DATA COLLECTION

(MULTI-USE HIGH RISE

BUILDING)
B. Architecture
6th semester
“College of Science and Technology”
Roya University of Bhutan

Compiled by : Dawa, Dhendup Dorji, Dilip Gurung, Dhan Maya &

Chimmi Wangmo
 PARKING REQUIREMENTS

SL.NO. SPACE REQUIREMENTS

1. Office 2.5 spaces for every one thousand

square feet of GFA or 2.75 for every one
thousand square feet of UFA.

Bar or Restaurant

1. Restaurant (including outdoor decks, 8.0 spaces for every one thousand
patio and/or seating areas) square feet of GFA.

2. Bar, Club or Lounge (including outdoor 10.0 spaces for every one thousand
decks, patio and/or seating areas) square feet of GFA.

Retail Services

1. Clothing Store 4.0 spaces for every one thousand

square feet of GFA.

2. Furniture Store 2.0 spaces for every one thousand

square feet of GFA
 PARKING REQUIREMENTS

SL.NO. SPACE REQUIREMENTS

5. Barber or Beauty Shop 3.0 spaces for each operator chair and
1.0 space for each employee.

7. Shopping Ctr. (Neighborhood) 4.0 spaces for every one thousand

(25,001-100,000 GFA) square feet of GFA. (2)

8. Shopping Ctr. (Community)(100,001- 4.0 spaces for every one thousand

399,999 GFA) square feet of GFA.

9. Shopping Ctr. (Regional)(400,000- 5.0 spaces for every one thousand

1,000,000 GFA) square feet of GFA.

10. Shopping Ctr. (Super Regional)(over- 4.0 spaces for every one thousand
1,000,000 GFA) square feet of GFA.
 Vertical Circulation
Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access specific areas of a
building, including: internal stairs. internal ramps. elevators.
Element of Vertical circulation:
• 1. RAMP. 2. STAIR. 3. ELEVATOR. 4. ESCALATOR.
Stair
• Easy and quick access to different floors with comfort and safety.
• Spiral stairs and stairs with tapered treads should not be used, as they are much more
likely to cause tripping.
• Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
• Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.
Elevator
• An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that
moves along guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and
that transports passengers or goods, or both, between two or more floors of a
building.
• Considered as a requirement in all building over three storeys

• Minimum standards of service – one lift for every four storeys with a maximum
distance of 45m to the lift lobby

• Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2𝑚2 per
person

SPACE FUNCTION LIFT CAPACITY(lbs) Minimum Building height(cm)

speed(ft/sec.)
High scale 3500 1000 >375

Hotel 2500 or 3000 1000 >375

Retails 5000 500 > 200

ARRANGEMENT PATTERN & SPATIAL EFFECT OF VERTICAL CIRCULATION:
(ELEVATOR)

ARRANGEMENT TWO-CAR GROUPING

• Side-by-side arrangement is best
• Passenger face both cars& can react immediately
• EXCESSIVE separation destroy advantages of group
operation

THREE-CAR GROUPING
3 cars in a row is PREFERRABLE
2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable
 Arrangement of Four-Car Grouping
• commonly in large, busier buildings
• 2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most efficient

Arrangement Eight-Car Grouping

• 4-opposite-4 arrangement

Six-Car Grouping
• Found in large
office buildings, public buildings and hospitals.
• 3-opposite-3 position is PREFERRED
• dimension of the LOBBY must not be less than
3m or 3.6m if function as a passageway
• The core of a multistory building integrates functions and service. Such areas
are normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.

Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for loadbearing

high-rise building system
CORE
• The core of a multistory building integrates functions and service. Such areas
are normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.
• Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for load bearing high-
rise building system

Types of core:
• 1. central core
• 2. Split core
• 3. End core
• 4. Atrium core
STRUCTURE OF CORE:
a. If the building structure been R.C.C, the core structure should be shear wall. In this
case core structure may not be steel structure.
b. If the building structure been steel , the core structure should be steel structure. In
this case core structure may be R.C.C structure.
• If the building structure been Composite ,the core structure should be shear wall. In
this case core structure may not be steel structure.

