Process Building -

RAILWAY STATION
Public Transport as a Process
GROUP 04
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
SITE SPECIFIC DATA
Here you could describe the topic
of the section

02
TECHNICAL DATAS
On Track
Station

03
FUNCTIONAL SCHEMATICS
Typologies
Functional arrangement

04
SNEAK PEEK
Here you could describe the topic
of the section

05
PROJECT STAGES
Here you could describe the topic
of the section
KOTTAWA RAILWAY STATION
• Kottawa Railway Station is a railway station near
Kottawa, Sri Lanka, which is a suburb city of Colombo.

• Serves by the Kaleni Valley Line and services are

provided by Sri Lanka Railways .

• This was rebuilt in a new location during the Broad-

gauge project of the Kelani Valley line.

• Have 2 platforms.

No 1 Platform - Maharagama to Avissavella

 No 2 Platform - Avissavella to Maharagama

 TIMETABLE

• Expansion to a broad gauge • Parcel Room • Ticket Counter • Station Master’s Room
track can increase
passenger density
significantly.
• A
community
maintained
FACILITIES library is a
good and
favourable
initiative.

Users • Seating Areas

• Solar power is used.
Morning and Evening hours are
Station Other the busiest hours.
Passengers
Master Workers
Morning
 Station
Lobby Ticket Parcel Seating Wash
Stairway master’s Library
Area Counter Room Area Room
Room

Ranasiri Mawatha
CIRCULATION Vehicle Access

Pedestrian Access

Disable Access
• There is no any disabled access
Mandatory Structural Fire Protection and Access Requirements

A. Structural and Access Requirement

1. Protected Stairway:

a) The stairway shall be separated from the remainder of the building by 60 min./ 90 min./ 120 min. fire resisting construction and 30 / 60-
minute fire doors to form a stairway enclosure.
b) All doors shall open in the direction of escape.
c) Scissor type protected stairways are not acceptable for super-high-rise buildings.

2. Alternative Means of Escape:

a) Alternative protected stairway not less than 1 m. wide shall be provided up to the highest floor level, access from all floors.
b) Scissor type protected stairways are not acceptable as alternative means of escape for super-high-rise buildings.

3. Fire Fighting Shaft Requirement:

a) Floor area up to 900 m2 - 01 No and up to 2000 m2 - 02 Nos.

b) Construction - 02-hour fire rated.
c) Fire fighting / escape stairway width - 1050 mm wide
d) Fire fighting lobby - not less than 06 m2
e) Firefighting /evacuation lift - Dimensions; 2100 mm x 1100 mm
4. Compartmentation:
a) Below Ground level - No compartment to comprise more than one storey.
b) Ground level to 30 m. in height - No compartment to comprise more than 3 storeys.
c) More than 30 m. from ground level - No compartment to comprise 01 storey.

5. Fire Command Centre:

a) Construction - 02 hour fire rated.
b) Location - Fire vehicle access level
c) Floor area - 10 m2

6. Refuge Floor and Holding Area: Designation of refuge floor at an interval of every 10th floor from the top most
floor of the building. Holding Area:
a) Construction - 02 hour fire rated, adjacent to firefighting shaft.
b) Floor area - 0.5m2 of the 50% of total occupants of 10 floors above including refuge floor based on occupancy factor.

7. Provision for External Access:

a) Access: Minimum road access - 4.5 m and head room - 4.5, turning circle between kerbs - 24 m. for 40-ton high reach appliance.
b) Hard standing: Dimension - 7 m x 15 m., within 2 m. to 10 m. from the building.
c) Habitable floor less than 18 m -clear working space 4 m x 4 m wide along the side of the building.
d) Dead-end access –maximum 20 m, if exceed turning facilities to be provided.
B. Height Category of Buildings

Buildings other than Residential Apartment and Car park.

1. Low rise - Category 1:
a) Protected stairway (60 min. fire rated)

2. Low rise - Category 2:

a) Protected stairway (60 min. fire rated)
b) b) Alternative means of escape (Spiral stairway accepted up 10 m)

3. Medium rise:
a) Protected stairway (90 min. fire rated)
b) b) Compartmentation
c) c) Alternative means of escape
d) d) Provision for external access
4. High rise:
a) Protected stairway (120 min. fire rated)
b) Alternative means of escape
c) Compartmentation
d) Firefighting shaft
e) Fire Command Centre
f) Provision for external access

5. Super high rise:

a) Protected stairway (120 min. fire rated)
b) Alternative means of escape
c) Compartmentation
d) Firefighting shaft
e) Fire Command Centre
f) Refuge floor & holding area
g) Provision for external access
USE OF FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS IN UNDERGROUND STATIONS AND METRO TUNNELS

The fire risk for station public areas in an underground station is expected to be lower than commercial building water based fixed fire
fighting system (FFFS) is not commonly required.
In road tunnels, currently fire hydrants are required to be provided along the length of the tunnel, while some tunnels have additionally
installed sprinkler systems, water mist systems or drencher systems to protect the tunnel structure.
Typical fire services provision in train and metro tunnel.
ELEVATED RAILWAYS
• An elevated railway or elevated train (also known as
an el train for short) is a rapid transit railway with the
tracks above street level on a viaduct or other
elevated structure (usually constructed from steel,
cast iron, concrete, or bricks).

