Unacademy AtomicStructure Micro

CHEMISTRY
MICRO-XI
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
" A SPECIALLY DESIGNED KIT FOR LEARNING."
THE KEY  Basic principles of subjects. An outline of the topics

to be discussed in class lectures.
THE ATLAS  Basic layout of subject. A route map correlating
different subtopics in coherent manner.
SHORT NOTES  Important Formula
EXERCISE I  Introductory problems based on JEE to get first hand
experience of problem solving.
EXERCISE II  A collection of good problems.
QUESTION BANK  Test your objective skill.
EXERCISE III  A collection of previous years JEE problems.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY N.A. (SODIUM SIR)
Constants Symbol SI Value
Speed of light in vaccum c 3.0 ×108 m/s 3.0 × 1010 cm/s

Proton & electron charge e 1.60 × 10–19 C 4.8 × 10–10 esu
Permittivity of vaccum 0 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N-m2
Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Electron rest mass me 9.1093 × 10–31 kg 0.000548 amu
Proton rest mass mP 1.6726 × 10–27 kg 1.007276 amu
Neutron rest mass mn 1.6749 × 10–27 kg 1.008665 amu
Planck constant h 6.626 × 10–34 J s 6.62 × 10–27 erg s
Bohr magneton (BM) e 9.27 × 10–24 J/T
Gas constant R 8.3145 J/mol-K 0.0821 atm-lit / mol K

Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10–23 J/K 1.30 × 10–16 erg/K
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10–11 m3/kg -s2 6.67 × 10–8 cm3/g-s2
Energy Conversion Factors

1 erg = 10–7 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 eV = 1.602177 × 10–19 J = 1.602177 × 10–12 erg = 23.0605 kcal/mol
Greek Alphabet
Alpha 
Gamma 
Epsilon 
Eta 
Iota 
Lambda 
Nu 
Psi 
Rho 
Tau 
Phi 
Sigma 
Beta 
Delta 
Omega 
Theta 
Kappa 
Mu 
Sigma 
Pi 
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1. DISCOVERY IN ATOMIC STRUCTURE :
Scientist(s) Discovery
 John Dalton Proposed an “atomic theory” with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable
properties of mass.
 J. Plucker Built one of the first gas discharge tubes (“cathode ray tube”).
 James Clerk Maxwell Proposed electric and magnetic fields filled the void.
 G.J. Stoney Proposed that electricity was made of discrete negative particles he called
“electrons”. (Link to info on electrons)
 Sir William Crookes Discovered cathode rays had the following properties: travel in straight lines from
the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; impart a negative charge to objects they
strike; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a negative charge;
cause pinwheels in their path to spin indicating they have mass.
 E. Goldstein Used a CRT to study “canal rays” which had electrical and magnetic properties
opposite of an electron.
 Wilhelm Roentegon Using a CRT he observed that nearby chemicals glowed. Further experiments found
very penetrating rays coming from the CRT that were not deflected by a magnetic
field. He named them “X-rays”.
 Henri Becquerel While studying the effect of x-rays on photographic film, he discovered some
chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very pentrating rays.
 J.J. Thomson Used a CRT to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an
electron = 1.759 × 108 coulombs/gram.
 J.J. Thomson Studied “canal rays” and found they were associated with the proton H+.
 Rutherford Studied radiations emitted from uranium and thorium and named them alpha and
beta.
 Max Planck Used the idea of quanta (discrete units of energy) to explain hot glowing matter.
 R.A. Millikan Oil drop experiment determined the charge (e = 1.602 × 10–19 coulomb) and the
mass (m = 9.11 × 10–28 gram) of an electron
 Ernest Rutherford Using alpha particles as atomic bullets, probed the atoms in a piece of thin
(0.00006 cm) gold foil. He established that the nucleus was: very dense, very small
and positively charged. He also assumed that the electrons were located outside
the nucleus.
 H.G.J. Moseley Using x-ray tubes, determined the charges on the nuclei of most atoms. He wrote
“The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus”.
This work was used to reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number in
stead of atomic mass.
 Niels Bohr Developed an explanation of atomic structure that underlies regularities of the
periodic table of elements. His atomic model had atoms built up of sucessive or
bital shells of electrons.
 De Broglie Discovered that electrons had a dual nature-similar to both particles and waves.
 Heisenberg Described atoms by means of formula connected to the frequencies of spectral

lines. Proposed Principle of indeterminacy-you can not know both the position and
velocity of a particle.
 Schrodinger Viewed electrons as continuous clouds and introduced “wave mechanics” as a

mathematical model of the atom.
 James Chadwick Using alpha particles discovered a neutral atomic particle with a mass close to a
proton, named as neutron.
2. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF AN ATOM :

(i) Electron (ii) Proton (iii) Neutron
 ch arg e 
Fundamental Discovered By Charge Mass  
 mass 
particle (Specific Charge)
Electron J.J. Thomson –1.6 × 10–19 coloumb 9.1 × 10–31 kg 1.76 × 108 C/g
(e– or ) –4.8 × 10–10 esu 9.1 × 10–28 g
–1 Unit 0.000548 amu
Proton (P) Goldstein +1.6 × 10–19 coloumb 1.672 × 10–27 kg