ARRANGEMENT PATTERN OF ELEVATORS

• Central Core: Elevator position preferable in center &Horizontal circulation is easier.
• Split Core:

Individual elevator layout

position according to using
purpose & Horizontal circulation
is not easier ELEVATOR
• Calculation method
 Circulation in Shopping Mall
1. Minimum area per person in various types of areas

Occupancy Area per person (m2 )

Assembly halls (closely seated) .46 @450mm c/c movable seats .60@500mm c/c
fixed seats
Dance halls .55 to 0.90

Restaurants (dining areas) .90 to 1.1

Retail shops and showrooms 4.6 to 7.0

Department stores, bazaars 0.9 (including counters, etc.)

bargain sales areas 0.46 (gangway areas only)

Offices 9.3 (excluding stairs and lavatories)

2. Area per person to be allowed in various circulation
areas Occupancy Area per person (m2 )

Overall allowance for public areas in public-handling 2.3 to 2.8

buildings
Waiting areas, 100 per cent standing, no cross-flows (e.g. 0.5 to 0.65
lift
lobby)

Circulating people in corridors, reduced to halt by 0.2

Obstruction.

3. Flow capacities of corridors and staircases

Occupancy Area per person (m2 )
General design purposes 0.8
People moving at good walking pace (1.3 m/s) 3.7
People moving at a shuffle (0.4 to 0.9 m/s). 0.27 - 0.37
People at a standstill due to obstruction 0.2
Ramps
•Gentle slope: 1:12 max.

•1800 x 1800 landing after 9m of travel

distance.

• Width: 1800mm or more.

• Handrails to be on both sides and at

two levels – 760mm and 900mm.
Extend 300mm beyond top and
bottom of ramp.
• The height of corridors and passageways shall be
not less than 2.4 m.
• Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in
all group F building.
• Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance on
the floor shall not exceed the distance of 30m. In
case of all mercantile building.
• No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be
inclined at an angle greater than 45° from the
horizontal.
• External stairs shall have straight flight not less
than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm treads and
risers not more than 190 mm.
• The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per
flight.

• Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000

mm and not exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be
provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150
mm.
• A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in
diameter and shall be designed to give adequate
headroom.
REFUGE AREA
For buildings more than 24 m in
height, refuge area of 15 m2 or
an area equivalent to 0.3 m2
per person to accommodate the
occupants of two consecutive
floors.

 For floors above 24 m and Up

to 39 m — One refuge area on
the floor immediately above 24
m.

 For floors above 39 m — One

refuge area on the floor
immediately above 39 m and
so on after every 15 m.

Accessible Toilet
• A minimum of one toilet
compartment with minimum
size of 2000 x 1750mm is
required on each floor having
all barrier free provisions.
Accessible Lift
• A minimum of one 13 passenger
lift is required having all barrier
free provision.
• Quality Service or Acceptable
Interval
• 20 to 25 seconds Excellent
• 30 to 35 seconds Good
• 34 to 40 seconds Fair
• 45 seconds Poor
• Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory
 services
Sales area of appliances male female
shop(meter sq.)
1000-2000 WC, 1 2
urinal 1 Nil
washbasin, 1 2
toilet for disabled 1
Baby changing 1
facilities
2001-4000 WC, 1 4
urinal 2 Nil
washbasin, 2 4
toilet for disabled 1
Baby changing 2
facilities

Greater than 4000 In proportionate - -

to the size of sales
area
 SERVICES
Appliances For male customers For female costumers

WC One per 100 up to 400 males, for over 2 per 50 upto 200 females,
400 males add at the rate of 1 for every add at the rae of 1 for every
250 ,ales. 100 females.
urinals 1 per 50 males -----

Wash basin 1 per WC and addition of 1 for every 5 1 per WC

urinals.

