 1 ) ! nCr
n"p)1 p)1 r*0 r r*0
n n
: 2 (n " p ) 1 ) ( p ) 1 ) * p ( p ) 1 ) ) (n " p ) (n " p )1 ) *n ! n "1
Cr " 1 ) ! nCr
: n 2 " n (4p ) 1) ) 4p 2 " 2 * 0 r*0 r*0
11 * n 3 2n " 1 ) 2n * (n ) 2 ) 2n " 1
# 1&
115. In the expansion of %ax 2 ) ( , the general term is Statement-1 is true.
$ bx ' n n n
11 2 11 " r
r
# 1 & 11 11 " r 1 22 " 3r and ! (r ) 1 ) nCr x r * ! r 3n Cr 3 x r ) ! nCr 3 x r
Tr ) 1 * Cr (ax ) % ( * Cra x r*0 r*0 r*0
$ bx ' br n n
n
For x 7, we must have 22 " 3r * 7 :r * 5 and then the * ! r 3 3n " 1 Cr " 1 3 x r ) ! nCr 3 x r
r*0 r r*0
1 a6 n n
coefficient of x 7 * 11C 5 3 a11 " 5 5 * 11C 5 5 *n ! n "1
Cr " 1 3 x r ) ! nCr 3 x r
b b r*0 r*0
11
# 1 & * nx (1 ) x )n " 1 ) (1 ) x )n
Similarly, in the expansion of %ax " 2 ( , the general term is
$ bx '
11 " r
On substituting x * 1, then we get
a n
Tr ) 1 * 11Cr ( " 1 )r 3 x11 " 3r ! (r ) 1 ) nCr * n 3 2n " 1 ) 2n * (n ) 2 ) 2n " 1
br r*0
For x " 7 we must have, 11 " 3r * " 7
Hence, Statement-2 is also true and it is a correct explanation
a 5 U1 a 5 for Statement-1.
: r * 6 and then coefficient of x " 7 is 11C 6 * C5 6
b6 b 120. 8 2n " (62) 2n ) 1 * (64)n " (62) 2n ) 1
a 6 11 a 5
11 * (63 ) 1 )n " (63 " 1 ) 2n ) 1
As given, * C 5 6 :ab * 1
C5
b5 b
* (1 ) 63 )n ) (1 " 63 ) 2n ) 1
116. Q (1 " y )m (1 ) y )n * (1 " mC1 y ) mC 2 y QL)
* {1 ) nC1 3 63 ) nC 2(63 ) 2 ) L ) nCn (63 )n }
n n
9 (1 ) C1 y ) C 2 y ) L) 2
) {1 " 2n ) 1C1 (63 ) ) 2n ) 1C 2 (63 ) 2 L " 2n ) 1C 2n ) 1 (62 ) 2n ) 1}
* 1 ) (n " m ) y ) (m C 2 ) nC 2 " mn ) ) L * 2 ) 63 {n C1 ) nC 2 3 63 ) L ) nCn (63 ) n " 1 " 2n ) 1
C1
Then a1 * n " m * 10 [given]…(i) ) 2n ) 1C 2 3 63 L " 2n ) 1
C 2n ) 1(63 ) 2n }
m
and C 2 ) nC 2 " mn * a 2 * 10 (given) 1 Remainder is 2.
m (m " 1 ) n (n " 1 ) 121. Q A r * 10C r, B r * 20C r and C r * 30C r
: ) " mn * 10
2 2 10 10
: 2 2
m ) n " m " n " 2mn * 20 1 ! Ar ( B 10B r " C 10A r ) * ! 10
Cr ( 20C10 320 Cr " T0C10 310 Cr )
r *1 r *1
: (n " m ) 2 " (m ) n ) * 20 [Q n " m * 10 ] 10 10
or 100 " (m " n * 20 * 20C10 ! (10Cr ) ( 20Cr ) " 30C10 ! (10Cr ) 2