+4.8 × 10–10 esu 1.672 × 10–24 g
1.00727 amu 9.58 × 104 C/g
(Ionized H atom, +1 Unit
H+)
Neutron James Chadwick 1.675 × 10–27 kg

(0n1) 0 1.675 × 10–24 g 0
1.00867 amu
3. REPRESENTATION OF AN ATOM :
A
ZX , Mass number (A) = Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n)
4. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEMENTS :
(a) Isotopes : These are the atoms having the same atomic number (Z) but different mass number (A) i.e. They
have same Nuclear charge (Z) but different number of Neutrons (A–Z).
Ex. Cl35 and Cl37
(b) Isobars : These are the atoms of different element which have the same mass number (A) but different
Atomic number (Z) i.e. They have different number of Electron, Protons & Neutrons But sum of number of
neutrons & Protons i.e. number of nucleons remains same.
Ex. 3 3
1H and 2He
(c) Isotones/Isoneutronic species (A–Z) : These are the atoms of different element which have the same
number of neutrons.
Ex. 3 4
1H and 2He
(d) Isoelectronic Species :
These are the atoms, molecules or ions which have the same number of electrons.
Ex. Cl– and Ar
(e) Isosters :
These are the molecules, which have the same number of atoms & electrons.
Ex. CO2 and N2O
(f) Isodiaphers (A – 2Z) : These are the atoms of different element which have the same difference of the
number of Neutrons & protons.
Ex. 11 13
5B and 6C
5. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :

On the basis of observations -particle scattering from gold foil , rutherford proposed atomic model
(1) Since most of the -particle went straight through the metal foil undeflected, it means that there must be very
large empty space within the atom.
(2) Since few of the -particles were deflected from their original path through moderate angles; it was concluded
that whole of the +ve charge is concentrated and the space occupied by this positive charge is very small in
the atom.
• Whenever -particles come closer to this point, they suffer a force of repulsion and deviate from their paths.
• The positively charge heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an atom is called nucleus. It is
supposed to be present at the centre of the atom.
(3) A very few of the -particles suffered strong deflections on even returned on their path indicating that the
nucleus is rigid and -particles recoil due to direct collision with the heavy positively charged mass.
1 q q
• m v2  K 1 2 ; r = distance of closest approach , v  = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r
• Radius of nucleus RNu = R0 (A)1/3, where R0 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm, A = mass number
Drawbacks of Rutherford model :

(1) This theory could not explain the stability of an atom. According to Maxwell electron loses it’s energy
continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. As a result of this, e– should loss energy at every turn
and move closer and closer to the nucleus following a spiral path. The ultimate result will be that it will fall into
the nucleus, thereby making the atom unstable.
(2) If the electrons loss energy continuously, the observed spectrum should be continuous but the actual observed
spectrum consists of well defined lines of definite frequencies (discontinuous). Hence, the loss of energy by
electron is not continuous in an atom.
6. LIGHT :
(a) Photon is considered massless bundle of energy.
(b) E = mc2
(c) Ephoton = h = hc/  = hc 
hc 1240 eV
(d) E= 
 (nm)
no.of molecules reacting

(e) Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no.of quanta absorbed
7. SPECTRUM
When a radiation is passed through a spectroscope (Prism) for the dispersion of the radiation, the pattern
(photograph) obtained on the screen (photographic plate) is called as spectrum of the given radiation
Classification of Spectrum
(1) Emission (2) Absorption
(a) Continuous (b) Line (c) Band (a) Line (b) Band
(1) Emissions spectrum :

When the radiation emitted from incandescence source (eg. from the candle, sun, tubelight, burner, bulb, or
by passing electric discharge through a gas at low pressure, by heating some substance at high temp) is
passed directly through the prism and then received on the screen then the obtained spectrum is called as
emission spectrum.
(a) Emission continuous spectrum :
When a narrow beam of white light is passed through a prism, it is dispersed into 7 colours from violet to Red.
Screen U V region
V
Narrow beam of white light
I
B
G Visible
region
O
R
Infra red region
(b) Emission line spectrum :

When an atomic gas is raised to incandescence source or subjected to electrical excitation, it first absorbs
energy & then gives it out as radiation. On examining these radiation through a spectroscope a spectrum is
obtained which have well defined lines, each corresponding to a definte wave length & these lines are
separated from each other by dark space. This type of Emission spectrum is called as Emission line
spectrum.
Screen
Line Spectrum
Incandescence
source
Atomic gas
Stopped after
a short
period
Slit system
SPECIAL NOTE :
1. No two elements will have identical line spectrum since no two elements have identical energy level therefore
the line spectrum of the elements are described as finger prints differing from each other line the finger prints
of the human beings.
2. Since line spectrum is obtained by the emission of energy through the atoms of the elements therefore line
spectrum is also called as atomic spectrum.
(c) Emission band spectrum :

