Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

PRESSURIZATION - CAAIP AL 3-23

Pressurization allows for high altitude flying which:

1. Allows the aircraft to avoid bad weather and turbulence

2. Improves the aircrafts fuel economy

But, high altitude temperature, humidity and pressure are not sufficient to support human existence.
Thus, prolonged exposure to these conditions could lead to altitude sickness, anoxia or death

It is for this reason that pressurization provides a habitable environment by:

1. Providing conditions equivalent to those at 8,000ft

2. Providing a means of temperature control
3. Providing a means of ventilation, that prevents build-up of odors
4. Providing a comfortable rate of cabin altitude change (500fpm up and 300fpm down)

Safety features

Outflow valve: controls and maintains pressurization by discharging air from the cabin in response to
the signals from the controller

Vacuum relief valve: prevents cabin pressure from being appreciably lower than the ambient pressure

Pressure equalization valve: provides a means of equalizing cabin and cargo section pressure

Blow-out panels: prevents the differential pressure from being exceeded between the cargo interior
and exterior

Cabin altitude warning: provides a master caution indication when cabin altitude exceeds 10,000ft

Indication systems: provides a means of monitoring the cabin altitude, differential pressure and rate of
cabin pressure change

Ground safety valve: prevents the aircraft from pressurizing on ground

Oxygen cylinder/supply: provides a means of oxygen supply in event of pressurization system failure

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

REPORT
(DAMAGE CAUSED BY GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT)

Aircraft Reg: 5Y-BUY Serial No: UT876 Date: 23-Nov-2011

Aircraft Type: Dash 8 Operator: Camp-nou

FLIGHT CONTROL DAMAGE (Left Aileron)

On the above mentioned date, the aircraft left aileron was damaged by the refueling truck in Wajir-
Kenya, after finishing over-wing refueling.

Initial assessment concluded that the control surface was damaged beyond economical repair, thus
warranting its replacement.

The aircraft is currently assuming A.O.G status awaiting ordered spare for installation

No further damage was found. Damage details entered into the log-book

Full name:…………………………

Designation:……………………..

Signature:…………………………

Date:…………………………………

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

SYMMETRY CHECK – CAAIP AL/7-12

Done to check the relative alignment or adjustment of major aircraft components

Preparation

1. Consult MM for correct procedure, relevant figures and tolerances

2. Consult the aircraft logbook for actual dimensions and lengths
3. Assemble all required tools and equipment
4. Set the aircraft on a flat level surface
5. Identify the reference points on the aircraft

Symmetry check – Small aircrafts

1. All measurements taken between the reference points, should be done by means of steel-tape
2. A tension of 5 lbs should be used on the steel-tape to improve the accuracy of all readings

Symmetry check – large aircrafts

1. A plumb-bob is used
2. It is positioned at the reference point and dropped perpendicularly to the ground
3. On the ground below the plumb-bob a point ‘x’ is marked
4. Measure the dimensions between the X’s. that is between:
 The nose and nacelle
 The nose and wing-tips
 Centre of gravity and tail-plane
 Fin and wing tips
5. Compare the dimensions to those in the logbook
6. Amend where necessary and issue CRS

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

POST LIGHTNING INSPECTION - CAAIP AL/7-1

1. Consult MM for correct procedure, tooling and safety precautions
2. Assemble all the required tools and equipment
3. Carry out detailed visual inspection of the aircraft skin looking out for skin blisters in clusters or
spread out
4. Inspect the aircraft skin and rivets for signs of fretting
5. Inspect all bonding strips for security and integrity
6. By hand move all flying controls looking out for roughness, indicative of bearing seizure as a
result of lightning discharge tracking
7. Check all antennas for signs of discharge damage
8. Inspect cowling for evidence of pitting
9. Inspect all engine oil filters, looking out for metal deposits indicative of bearing failure
10. Inspect the landing gear for residual static discharge indicated by gear magnetism
11. Carry out bonding resistance check
12. Check all COMM and NAV units for proper operation
13. Carry out the relevant entries and issue CRS