r *1 r *1
1 m ) n * 80 …(ii)
* 20 C10 ( 30C10 " 1 ) " 30C10 ( 20C10 " 1 ) * C10 " B10
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n 10
n * 45, m * 35 122. Use n Cr * 3 n "1Cr "1, then S1 * ! C (C " 1) 3 10CC
Hence, (m, n ) * (35, 45 ) r C *1
T6 10 10.9 8 10
117. Q T5 ) T6 * 0 : * "1 * ! C (C " 1 ) 3 3 CC " 2 * 90 ! 8CC " 2 * 90 9 2 8
T5 C *1 C (C " 1 ) C *1
10 10 10
10 9
S 2 * ! C 3 10CC * ! C 3 3 CC "1 * 10 ! 9CC "1 * 10 9 2 9 and coefficient of x 4 * 18C 4 3 2 4 " 18C 3 3 2 3 3 a ) 18C 2 3 2 2 3 b * 0
C *1 C C *1 C *1
: 32a " 3b * 240 …(ii)
10 10 10
andS 3 * ! C 2 310 CC * ! C 2 3 3 9 CC "1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
C *1 C *1 C 272
10
a * 16, b *
3
* 10 ! ((C " 1 ) ) 1 ) 3 9 CC "1
C *1 # 272 &
1 (a, b ) * %16, (
10 $ 3 '
* 10 ! (9 3 8 CC " 2 ) 9 CC "1 ) * 10 (9.2 8 ) 2 9 ) * 55 9 29
C *1 128. Q(1 ) x 2) 4 (1 ) x 3) 7 (1 ) x 4 )12
Both statements are true but Statement-2 is not correct * (1 ) 4C1 x 2 ) 4C 2x 4 ) 4C 3x 6 ) 4C 4 x 8 )
Explanation for Statement-1.
9 (1 ) 7C1 x 3) 7 C 2 x 6) 7 C 3x 9 ) L) 9 (1 ) 12C1x 4 ) 12C 2x 8 ) L)
123. Here, (1 " x " x 2 ) x 3) V * (1 " x ) V (1 " x 2 ) 6 * (1 " x 2 ) 6(1 " x ) 6
Required coefficient
* (1 " 6C1 x 2 ) 6C 2 x 4 " 6C 3 x 6 ) L)
* 12C 2 37 C1 3 1 ) 12C1 3 7C1 3 4C 2 ) 7C1 3 4 C 4 ) 7C 3 3 4C1
9 (1 " 6C1 x ) 6C 2 x 2 " 6C 3 x 3
* 462 ) 504 ) 7 ) 140 * 1113
) 6C 4 x 4 " 6C 5 x 5 ) 6C 6 x 6 )
7 2 3 6 129. Q Tr ) 1 * 50Cr ( " 2 x )r * 50Cr ( " 2)r 3 xr /2
1 Coefficient of x in (1 " x " x ) x )
* VC1 9 6C 5 ) ( 6C 2 9 ( " 6C 3 ) ) {( " 6C 3 ) 9 ( " 6C1 )} For integral powers of x, r * 0, 2, 4, 6, L, 50
* 36 " 300 ) 120 * " 144 1 Required sum * 50C 0 ) 2 2 350 C 2 ) 2 4 350 C 4 ) L ) 2 50 350 C 50
124. ( 3 ) 1) 2n " ( 3 " 1) 2n * 2 { 2n C1( 3 ) 2n " 1 ) QnC 3 1 1
[(1) 2 ) 50) (1 " 2 ) 50 ] * (3 50 ) 1 )
*
( 3 ) 2n " 3 ) L ) 2n
C 2n " 1( 3 )} 2 2
* 2 3 { 2n C1( 3 ) 2n " 2 ) 2n
C 3( 3 ) 2n " 4 ) L ) 2n
C 2n " 1 } 130. In the Expansion of (1 ) x )(1 ) x 2 )(1 ) x 3 )...(1 ) x100 ).
2n n "1 2n n"2 2n x 9 can be found in the following ways
* 2 3 { C1 (3 ) ) C 3(3 ) )... C 2n "1 }