Toilet, One unisex compartment should be

disabled reasonably close by but may be shared
by other facilities.
Bucket/ Adequate provisions should be made
cleaners for cleaning facilities including atleast
Sink one cleaners sink.
COLUMN SPACING
Significant dimension is along the mall as this involves the widths, i.e. , frontages, of
stores.
Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft., with the last the most flexible .
STORE DEPTHS
Buildings are usually 120 to 140 ft deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger
stores .
If there are basements or mezzanines, the depth dimension usually can be
reduced 20 to 25 percent
CLEAR HEIGHTS
These vary from 10 to 14 ft. or more, with 12 Ft. a good average . Above this clear height,
there must be adequate space for air conditioning ducts, recessed lights, structural e
system, etc.
PARKING AND TRAFFIC
A ratio of between 5 and 6 car spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. of leasable store area is
mandatory.
In the matter of parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles (say, 70‘ to the lanes, which
then requires one-way traffic; or stalls can be at 90' to the lanes, permitting two-way
traffic.
 SHOP SIZES AND LAYOUT
12 to 15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft long in large
cities ; and 15 to 18 ft. wide by 60 to 80 ft long
in smaller cities .

These dimensions apply particularly to shops

in 100
percent retail districts .

Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the clear,

permit economical stock storage .

Ground floors are preferably approximately 12 ft high If no mezzanine is included ;

mezzanines at least 7 ft6 inch above floor level will accommodate most fixture heights.

Height from mezzanine floor to ceiling may be as low as 6 ft6 in . if used for service
space only ; 7 ft is the preferred minimum for public use .
 Office Space
• The data collections for office spaces is based on the ten tallest office buildings.* (2009)

Name of the building City Year of Height No. of Floors

completion (m)
Taipei 101 Tower Taipei 2004 509 101
Shanghai World Financial Shanghai 2008 492 101
Center
Petronas Tower Kuala Lumpur 1998 452 88
Sears Tower Chicago 1974 442 110
Jin Mao Tower Shanghai 1998 421 88
Two International Hong Kong 2003 415 88
Finance center
CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 1997 391 80
Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 1996 384 69
Central Plaza Hong kong 1992 374 70
Bank of China Hong Kong 1990 367 70
• Building efficiency (net-to-gross floor area) of multi-story office developments(Davis
Langdon and Everest, 1997)

Number of Stories Efficiency ( %)

Two to four 83 – 86

Five to nine 79 – 83

10 to 19 72 – 80

20 to 29 70 – 78

30 to 39 69 – 75

40+ 68 - 73
• The first aim is to achieve the maximum space efficiency and in order to accomplish this
task, initially the floor slab shape and total floor area of the building need to be
designed.

• The space efficiency of a high-rise building can be achieved by maximizing the Gross
Floor Area(GFA) and Net(usable) Floor Area(NFA).

• According to Yeang (1995; 2000), floor slab efficiency of a typical high-rise office building
should generally not be less than 75%, unless the site is too small or too irregular to
permit a higher level of space efficiency.

• Square, circular, hexagonal, octagonal and similar plan forms are more space efficient
than the rectangular plans with high aspect ratios and irregular shapes.

• Buildings with symmetrical plan shapes are also less susceptible to wind and seismic
loads (Arnold, 1980; Taranath, 1998; Kozak, 1991)
Name of the Building GFA NFA Space Efficiency Interior
(m2) (m2) (%) Columns

Taipei 101 Tower 2650 1920 72 No

Shanghai World Financial 2500 1750 70 No
Center
Petronas Tower 2150 1290 60 No
Sears Tower 4900 3780 77 Yes
Jin Mao Tower 2800 1940 69 No
Two International Finance 2800 1904 68 Yes
center
CITIC Plaza 2230 1450 67 No
Shun Hing Square 2210 1460 66 Yes
Central Plaza 2210 1460 66 Yes
Bank of China 2704 1865 69 No
• Leasing depth or lease span is the distance of the usable area between the exterior wall
and the fixed interior element, such as the core or the multi-tenant corridor.

• In Germany maximum leasing depth is determined by building codes and cannot be more
than 8.0 m, whereas in Japan it is typically 18.0 m (Kohn and Katz 2002).