• The earliest elevated railway was the London and

Greenwich Railway on a brick viaduct of 878
arches, built between 1836 and 1838.

• In London, the Docklands Light Railway is a modern

elevated railway that opened in 1987 and, since,
has expanded. The trains are driverless and
automatic.

• Another modern elevated railway is Tokyo's

driverless Yurikamome line, opened in 1995.
WHAT IS STATION?
OUTER HOME

INNER HOME

STATION

STATION
STANDARD GAUGE DIMENSIONS

5.182m –Minimum height for electrified trains

5.030m

4.115m 4.420m

1.676m
3.352m
3.048m 4.268m

MINIMUM FIXED STRUCTURE MAXIMUM FIXED STRUCTURE

GAUGE
Horizontal distance between the gauge
faces 13 to 15 mm from the rail top.
MAINTENANCE TOLÉRANCES F OR GAUGE
NG -A narrow-gauge railway is one where the distance between the inside edges
of the rails is less than 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).
MG -Meter-gauge railways are narrow-gauge railways with track gauge of 1,000
mm ( 3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) or 1 meter.
BG - Broad gauge is also called wide gauge or large line. The distance between the
two tracks in these railway gauges is 1676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
CURVES

• Degree of curvature –The angle subtended at the center by a

chord of 30 .5 meters.
• The radiusfor 10 curv e is 1750 mTheradius isinversely proportional to the
degree of curvature.
• Therelation between Degree and radius is D =175 0 R

RADIUS
• The min. permissible curvature in BG is 100 m.
• BG – 0.04 % per degree of curvature
• MG – 0.03 % per degree of curvature
• NG – 0.02 %per degree of curvature

SWITCHES AND CROSSINGS Angle of Crossing Max. Permitted Speed over

Switches and crossings are used to guide trains from one track to turnout
another. They are simply junctions to create multi-lined, multi-routed 1 in 6, 1 in 6 ½, 1 in 7 8 kmph
rail networks. 1 in 8, 1 in 9 16 kmph
The smaller the crossing angle, the more space is permitted for 1 in 10, 1 in 12 24 kmph
higher speeds over turnouts. 1 in 20 80 kmph
Max Permissible Super Elevation
• The max.permissible superelevationinB G For A,B &C routes
• 165mm For D &E routes-140mm For MG – 90mmFor NG -65mm

Level Crossings
Level crossingsare provided on the railway lines t o passthe road traffic acrossthe track.
GENERAL DIMENSIONS

SLEEPERS

CROSS SECTION OF TRACK WITH DRAINAGE DETAILS

STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF ENGINE AND PASSENGER COACH

17m 45 – 50 m
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF STATION

ENTRANCE

SIGNEL
REST STATION CONTROL WASH GENERATOR
PARCEL
ROOM MASTER ROOMS ROOM
ROOM
OFFICE TICKET ISSUE
AREA

GATE

YELLOW LINE
3600 mm

300 mm

700 mm

1600 mm

4200 mm
STATION DETAILS
Standard height of low
LENGTH OF PLATFORMS 1.676m 0.457m
type passenger platform
o According to Neufert – Length of the longest
train to stop at the station + 5m.
Standard height of high
0.762m
type passenger platform
o According to Local Standards - Determined 1.676m
based on location, available buildable area, and
passenger density.
 Low passenger density = 1 railway
carriage (min.) 0.915m Maximum height of any
 Moderate passenger density = 5 railway 1.676m passenger platform
carriages (min.)
 High passenger density = 10 railway
carriages (min.)
1.143m
Standard height of goods &
Number of Platforms 1.676m horse platform

– To be determined based on no. 1.372m

of trains making stops at the Standard height of carriage
dock
station and passenger density. 1.676m
WIDTH OF PLATFORMS TYPES OF PLATFORMS
o The width of an island platform spans about 12 – 15 m.
Center Platforms (Island Platforms).

3m – 4m

BUILDING AREA 12m – 15m

Side Platforms

PLATFORM SLOPE

o Sloped by 1 % to the platform edge to ensure positive

drainage and prevent wheeled devices from rolling off the
platform edge. - Split Level Platforms
o Max. Longitudinal slope = 0.5 % (0.3% preferred) o Have side platforms located at different levels.
 Platforms

500 - 600mm 1200-1500mm

Concourse pathway
Disable
access

Automated Ticketing Gates

Station Services
(SM Office, Resting Areas, etc.)
Ramps
- Preferred gradient – 1:20
- Maximum gradient – 1: 12
- Min. width – 1200mm (for unidirectional movement)
- Min width – 1500mm (for bi-directional movement)

Stairs
- According to Neufert
o Usable width should be a multiple of 80cm with a minimum height clearance of 2.4 m
o First and Last steps must be provided with a 6cm wide contrasting strip.