x 9, x 1 ) 8, x 2 ) 7, x 3 ) 6, x 4 ) 5, x 1 ) 2 ) 6 , x 1 ) 3 ) 5 , x 2 ) 3 ) 4
* 3 9 even integer
There are 8 cases
125. Q x ) 1 * ( x 1/3) 3 ) 1 T * ( x 1/3 ) 1) ( x 2/3 " x 1/3 ) 1)
The coenfficient of x 9 in each cases is 1
x)1 1 Required coefficient * 8
1 * x 1/ 3 ) 1
x 2/ 3 " x 1/ 3 ) 1 131. Total number of terms * n ) 2C 2 * 28
and x " 1 * ( x 1/ 2) 2 " 1 2 * ( x 1/ 2 ) 1 ) ( x 1/ 2 " 1 ) : (n ) 2 )(n ) 1 ) * 56 * (6 ) 2 )(6 ) 1 )
x "1 (x " 1) x 1/ 2 ) 1 1 n *6
Now, 1/ 2
* 1/ 2 1/ 2 * * 1 ) x " 1/2,
x"x x (x " 1) x 1/ 2 Sum of coefficients * (1 " 2 ) 4 )n * 3 6 * 729
10 [Note In the solution it is considered that different terms in
# x)1 x "1 &
then % 2/3 " ( * ( x 1/3 " x " 1/2 )10 the expansion having same powers are not merged, as such it
$ x " x 1/ 3 ) 1 x " x 1/ 2 ' should be a bonus question]
1 Tr ) 1 * U0Cr ( x 1/3)10 " r ( " x " 1/2 )r 132. Coefficient of x 2 in the expansion
10 " r r * 2C 2 ) 3C 2 ) 4C 2 ) 5C 2 ) ...) 49C 2 ) 50C 2 3 m 2
For independent of x, " * 0 :r * 4
3 2 * 3C 3 ) 3C 2 ) 4C 2 ) 5C 2 ) ...) 49
C2 ) 50
C2 3 m2
10 10 3 9 3 8 3 7
1 T4 ) 1 * C 4 * * 210 * 4C 3 ) 4C 2 ) 5C 2 ) ...) 49
C2 ) 50
C2 3 m2
1 32 33 3 4
50 50 2
126. Since, n ) 5Cr : n ) 5Cr " 1 * 2 :3 r * n ) 6 …(i) * C3 ) C2 3 m (Applying again and again Pascal’s rule)
50 50 50
7 * ( C3 ) C2 ) ) C 2(m 2 " 1 )
n) 5
and Cr ) 1 : n ) 5Cr *
:12r * 5n ) 18 …(ii)
5 * 51C 3 ) 50
C 2(m 2 " 1 ) * (3n ) 1 ) 51C 3 (given)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get or 50
C 2(m 2 " 1 ) * 3n 3 51C 3
4(n ) 6 ) * 5n ) 18 :n * 6
m 2 " 1 51 m2 " 1
127. (1 ) ax ) bx 2 ) (1 " 2 x )18 or * * 17 or *n
3n 3 51
* (1 ) ax ) bx 2 ) [1 " 18C1(2 x ) ) 18C 2 (2 x ) 2 for m * 16, n * 5
" 18C 3(2 x ) 3 ) 18C 4 (2 x ) 4 " L] 133. ( 21C1 ) 21C 2 ) 21C 3 ) 21C 4 )....) 21C10 )
According to the question, Coefficient of x 3 " (10C1 ) 10C 2 ) 10C 3 ) ...) 10C10 )
18 18 2 18 1 21
* " C 3 3 8 ) a 3 C 2 3 2 " b 3 C1 3 2 * 0 * (2 " 2 ) " (210 " 1 ) * (2 20 " 1 ) " (210 " 1 )
544 2
:17 a " b * …(i)
3 * 2 20 " 210
1
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CHAPTER