• Today there are high-rise office buildings with 17.0 m lease span in United States and Asia.
• Smaller core-to-exterior window dimensions allow the users to maintain a relationship
with the outside, thus benefiting from the natural light.

• According to Al and Armstrong(1995) the depth of lease span must be between 10.0 and
14.0m for office functions.
 Fig. Tallest buildings in
Turkey

Fig. Tallest buildings in the world

Name of the Building Leasing Floor-to-floor Floor-to- Structural Floor
Depth(m) height(m) ceiling Material
Height(m)
Taipei 101 Tower 13.9-9.8 4.20 2.80 Composite
Shanghai World Financial 12.5 4.2 2.75 Composite
Center

Petronas Tower 13.0-8.3 4.00 2.65 Composite

Sears Tower 22.9 3.92 2.70 Composite
Jin Mao Tower 14.8-11.8 4.00 2.79 Composite
Two International 14.5 4.00 2.70 Composite
Finance center
CITIC Plaza 11.3 3.9 2.7 Composite
Shun Hing Square 12.5-12.0 3.75 2.65 Composite
Central Plaza 13.5-9.4 3.9 2.6 RCC
Bank of China 17.6 4.0 2.80 Composite
Average 12.1 3.98 2.7
• In early office buildings, these elements tended to be dispersed on the floor rather than
concentrated, while today’s contemporary buildings include all these elements in a

specific zone, which is mainly the core.

• Many of the key structural elements, such as the shear walls that provide lateral stability,
are integrated into the core in order to simplify the architectural design.

• In order to achieve the maximum space efficiency of a high-rise office building, the core
must be reduced to an acceptable ratio of the gross floor area, while coping with the fire

regulations and achieving an effective vertical transportation with the elevators.

Name of the No. of Location of Core Core integrity Core Area Core/
Building cores (m2) GFA(%)
Center Outside Yes No

Taipei 101 Tower Single X X 665 25

Shanghai World Single X X 750 30
Financial
Center
Petronas Tower Single X X 530 25
Sears Tower Single X X 1113 22
Jin Mao Tower Single X X 800 29
Two International Single X X 740 26
Finance center
CITIC Plaza Single X X 480 22
Shun Hing Square Single X X 570 26
Central Plaza Single X X 560 25
Bank of China Double X X 800 30
• In United States, steel is commonly used as the structural material and lightweight fire-
rated drywall is used to form the walls in order to reduce its thickness and save the

foundation cost and construction time (Ho, 2007).

• However, in Asian countries, the use of the structural steel with drywall forming is less
common because their costs are higher than the conventional reinforced concrete
construction.

• High-strength concrete is generally used to reduce the thickness of reinforced concrete

core wall enabling more efficient spaces.
 Conclusions
• Structural system and core configuration are the most important factors affecting the

space efficiency of high-rise office buildings, as they are closely related with the shape of

the floor slab, leasing depth, floor height and vertical transportation.

• Key elements of the core are the structural elements and elevators while the lifting

design is the major determinant of the core size and the space efficiency, and it

determines the occupant travel and maximum waiting times.

• Central core approach is commonly used in the world and in Turkey for high-rise office

buildings.
 Guest Room

All rooms with outside windows/ ventilation.

Minimum size of bedroom excluding bathroom=200 sq.ft(180sq.ft for single

occupancy)

100% air conditioned room(room temperature b/w 20C-30C).

Minimum bed width

1.Single bed 90cm
2.Double bed 180cm

A beside table and drawer( one per bed)

Linen room-well ventilated.

 Living area Guest room Total guest room

Dimension( Area (sq.m) Dimensio Area(sq. Dimensio Area(sq.

m) n(m) m) n(m) m)

Budjet 3.5x4.5 16 1.5x1.5 2.3 3.5x6.2 21.9

Mid price 3.6x5.5 20.1 1.5x2.3 3.4 3.6x6.6 29

First class 4.1x5.8 23.8 1.7x2.6 4.4 4.1x8.6 35.2

Luxury 4.5x6.1 27.9 2.3x2.7 6.6 4.5x9.1 41.8

Bathroom

 All rooms with attached bathrooms

Minimum size of bathroom-45sq.ft
Water saving tapes
 Entry/Exits
 The entry to the site should be sophisticated, well maintained and having welcoming
effect.