- According to IR Standards
o No. of Risers per flight – 12 (Minimum 3)
o Height of Riser – 150mm (Max.)
o Length of Tread – 300mm (Max.)
o Stair width –
 1800 mm (3 lanes min. – for normal movement of passengers)
 1200 mm (2 lanes min. – for emergency use of passengers)
o Length of intermediate landings – Less than 2000mm
o Vertical Clearance – 2700mm (min.) measured from the finished step to underside of suspended
ceilings. 2350mm (min.) to underside of signs
o Handrails – height 850mm (min.), 50 mm diameter
TYPOLOGIES OF RAILWAY STATIONS

STATION TYPOLOGIES

HALTS FLAG WAYSIDE JUNCTION TERMINAL STATIONS

STATIONS STATIONS STATIONS

HALTS

• Simplest station where trains can stop on a railway line.

• It has only a rail level platform, about 250 m long with a name board.
• Small waiting shed is also provided (also serve as a booking office)
• No station building/ yard
• Selected trains stop to enable passengers to entrain or detrain
FLAG STATIONS

• Provided with a station building and staff.

• Included small waiting room, booking office,
benches and platforms.
• More important than a hault.

WAYSIDE STATIONS

• The arrangement is made to cross an up and a down train or for overtaking of

slower trains by faster trains.
JUNCTION STATIONS

• Where a branch line joins a main line.

• To facilitate the interchange of traffic between main and
branch line.
• To clean and repair the vehicles of the trains which terminates
at the junctions.

TERMINAL STATIONS

• A station at the end of a railway line.

• Facilities like servicing of engines and vehicles are provided.
• Additional arrangement for various sidings, examination pits,
hydraulic buffers are made.
 RAIL TYPES
RAIL TYPES

Light Rail Heavy Rail Sub Urban Rail Monorail Tram cars

LIGHT RAIL HEAVY RAIL

A form of urban rail public transportation that generally has, • High capacity public transport
• A lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and • Generally found in urban areas
metro systems • High speed/ rapid acceleration
• A higher capacity and higher speed than traditional street-
running tram systems.
SUB URBAN RAIL
• Can be operated on the
ground, in tunnels, but also
elevated.
• Passenger trains that cover
short distances of up to 150
km.
MONORAIL TRAM CARS
• Track consists of a • Travels on tramway tracks on
single rail or a beam. public urban streets.
• Can travel even in • Usually lighter and shorter than
short ,congested main line and rapid transit trains.
streets
• Consumes minimal
space as a result of its
smaller size.
FUNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF A STATION
There should be a strong relationship between the station’s physical structure and its activities and services.
A well-designed functional station typically comprises multiple building blocks linked together to form a single working environment.

STATION ZONES Main Zones

Arrival zone Service zone Communication zone Platform

ARRIVAL ZONE SERVICE AREA

• external area where a station and surrounding environment meet. Main functions- ticket sales/ ticket machines
• zone of setting down and picking up passengers. information desks
traffic information
Service area Directly related to the journey toilets
waiting areas
Not necessary
• Generally placed next to the main corridors and intersections.

Functional areas – bus stop/bus terminal

Other functions- luggage store
bicycle/motorcycle parking
cash machines
taxi rank
shops
car parking
eateries
foot paths
• Can be placed on other pass ways at the station

ENTRANCE WAYS
COMMUNICATION ZONE PLATFORM

• Links set-down/pick-up zones with platforms usually through the service area. • Waiting spaces should be provided on the
• Should be visually clear, well demarcated , well lit and shallow grade for all platforms.
passenger groups to use. • Should be sheltered

Functional spaces – lifts

escalators
stairways
bridges

ZONING
WHAT IS A RAILWAY TRANSFORMER?
Railway transformers represent a large range of product developed for on-board and earth application. The
typical use is control displays, signaling devices, radio equipment, battery chargers and braking systems.
The power range can vary from 30W up to 5kW, depending on the type of transformer used.

Which transformer is used in railway station?

Booster transformers: these are used in electric railway AC catenary feeders to collect the return current from the
rails and the earth to the return conductor.

Catenary autotransformers are used in modern high power railway catenary systems fed with two
phases with a 180 0phase shift with the point connected to the earth they are applied to all new high
speed train system.

What is the purpose of a station service transformer?

Station service voltage transformers are intended transformer transformers are being used to provide
low voltage control power for substations, cell tower installations and at switching stations by trapping
directly from the high voltage line.
VARIOUS TRANSFORMERS

OIT : Oil Insulated Transformer

GIT : Gas Insulated

Transformer
Solid Insulated Switchgear
GIS : Gas Insulated Switchgear

PROCESS – AT KOTTAWA RAIWAY STATION

Ticket Station master Parcel Railway

Lobby area Seating area Washrooms
counters room counter library
No 1 platform – Maharagama to Avissavella
No 2 platform – Avissavella to Maharagama

ACTIVE HOURS

• Morning – 5:40 a.m to 8:07 p.m.

• Evening – 4:50 a.m to 7:30 p.m.

• The busiest period is in the morning.

USERS
USERS

PASSENGERS
STATION
MASTER OTHER WORKERS