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

PITOT HEAD INSTALLATION – CAAIP AL/10-1

Preparation

1. Consult MM for correct procedure and safety precautions

2. Assemble required tools
3. Inspect the pitot head for damage, corrosion or blockage
4. Isolate electrical power to the pitot and static systems
5. Inspect the area of installation for corrosion and damage
6. Inspect drain holes for blockage
7. Inspect harness for chaffing

Pre-installation precautions

1. Ensure that flex hoses don’t twist when tightening

2. Ensure that the rigid lines are not knicked to ensure that they don’t give false indication
3. Great care should be taken so as to ensure that cables are not cross-connected
4. Do not paint the pitot head

Post installation inspections

1. Tighten all pressure lines

2. Carry out pitot static check
3. Carry out heating functional check
4. Carry out bonding check
5. Make relevant entries and issue CRS

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

LOGBOOK ENTRY
AIRCRAFT TYPE: AIRCRAFT REG: SERIAL No: DATE:

TOTAL HRS: TOTAL CYCLES:

TRAILING RUDDER REPLACEMENT

RUDDER PART No 85540002−001 REPLACED I.A.W. A.M.M 27-20-11-02. DUE TO ITS EXCESSIVE DAMAGE

ELEVATOR PART No OFF: 85540002−001 sn: 133

ELEVATOR PART No ON: 85540002−001 sn:331

RUDDER CONTROL SYSTEM RIGGING AND OPERATION CARRIED OUT I.A.W A.M.M 27-20-00-02 AND
FINDINGS CONCLUDED SATISFACTORY.

INSPECTOR:

NAME: AUTHORITY: DATE:

DUPLICATE INSPECTOR:

NAME: AUTHORITY: DATE:

CERTIFICATE OF RELEASE TO SERVICE

I hereby certify that the work specified above has been carried out in accordance with the current
regulations and in respect of that work the aircraft is ready for release to service.

NAME: AUTHORITY: DATE:

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

LANDING GEAR SERVICING – CAAIP AL/3-2

1. Done to check the fluid level in a strut
2. Consult the MM for correct procedure
3. Assemble all required tools
4. Jack up the aircraft, to take off weight of the strut
5. Remove the inflation valve cap and release air pressure completely
6. Remove the valve housing
7. Compress the strut and check fluid level is at the bottom of filler holes, if not top-up with
approved fluid
8. Connect hose to the valve and direct the opened end to a container with approved fluid
9. Extend and compress strut several times to expel air (froth)
10. Check the strut fluid level
11. With the strut compressed, install valve housing and inflate strut to specified gas pressure,
checking that the leg extends completely
12. Lower the aircraft and check that the extension of the inner cylinder is in accordance with the
manufacturer supplied graph
13. Carry out all required entries and issue CRS
14. After 5-10 landings inspect the strut for leaks and if required service the strut

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

ISOLATION CHECK - CAAIP EEL/1-6

Precautions

1. Refer to routing charts and approved test schedule for the aircraft type
2. All auxiliary equipment should be tested separately I.A.W manufacturers publications
3. Essential safety circuits having a nominal voltage over 30 volts should be tested individually

Preparation

1. Avail a 250 volts insulation tester with a controlled output, so that the testing voltage cannot
exceed 300 volts
2. Disconnect the battery and external power
3. Close all C.B’s Where applicable
4. All switches in the circuit should be ‘ON’ and dimmer switches set to the minimum resistance
position
5. Items in the circuit with resistance not less than 2 MΩ may be left in the circuit provided the
earth lead is disconnected
6. Bonded earth connections should not be disturbed
7. Components such as cut-outs and relays which are normally open should have their terminals
bridged to ensure continuity

Testing

Double pole system: connect the leads of the insulation tester to each of the battery leads and measure
the resistance, then check the resistance between each battery lead and earth

Single pole system: connect one lead to the insulation tester and one to earth

After testing

1. Normalize all disturbed circuits

2. Analyze and record all the results taking into consideration the temperature and humidity
3. Carry out functional check on all circuits after being tested
4. Carry out all relevant entries and issue CRS