If molecular form of the gas is used, it first absorbs energy for not only electron transition but for rotational,
vibrational and translational then emits radiations.
on examining these radiations through a spectroscope a spectrum is obtained on the screen, which are
group of closely packed lines called Bands, therefore this type of Emission spectrum is called as emission
band spectrum. Bands are separated from each other by dark space.
Screen
Coloured
Band Spectrum
Coloured
Incandescence Molecular
source gas
Coloured
Stopped after
a short
period Coloured
Note : Since band spectrum are caused by molecules therefore band spectrum are also called as molecular spectrum.
2. Absorption spectrum :
When white light is first passed through a solution or vapours of chemical substance or gas and then
analyzed by spectroscope, it is observed that some dark lines are obtained in otherwise continuous spectrum.
This type of spectrum is called as Absorption spectrum.
Screen
Coloured
Coloured
Incandescence
source
Gas
Coloured
Coloured
* If white light is passed through atomic gas then the obtained spectrum is called as absorption line spectrum.
* If white light is pased through molecular gas then the obtained spectrum is called as Absorption band
spectrum.
8. ELEECTROMEGNETIC SPECTRUM :
VISIBLE
"Gamma" radio
X-rays UV IR Micro-
-rays waves
wave
–11 –8 –6 –3 6
[Wavelength] 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10m 10 m
 increases
 decreases
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Indigo
VISIBLE SPECTRUM
400nm 750nm
9. BOHR’S MODEL :
Kq1q2 1
(a) Electrostatic force = , where K = 9 2 2
r 2 40 = 9 × 10 N-m / C
Kq1q 2
(b) Potential energy due to electrostatic force =
r
KQ
(c) Potential due to a charge particle (Q) at a distance (r) =
r
h
(d) Bohr quantization rule mvr = n· = n .
2
(e) According to newtons second law in a uniform circular motion resultant of all the forces towards centre
mv 2
must be equal to .
r
Kq1q 2 mv 2
(f) 
r2 r
 22 me 4K 2 Z2
2 4 2
E 2 me K 2
(g) En = 1 Z 2 = – Z ; E1 =
n
2 n 2h 2 h2
z2
En  13.6  ev / atom
n2
2 2
h

n n2
(h) rn = 2 2 = 0.529  Å
4 e m K Z z
2
2e K Z z
2.18 10 6  m / s
(i) vn =  =
h n n
(j) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(k) Time for one revolution = 2r/v
(l) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron
10. SPECTRAL LINES :
1 1 1  2
(a) Rydberg’s Equation    RH 
2
—
2
Z ; RH  109700 cm –1
  n1 n 2 
(b) For First line of a series n2 = n1 + 1

(c) Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n 2 = 
(d) H line means n2 = n1+1 ; also known as line of longest  , shortest  , least E
(e) Similarly H line means n2 = n1+ 2

n ( n  1)
(f) Number of spectral line observed in the spectrum =
2
when e– de-excites to ground state , n = number of higher orbit
(g) n=6
P fund series
n=5
n=4
Brackett
series
n=3
Paschen
series
n=2
Balmer
series
n=1
H H H
 
Lyman
series
11. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :

When a beam of light of sufficiently high frequency is allowed to strike a metal surface in vaccum,
electrons are ejected from the metal surface. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect and
the ejected electrons Photoelectrons.
(a) Kinetic energy of photoelectron = h – w = h – h0
where w = work function
 0 = Threshold frequency
2
 KE   mv 
(b) Accelerating potential = V =  e    2e 
   
12. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (De Broglie equation) :
(a) In 1924 a French physicist, Louis De Broglie suggested that if the nature of light is both that of a particle and
of a wave, then this dual behavior should be true for the matter also.
(b) According to De Broglie, the wavelength () of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum p.
1 1
 or 
p mv
h
 Here h = Planck’s constant
p
p = momentum of electron
 Momentum (p) = Mass (m) × Velocity (c)
(c) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number
150
(d) wavelength of electron ()  Å
V(volts)
13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

(a) In 1927, Werner Heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states
as: “It is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a body as small
as an electron.”
(b) The uncertainty of measurement of position, x, and the uncertainty of momentum p or mv, are related by
Heisenberg’s relationship as : (p = mv, p = mv)
h h h
x . p  or x . m v  or x . v 
4 4 4m
where h is Planck’s constant.

x v = uncertainty product.
14. SCHRODINGER EQUATION :

Schrodinger equation is central equation of wave mechanics according to following equation.
 2  2  2 8 2m
   (E  V )   0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2
 = Wave function = f(x, y, z)

E = Total energy of particle
V = Potential energy of particle.
(i) A solution to schrodinger equation leads to infinite solution.
(ii) Most of the solution are not realistic (or acceptable). Only few solution can be accepted.
(iii) Each solution - (x, y, z) correspond to a definite energy state. (In comparision to newtons law where
energy can have any value), depends on quantum number n,  & m.
By proper mathematical manipulation the main equation is broken in two parts and solved separately.
(a) Radial part contain only ‘r’, depends on quantum number n & .
(b) Angular part contain  and , depends on quantum number & m .
Each  contain all the information about that particular quantum state.
15. QUANTUM NUMBERS :
Four types of quantum number which are following :
(i) Principal quantum number (n) : The energy possible values n = 1, 2, 3, 4,............
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number () : It determine shape of an orbital. Also effect energy of orbital.
Possible values restricted by n ; 0,1,2, ....... (n – 1)
(iii) Magnetic quantum number (m) : It decides orientation of orbital in space.