● Sum of the Series

1 ' n Cn an ! n Cn " 1 an " 1 x ! n Cn " 2 an " 2 x ! ... ! n C0 x n

Remarks Some Important Points

Positive Integral Index 2. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

Remark ' 2 {Sum of terms at even places}

5. Replacing x by (" x) in Eq. (iii), we get ' P ! Q (given) …(i)

! Example 2. Simplify 2 (101)50 0 (100)50 ! (99 )50

( x ! ( x 2 " 1 )) 6 ! ( x " ( x 2 " 1 ) 6 . n

! (n C 1 x n " 1 a1 ! n C 3 x n " 3 a 3 ! n C 5 x n " 5 a 5 ! ...)

Properties of Binomial How to Construct a Pascal’s Triangle

! Example 9. Find the sum of the series ) 1, )

#L Exercise for Session 1

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 300

3. The expansion {x ! ( x 3 " 1)1/ 2} 5 ! {x " ( x 3 " 1)1/ 2} 5 is a polynomial of degree

(a) 101 (b) 70 2 (c) 140 2 (d) 120 2

5. The total number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of ( x ! a ) 100

6. The number of non-zero terms in the expansion of (1! 3 2x )9 ! (1" 3 2x )9, is

nn " 1 (n ! 1)n " 1

General Term (ii) the coefficient of x " 7 in the expansion of

! Example 13. Find the term independent of x in the

Consecutive Terms or Coefficients

In this case, divide consecutive coefficients pairwise, we 3 d ' nC r !2 …(iv)

3 Coefficients of rth, (r ! 1)th and (r ! 2)th terms in the )n ! 1, n )n ! 1,

Corollary II For r ' 5, n ' 7, 14 [Qn D 6] a c 2b

(ii) AM 0 GM From Eqs. (i) and (vi), we get

( 9 ! 1)9 3x 3 Greatest term (when r ' 2) ' 11C 2 (3)9 ( " 5x )2

Important Properties of Trinomial Expansion

In the binomial expansion of (1 ! x ) n . Let us denote the

' Sum of the coefficients in the expansion of ( x " #y )35 40

Putting x ' y ' 1, we get

3 # '1 or a 0 " a1 ! a 2 " a 3 ! a 4 " a 5 ! ... " a 39 ! a 40 ' 220 …(iii)

#L Exercise for Session 2

4. The number of integral terms in the expansion of (51/ 2 ! 71/ 8 )1024 is

Also I ! f ' ( P ! Q )n …(i) ' 2 [ n C 0 P n ! n C 2 P n " 2 ( Q ) 2 ! n C 4 P n " 4 ( Q ) 4 ! ... ]

Proof Given, P " Q F1 0C f F1 …(ii)

The number (22225555 ! 4 5555 ) is divisible by 2222 ! 4

Sol. Given expression ! Example 44. Find the remainder, when 5 5

Hence, the last two digits of 3400 is 00 ! 1 ' 01.

3 17 256 ' 128C 0 (290)128 " 128

But (100) 100

#L Exercise for Session 3

2. If (5 ! 2 6 )n ' I ! f ; n, I & N and 0 C f F 1, then I equals

(a) 196 (b) 197 (c) 198 (d) 199

7. The unit digit of 171983 ! 111983 " 71983 is

8. The last two digits of the number (23)14 are

9. The last four digits of the number 3100 are

10. The remainder when 23 23

Use of Complex Numbers From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

in Binomial Theorem (C 0 $ C 2 % C 4 $ ...) % i (C 1 $ C 3 % C 5 $ ...)

# 24n % 22 n ( $ 1)n % 22 n ( $ 1)n y %z #5

(> 1 !)(> 2 !)(> 3 !) ... (> k !) ) % % , is # 60

x # 1 or $ 1 or i(i # $1 ), etc. According to the given

! Example 58. If and n % 1 # n &1 % 1

! Example 60. If (1 ! x )n " C 0 ! C 1 x ! C 2 x 2

! ... ! C n x n , prove that ! ... ! C n x n , prove that ! 3 2 # C 3 ! ... ! n 2 # C n

" 2n # 2n $ 1 ! 2n " (n ! 1) # 2n " RHS

" n (n $ 1) # 2 n $ 2 ! n # 2 n $ 1 " n (n ! 1) 2n $ 2 " RHS n

, ( n $ 1) ( n $ 2) / In bracket, put n $ 1 " N , then

Putting x " $ 1, we get Putting x " i in both sides, we get

C0 C2 C4 Put n ! 1 " N , then

Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to 3, we get ( n ! 1) r " 0

1 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

Now, coefficient of x n $ r on LHS of Eq. (iii) " 2n