Minimum width of the entrance should be proper enough to accommodate 2 vehicles

at a time.

So the ideal width of the entrance is 5m to 6m.

 A security pit should have been installed with all the proper security instruments.
Having the dimension 3m X 3m.

 Entry & exit points to the site should be same with one emergency entry (width 4m)
and one service entry (width 8m).

 Emergency entry should be mechanical as well as manual override in case of

emergency.
 Entrance lounges
 From the porch the main entry ( 5-6 mtr wide) with automatic control preferable the
revolving door.

 An allowance of 10 sq ft for each visitor to be served may be used for space

allocation .

 Reception area with 2 booking agents (5m X 2.5)

 Scoffers rooms~ 3 nos.(3m X 3m)

 Seating place for at least 15 people (visitor lounge)

 Seating place for at least 25 people (guest lounge)

 A small coffee house or bar if applicable. (4m X 3M)

 Express lifts, floor lifts and staircase core would be adjacent not more than 10 m
 Reception lobby
Reception desk visible from entrance should have reception counter length

No. of rooms Counter length

50 3m

100 4.5m

200 7.5m

400 10.5
 Space Allocation
Guest Room No. of Room Area in meter

king (43%) 86 30

Double (50%) 100 35

Handicapped (2%) 4

Suites (5%) 20 32

Total area 200 15520

• BEDROOM SPACEALLOWANCE - 28M2

• FLOOR TO CEILING HEIGHT – 2.5M(MIN) WITH 2M OVER ENTRY FOR AC FITTING
 KITCHEN LAYOUT AND REQUIREMENT
Hotel size Restaurant Coffee shop

50 50-75m2 -

150 80m2 -

200 100m2 -

Kitchen space=1/3 of dinning space

Kitchen space will also depend on frequency of deliveries

and the minimum space for each person is 1.4m2

14 sq.ft space for spacious dinning and 12 sq.ft for restaurant
 Food and Beverages
Food and Beverages Area in ft Area in meter

Coffee shop 2400 223

Cocktail lounge 1600 140

Lobby bar 800 75

Bar staircase 75 7

Function area Area in ft Area in meter

Ballroom 3500 325

Ball room foyer 900 84

Banquets room 1200 112

 Food Preparation
Area in feet Area in meters

Main kitchen 1000 100

Bakers shop 850 79

Room service area 300 28

Chefs office 100 10

Dry food storage 300 28

Refrigerated food 200 19

Beverage storage 150 14

Toilets 100 10
 Spaces for Function
FUNCTION ROOMS
 Multipurpose rooms for meetings, banquets, ball parties, exhibition etc. designed with
consideration of separate access if the room is large. Space allowance.
Banquet style seating=1.1-1.3m2/p
Meeting style seating=9-1.11m2/p

STORES
furniture store – 0.3m2/room
shelves at least 600 wide open
laundry area-140m2for 200 bedrooms
ventilation ratio -15 to 20 air change/hr
 FACILITIES
There should be a reception, cash and information counter attended by qualified,
trained and experienced - personnel conference room / banquet hall sand private dinning
room.

There should be book stall, beauty parlor, barber shop, recognized travel counter,
money changing and safe depositing facilities, left luggage room and a shop and
medicines, on the premises.

There should be a well equipped; well furnished a well maintained dining room/
restaurant on the premises.

There should be elegant well equipped bar / permit room.

The pantry and the cold stored should be, professionally designed and should be well
equipped.
 Reference
• Space efficiency in High rise office buildings by Aysin SEV and Aydan OZGEN
• By group 05, study on vertical circulation and services.
• Salim, Afiti, Hajee Moha, Vertical Circulation & Servicesmmad Danesh Science &
Technology University, Dinajpur-5200
• Parking requirements, type of occupancy spaces.