Possible values restricted by 
–, –+ 1, ....... 0, 1, 2, 
Total (2 + 1) value.
(iv) Spin quantum number (s) : It is intrinsic property of an electron. The electron has two spin states.
1 1
Possible values of s =  ,–
2 2
h
(a) Orbital angular momentum = l (l  1)
2
h
(b) Spin angular momentum = S = S(S  1)
2
(c) Magnetic momentum () = n ( n  2) B.M. ; n = number of unpaired electron
(d) Total number of electrons in a shell = 2n2
(e) Total number of elecrons in a subshell = 2 (2  +1)
(f) Maximum number of elecrons in an orbital =2
(g) Total number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
(h) Number of subshells in a shell =n
(i) Number of orbitals in a shell = n2
(j) Radial Nodes = (n –  – 1)
(k) Angular nodes =
(l) Total nodes = (n–1)
(m) Azimuthal quantum number 0 1 2 3 4
Name of sub-shell s p d f g
16. RULES FOR FILLING SUBSHELL OF AN ATOM :

(i) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(ii) Aufbau Principle
(iii) (n + ) rule
(iv) Hund’s maximum multiplicity principle
(i) Pauli’s Exclusion principle :
In 1925 Pauli stated that no two electron in an atom can have same values of all four quantum numbers.
• An orbital accomodates 2 electrons with opposite spin.
Ex : 12 1s2 2s2 2p2
6C 
  
n 1 2 2
 0 0 1
m 0 0 +1, –1, 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
s  ,–  ,–  ,–
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Aufbau Principle :
Aufbau is a German word and its meaning ‘Building up’
• Aufbau principle gives a sequence in which various subshell are filled up depending on the relative order of
the energies of various subshell.
• Principle : The subshell with minimum energy is filled up first when this subshell obtained maximum capicity
of electrons then the next subshell of higher energy starts filling.
• The sequence in which various subshell are filled are as follows :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d
(iii) (n+) rule :

According to it the sequence in which various subshell are filled up can also be determined with the help of
(n+) value for a given subshell.
Principle of (n+) rule :
The subshell with lowest (n+) value is filled up first, when two or more subshell have same (n+) value then
the subshell with lowest value of n is filled up first.
Sub Shell n  n+

1s 0 1
2s 2 0 2
2p 2 1 3 (1)
3s 3 0 3 (2)
(iv) Hund’s Maximum Multiplicity Rule :
• According to Hund’s rule electrons are distribuled among the orbitals of subshell in such a way as to give
maximum number of unpaired electron with parallel spin.
• Thus the orbital available in the subshell are first filled singly with parallel spin electron before they begin to
pair this means that pairing of electrons occurs with the introduction of second electron in ‘s’ subshell, fourth
electron in ‘p’ subshell, 6th electron in ‘d’ Subshell & 8th e– in ‘f’ subshell.
SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
The spherical Polar Coordinates S
pX py pz
d z2 d dxy
x 2  y2
dxz dyz f z3
fxyz f f
x ( y2 z2 )
z ( x 2  y2 )
f f f
y (z 2 x 2 ) x3 y3
THE ATLAS
Structure of Atom
Rutherford's Bohr's Model

Model
Electromagnetic wave,
Spectrum Electromagnetic radiation
dual nature of light and photo electric effect.
units called
are Quanta characterized by
Absorbed Emitted Amplitude Energy, E Frequency,  Wavelength, 
involving energy changes in related by related by

Atoms
Planck's constant, h Speed of light, c
Emitted in
E = h c = 
Molecules
described by
Core electrons
electron
Wave functions (orbitals) filling Electron configuration comprising
gives
Valence electrons
determined by
having sets of basis for

Aufbau principle
rules
Periodic table
Quantum numbers which involve
Orbital Pauli exclusion Hund's

which are energy principle rule
defines Orbital size

Principal, n and shell
defines Orbital energy
Angular momentum,  Orbital shape

defines
and subshell
Orbital
Magnetic, m defines
orientation
Electron
Spin, ms defines spin
FORMULAE AT A GLANCE
1. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :
1 q q
(a) m v2  K 1 2 ; r = distance of closest approach , v  = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r
(b) Radius of nucleus RNu = R0 (A)1/3, where R0 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm, A = mass number
2. LIGHT :
(a) E = mc2
(b) Ephoton = h = hc/  = hc 
hc 1240 eV
(c) E= 
 (nm)
no.of molecules reacting

(d) Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no.of quanta absorbed
3. BOHR’S MODEL :
h
(a) Bohr quantization rule mvr = n· = n .
2
 22 me 4K 2 Z2
2 4 2
E1 2 2 me K 2
(b) En = Z =– 2 2 Z ; E1 =
n
2 n h h2
z2
En  13.6  ev / atom
n2
2 2
h

n n2
(c) rn = 2 2 = 0.529  Å
4 e m K Z z
2
2e K Z z
2.18 106  m / s
(d) vn =  =
h n n
(e) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(f) Time for one revolution = 2r/v
(g) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron