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

INDUCED DRAG
 As a result of the pressure difference between the bottom and the top of the aerofoil during
flight, the H.P air at the bottom moves to the L.P area on the top of the aerofoil across the wing
tip
 This causes vortices, which remain attached to the aerofoil and act as brakes as they are
dragged along by the aircraft. Induced drag is proportional to lift
1
 Induced Drag = 2 . ℯ. 𝒱 2 . 𝒞𝒹 . 𝒮
 Its effects can be alleviated by use of winglets

CENTER OF PRESSURE

 This is the point through which the resultant lift force acts
 With increase in angle of attack up to 10⁰, the C.O.P tends to move forward until it is less than ⅓
of the cord from the L.E
 With increase in angle of attack above 10⁰, the C.O.P moves rearwards

AERODYNAMIC BALANCE

 Developed during manufacture and left undisturbed throughout the control surface life
 Its main purpose is to aid the pilot in moving controls by use of the imposed aerodynamic loads
 It is found four forms:
I. Inset hinge
II. Horn balance
III. Handley page
IV. Friese

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

HONEYCOMB INSERTION REPAIR - CAAIP AL/7-6

1. Consult the SRM for dimensions, areas and limitations
2. Assemble all the required tools
3. Mark the extent of damage
4. Select a hole saw or router that encloses the area of damage
5. Remove the damage in a circular or oval shape
6. Using a hole saw cut a path through the inner skin 0.5” outside the cutout
7. Peel off the inner skin between the cutout and routed path
8. Using a grinding disc, grind the honeycomb core down to the bonded surface
9. Prepare an insert from a panel of the same thickness and strength as original
10. Deburr all sharp edges
11. Remove all paint in area of repair and clean the mating surfaces
12. Mix adhesive
13. Apply the adhesive to all exposed edges of the core and all mating surfaces of the repair parts
and original skin
14. Assemble the repair parts
15. Cure with heat or pressure as specified in SRM
16. Refinish repair surface
17. Perform post repair inspection
18. Complete all associate entries and certify work done

This form of repair is applicable on:

 Cowlings
 Radome
 Floor-boards
 Flight controls

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

AXIS AND CONTROL

Normal axis

 It passes from the aircraft top to bottom through the C.G

 Movement about this axis is known as Yaw displacement
 Brought about by pushing the left or right rudder pedal
 Ailerons also have a secondary effect on yaw
 Pushing the right pedal, kicks the rudder to the right
 Thus, developing aerodynamic load as a result of Bernoulli’s principle to move the fin to the left.
Hence Yawing the aircraft to the right about the center of gravity

Lateral axis

 It passes from aircraft wingtip to wingtip through the C.G

 Rotation about this axis is known as Pitch displacement
 Achieved by pulling or pushing of the control column
 Pushing of the control column forward, will cause the elevator to move down and the
corresponding aerodynamic load as a result of the Bernoulli’s principle will cause the
empennage to lift up
 Causing the aircraft to pitch nose-down about the center of gravity

Longitudinal axis

 It passes from aircraft nose to tail through the C.G

 Rotation about this axis is known as Roll displacement
 Achieved by moving the control column left or right
 Moving the control column to the right, will cause the right aileron to move up and
simultaneously lower the left aileron
 Increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other
 This differential lift causes the aircraft to roll to the right about the center of gravity

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 Cat A - Aeroplane Essays

AIR SPEED INDICATOR SERVICEABILITY CAAIP AL/10-1

1. Consult MM for correct procedure and safety precautions
2. Remove all covers from the pitot heads and static ports
3. Visually inspect the pitot mast for signs of damage and check its security of installation
4. Inspect and ensure that all static ports are clear of obstruction
5. Inspect all attaching plumbing and electrical connectors for security of installation, knicking or
damage
6. Drain the pitot system of all moisture
7. Inspect the instrument panel for security of installation
8. Inspect the instrument casing mounting and cover for evidence of damage
9. Check the dial markings, counters and pointers for legibility
10. Check for presence of moisture inside the instrument covers
11. Check all associate warning lights and flags for serviceability
12. Check the heating element for warm-up or carry out current consumption check if an ammeter
is present
13. Carry out all required entries and issue CRS

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