4. SPECTRAL LINES :
1 1 1  2
(a) Rydberg’s Equation    RH 
2
—
2
Z ; RH  109700 cm –1

 n1 n 2 
n ( n  1)
(b) Number of spectral line observed in the spectrum =
2
when e– de-excites to ground state , n = number of higher orbit
5. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :
(a) Kinetic energy of photoelectron = h – w = h – h0
where w = work function
 0 = Threshold frequency
2
 KE   mv 
(b) 
Accelerating potential = V = e  
   2e 
6. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (De Broglie equation) :

(a) According to De Broglie, the wavelength () of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum p.
h
 Here h = Planck’s constant
p
(b) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number
150
(c) wavelength of electron ( )  Å
V(volts)
13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

The uncertainty of measurement of position, x, and the uncertainty of momentum p or mv, are related by
Heisenberg’s relationship as : (p = mv, p = mv)
h h h
x . p  or x . m v  or x . v 
4 4 4m
where h is Planck’s constant.

x v = uncertainty product.
15. QUANTUM NUMBERS :
h
(a) Orbital angular momentum = l (l  1)
2
h
(b) Spin angular momentum = S = S(S  1)
2
(c) Magnetic momentum () = n ( n  2) B.M. ; n = number of unpaired electron
(d) Total number of electrons in a shell = 2n2
(e) Total number of elecrons in a subshell = 2 (2  +1)
(f) Maximum number of elecrons in an orbital =2
(g) Total number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
(h) Number of subshells in a shell =n
(i) Number of orbitals in a shell = n2
(j) Radial Nodes = (n –  – 1)
(k) Angular nodes =
(l) Total nodes = (n–1)
EXERCISE-I
BOHR’S MODEL
1. The radius of an orbit of hydrogen atom is 2.116 Å. Calculate the velocity of electron in this orbit.
2. Calculate energy of electron which is moving in the orbit that has its radius, sixteen times the radius of first
Bohr orbit for H–atom.
3. The wavelength of a certain line in the Paschen series of H-spectrum is 1200 nm. What is the value of ‘n’ for
higher energy state for this line? [R = 107 m1]
H
4. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition, n = 4 to
n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
5. Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted, producing a line in Lyman series, when an electron falls from
fourth stationary state in hydrogen atom. [take RH = 1.0667 × 107 m–1]
6. Wavelength of the Balmer H line is 6561 Å. Calculate the wavelength of H , line of same hydrogen like
atom.
7. Calculate the Rydberg constant R if He+ ions are known to have the wavelength difference between the first
(of the longest wavelength) lines of Balmer and Lyman series equal to 132 nm.
8. The velocity of electron in a certain Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom bears the ratio 1:276 to the velocity of
light. What is the quantum no. "n" of the orbit and the wave no. of the radiation emitted for the transition from
the quatum state (n+1) to the ground state. [RH = 1.098 × 107 m–1]
9. H- atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 1026 Å and gives out induced radiations (radiations
emitted when electron returns to ground state).Calculate  of induced radiations. (hC = 12400 eV–Å)
21.6  10 12
10. The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En  ergs. Calculate the energy required to
n2
remove an electron completely from n = 2 orbit . What is the largest wavelength in cm of light that can be
used to cause this transition? (h = 6.6 × 10–34 J-s, 1 erg = 10–7 J)
11. Calculate the total energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving the
spectral line of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectrum. (NA = 6 × 1023)
12. The energy of an excited H-atom is –3.4 eV. Calculate angular momentum of electron in the given orbit .
13. Estimate the difference in energy between I and II Bohr Orbit for a hydrogen atom. At what minimum atomic
number a transition from n=2 to n=1 energy level would result in the emission of X rays with
= 3.0 × 108 m? Which hydrogen like species does this atomic number correspond to ? (hC = 1240 eV-nm)
14. Calculate the wave number for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
(RH  109700 cm–1)
15. A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic number z = 3. Find the wavelength of the radiation
required to excite the electron in Li2+ from the first to the third Bohr orbit.
16. Calculate the number of circular path (orbit) in unit time made by electron in the first Bohr orbit in a H-atom.
(take  = 3.27 and Bohr’s radius a0 = 0.5 Å)
17. Calculate number of possible spectral lines which may be emitted in Balmer and Brackett series in H atom,
if electrons present in 8th excited level returns to ground level.
18. If the average life time of an excited state of H atom is of order 10–8 sec, estimate how many revolutions are
made by an electron when it is in the state n = 2 and before it suffers a transition to n = 1 state?
(take  = 3.27 and Bohr’s radius a0 = 0.5 Å)
LIGHT
19. U.V. light of wavelength 800 Å & 600 Å falls on hydrogen atoms in their ground state & liberates electrons
with kinetic energy 1.8 eV and 6.8 eV respectively. Calculate planck’s constant. (1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J)
20. A potential difference of 20 KV is applied across an X-ray tube. Find the minimum wavelength of X-ray
generated.
21. Suppose 1017 J of light energy is needed by the interior of the human eye to see an object. How many
photons of green light ( = 555.52 nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy?
(hC = 1240 eV-nm)
22. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation that would cause photo dissociation of chlorine molecule if the
Cl–Cl bond dissociation energy is 243 KJ/mol. (NA = 6 × 1023 and h = 6.75 × 10–34 J-s)
23. The reaction between H2 and Br2 to form HBr in presence of light is initiated by the photo decomposition of
Br2 into free Br atoms (free radicals) by absorption of light. The bond dissociation energy of Br2 is
192.8 KJ/mole. What is the longest wavelength of the photon that would initiate the reaction?
(Given : hC = 1240 eV-nm & 1eV/photon = 96.4 kJ/mol)
24. The dissociation energy of H2 is 433.8 KJ/mol. If H2 is exposed to radiant energy of wavelength
248 nm, what % of radiant energy will be converted into K.E?
(Given : hC = 1240 eV-nm & 1eV/photon = 96.4 kJ/mol)
25. A photon having  = 855 Å causes the ionization of a nitrogen atom. Give the I.E. per mole of nitrogen in KJ.
(take h = 6.65 × 10–34 J-s and NA = 6 × 1023)
26. The vapours of Hg absorb some electrons accelerated by a potential diff. of 4.5 volt as a result of which light
is emitted. If the full energy of single incidentelectron is supposed to be converted into light emitted by single
Hg atom, find the wave no. of the light.
27. The quantum yield for decomposition of HI is 0.2. In an experiment 0.01 moles of HI are decomposed. Find
the number of photons absorbed. (NA = 6 × 1023)
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
28. Calculate the binding energy per mole when threshold wavelength of photon is 240 nm.
(take h = 6.4 × 10–34 J-s and NA = 6 × 1023)
29. The K.E. of an electron emitted from tungstan surface is 3.06 eV. What voltage would be required to bring
the electron to rest?
30. Calculate the threshold frequency of metal if the binding energy is 180.69 KJ mol1 of electron.
(take h = 6.66 × 10–34 J-s)
DE BROGLIE RELATIONSHIP AND HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

31. An electron has a speed of 40 m/s, accurate up to 99.99%. What is the uncertainity in locating its position?
(take h = 6.37 × 10–34 J-s and  = 3.5)
32. A base ball of mass 200 g is moving with velocity 30 × 102 cm/s. If we can locate the base ball with an error
equal in magnitude to the  of the light used (5000 Å), how will the uncertainty in momentum be compared
with the total momentum of base ball? (take  = 3.31)
33. Calculate the de-broglie wavelength associated with motion of earth (mass 6 × 1024 Kg) orbiting around the
sun at a speed of 3 × 106 m/s.
34. What is de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through potential difference=100 KV?
35. The mass of a particle is 1 mg and its velocity is 4.5 × 105 cm per second. What should be the wavelength
of this particle if h = 6.75 × 10–27 erg second?
36. If a hypothetical particle having charge 5 times to that of electronic charge and mass is 20 times to that of
mass of electron. Calculate the ratio of De-broglie wavelength of hypothetical particle is to electron (Assuming
accelerated potential to be same).
37. The mass of a particle is 10–10 g and its diameter is 10–4 cm. Its velocity is 10–6 cm s–1 with 0.0001%
uncertainty in measurement. What is uncertainty in its position ? ( = 3.31)
38. A proton is accelerated to one- tenth of the velocity of light. If its velocity can be measured with a precision
+ 1%. What must be its uncertainity in position? (take h = 6.64 × 10–34 J-s)
39. Through what potential difference must an electron pass to have a wavelength of 500 Å?
40. What is de-Broglie wavelength of a He-atom in a container at 300 K?
8RT
(Use Uavg = , M = molar mass of He gas )
M
41. To what effective potential a proton beam be subjected to give its protons a wavelength of 1 ×1010 m?
(take h = 6.64 × 10–34 J-s & mp = 1.66 × 10–27 kg)
42. What should be the uncertainty in the velocity of an electron if the uncertainty in its position is 0.005 nm, the
mass of electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg and the value of h is 6.62 × 10–34 joule. second ? (take  = 3.31)
43. If the uncertainty in its velocity is 0.01% in Bohr’s 1st orbit of hydrogen. What is the uncertainty in the
position of an electron moving in first orbit of hydrogen atom?
GENERAL
44. Calculate magnitude of orbital angular momentum of an e– that occupies 1s, 2s , 2p , 3d , 3p.
45. Calculate total number of angular nodes present in all possible orbitals having similar nature of below graph
where n  5.
4r R (r)
2
2
r
EXERCISE-II
1. 1.8 g hydrogen atoms are excited to radiations. The study of spectra indicates that 27% of the atoms are in
3rd energy level and 15% of atoms in 2nd energy level and the rest in ground state. If I.P. of H is
21.7 × 1012 erg. Calculate 
(i) No. of atoms present in III & II energy level.
(ii) Total energy evolved when all the atoms return to ground state.
2. With what velocity should an -particle travel towards the nucleus of a copper atoms so as to arrive at
1/ 2
 29 
a distance 10–13 metre from the nucleus of the copper atom ? (Take    1.3 )
 16.6 
3. Find the wavelength of the first line of He+ ion spectral series whose interval between extreme line is
1 1   10.97 
   2.7451 104 cm1    4
 1  2   2.7451 
4. A single electron orbits around a stationary nucleus of charge +Ze where Z is atomic number and ‘e’ is the
magnitude of the electric charge. The hydrogen like species required 47.25 eV to excite the electron from the
second Bohr orbit to the third Bohr orbit. Find
(i) the value of Z and give the hydrogen like species formed.
(ii) the kinetic energy and potential energy of the electron in the first Bohr orbit.
5. A proton captures a free electron whose K.E. is zero & forms a hydrogen atom of lowest energy level (n = 1).
If a photon is emitted in this process, what will be the wavelength of radiation? In which region of electromagnetic
spectrum, will this radiation fall? (Ionisation potential of hydrogen = 13.6 volt, hC = 1240 eV-nm)
6. The ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom is given to be 13.6 eV. A photon falls on a hydrogen atom which
is initially in the ground state and excites it to the (n = 4)state.
(a) show this transition in the energy-level diagram.
(b) calculate the wavelength of the photon.
7. A certain dye absorbs 4530 Å and fluoresces at 5080 Å these being wavelengths of maximum absorption
that under given conditions 45.3% of the absorbed energy is emitted. Calculate the ratio of the number of
quanta emitted to the number absorbed.
8. A metal was irradiated by light of frequency 3.2 × 1015 S1. The photoelectron produced had its KE, 2 times
the KE of the photoelectron which was produced when the same metal was irradiated with a light of frequency
2.0 × 1015 S1. What is work function. (in kJ/mole) (N = 6 × 1023 and h = 6.6 × 10 –34 J-s)
A
9. Photon having wavelength 12.4 nm was allowed to strike a metal plate having work function 25 eV.
Calculate the
(a) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted (in eV).
(b) Wavelength of electron with maximum kinetic energy (in Å).
(c) Calculate the uncertainity in wavelength of emitted electron if the uncertainity in the momentum is
6.62 × 10–28 Kg m/sec.
10. Electron present in single electron specie jumps from energy level 3 to 1. Emitted photons when passed
through a sample containing excited He+ ion causes further excitation to some higher energy level
Z2
(Given En = –13.6 2 ). Determine
n
(i) Atomic number of single electron specie.
(ii) Principal quantum number of initial excited level & higher energy level of He+.
11. The angular momentum of an electron in a Bohr's orbit of H-atom is 3.1652×10–34 kg-m2/sec. Calculate the
wavenumber in terms of Rydberg constant (R) of the spectral line emitted when an electron falls from this
level to the ground state.[Use h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js]
12. In the emission spectrum of H-atom from energy level 'n' to ground state in one or more step, no line
belonging to the Brackett series is observed. What is the wave number of lines belonging to Balmer series?
[R = Rydberg constant]
13. A cylindrical source of light which emits radiation radially (from curved surface) only, placed at the centre of
a hollow, metallic cylindrical surface, as shown in diagram.
The power of source is 90 watt and it emits light of wavelength 4000 Å only.
The emitted photons strike the metallic cylindrical surface which results in ejection of photoelectrons. All
ejected photoelectrons reaches to anode (light source). Calculate the magnitude of photocurrent.
[Given : h = 6.4 × 10–34 J sec.]
14. Infrared lamps are used in restaurants to keep the food warm. The infrared radiation is strongly absorbed by
water, raising its temperature and that of the food. If the wavelength of infrared radiation is assumed to be
1500 nm, then the number of photons per second of infrared radiation produced by an infrared lamp that
consumes energy at the rate of 100 W and is 12% efficient only is (X × 1019). What is the value of x?
(Given : h = 6.625 × 10–34 J-s)
15. Calculate the energy required to excite one litre of hydrogen gas at 1 atm and 298K to the first excited state
of atomic hydrogen. The energy for the dissociation of H – H is 436 KJ mol–1.
QUESTION BANK
Single correct :
1. The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ions with mass number 70 is
(A) 34 (B) 40 (C) 36 (D) 38
2. Rutherfords experiment, which established the nuclear model of atom, used a beam of :–
(A)  - particles, which impinged on a metal foil and get absorbed.
(B)  - rays, which impinged on a metal foil and ejected electron.
(C) Helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered.
(D) Helium nuclie, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered.
3. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000 Å wavelength radiation to that of 4000 Å radiation is
(A) 1 / 4 (B) 4 (C) 1 / 2 (D) 2
4. 1 mole of photon, each of frequency 2500 s–1, would have approximately a total energy of
(A) 10 erg (B) 1 Joule (C) 1 eV (D) 1 MeV
5. The energy of a photon is 3.03 × 10–19 J atom–1 then, the wavelength () of the photon is
(A) 65.6 nm (B) 0.656 nm (C) 656 nm (D) 6.56 nm.
6. Electromagnetic radiations having  = 310 Å are subjected to a metal sheet having work function = 12.8 eV.
What will be the velocity of photoelectrons with maximum Kinetic Energy..
(A) 0, no emission will occur (B) 2.18 × 106 m/s
(C) 2.18 2 × 106 m/s (D) 8.72 × 106 m/s
7. If 0 be the threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission,  be the wavelength of the light falling on the
surface of a metal and m be the mass of the electron, then the velocity of the ejected electron is given by
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
 2h   2hc  2hc   0     2h  1 1 
(A)   0    (B)  0    (C)  


 (D)    
 m   m   m   0   m  0  
8. The ratio of slopes of Kmax - and V0 -  curves in the photoelectric effect gives ( = frequency, Kmax =
maximum kinetic energy, V0 = stopping potential)
(A) charge of electron (B) Planck’s constant
(C) work function of emitter (D) the ratio of Planck’s constant toelectronic charge
9. Two different photons of energies, 1 eV and 2.5 eV, fall on two identical metal plates having work function
0.5 eV, Then the ratio of maximum KE of the electrons emitted from the two surface is -
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1
10. Bohr's model can explain -
(A) The spectrum of only hydrogen atom.
(B) The spectrum of the atoms of all the elements.
(C) The spectrum of only sodium atom.
(D) The spectrum of atomic or ionic species having one electron.
11. If radius of second stationary orbit (in Bohr's atom) is R. Then radius of third orbit will be
(A) R/3 (B) 9R (C) R/9 (D) 2.25R
12. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by :
(A) Heisenburg (B) Bohr (C) Planck (D) Einstein
13. The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of the first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom?
(A) He+ (n = 2) (B) Li2+ (n = 2) (C) Li2+ (n = 3) (D) Be3+ (n = 2)
14. The shortest wavelength of He+ in Balmer series is x, then longest wavelength in the Paschene series of Li+2
is
36 x 16 x 9x 5x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 7 5 9
15. The ratio of difference in wavelengths of 1st and 2nd lines of Lyman series in H–like atom to difference in
wavelength for 2nd and 3rd lines of same series is:
(A) 2.5 : 1 (B) 3.5 : 1 (C) 4.5 : 1 (D) 5.5 : 1
16. Ratio of wavelength of series limit of Balmer and Paschen series for an atom is
(A) 9/4 (B) 4/9 (C) 2 / 9 (D) 3 / 2
17. In which case the wavelength emitted is minimum?
(A) An electron jumps from 2nd to 1st level (B) An electron jumps from 3rd to 2nd level
th rd
(C) An electron jumps from 4 to 3 level (D) An electron jumps from 5th to 4th level
18. Number of possible spectral lines which may be emitted in brackett series in H atom, if electrons present in
9th excited level returns to ground level, are
(A) 21 (B) 6 (C) 45 (D) 5
19. Three energy levels P, Q, R of a certain atom are such that EP < EQ < ER. If 1, 2 and 3 are the wave length
of radiation corresponding to transition R  Q ; Q  P and R P respectively. The correct relationship
between 1, 2 and 3 is
1 1 1 2 1 1
(A) 1 + 2 = 3 (B)   (C) 3 = 1 2 (D)  
 3 1  2  3 1  2
20. The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic transition between which Bohr’s orbits in hydrogen
(A) 5  3 (B) 5  2 (C) 4  3 (D) 4  2
21. What is the change in orbit radius when the electron in the H atom undergoes the first Paschen transition?
(Radius of the first Bohr’s orbit of H atom is 5.3 × 10–11m)
(A) 4.23 × 10–10 m (B) 6.35 × 10–10 m (C) 3.71 × 10–10 m (D) None of these
22. The energy of electron is maximum at

(A) Nucleus (B) Ground state
(C) First excited state (D) Infinite distance from the nucleus
23. The wave number of the first line of Balmer series of hydrogen is 15200 cm–1. The wave number of the first
Balmer line of Li2+ion is
(A) 15200 cm–1 (B) 60800 cm–1 (C) 76000 cm–1 (D) 136800 cm–1
24. The wavelength corresponding to maximum energy for hydrogen is 91.2 nm. Find the corresponding
wavelength for He+ ions.
(A) 22.8 nm (B) 50 nm (C) 60 nm (D) 80 nm
25. An electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs energy equal to the ionisation energy of Li+2. The
wavelength of the emitted electron is:
(A) 3.32 ×10–10 m (B) 1.17 Å (C) 2.32 × 10–9 nm (D) 3.33 pm
26. The wavelength associated with a golf-ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5 m/h is of the order of
(A) 10–10 m (B) 10–20 m (C) 10–30 m (D) 10–40 m
27. An electron, a proton and an alpha particle have kinetic energies of 16E, 4E and E respectively. What is the
qualitative order of their de Broglie wavelengths?
(A) e > p =  (B) p =  > e (C) p > e >  (D)  < e » p
28. A body of mass x kg is moving with a velocity of 100 m/s its de-Broglie wavelength is 6.62 × 10–35 m. Hence
x is (h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js)
(A) 0.25 kg (B) 0.15 kg (C) 0.2 kg (D) 0.1 kg
29. If the de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m is 100 times its velocity, then its value in terms of its
mass (m) and Planck’s constant (h) is
1 m h 1 h m
(A) (B) 10 (C) (D) 10
10 h m 10 m h
30. An electron has kinetic energy of 2.14 × 10–22 J. Its de-Broglie wavelength will be nearly
(me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(A) 9.28 × 10–4 m (B) 9.28 × 10–7 m (C) 3.35 × 10–8 m (D) 9.28 × 10–8 m.
31. Assuming Heisenberg Uncertainity Principle to be true what could be the minimum uncertainty in de-broglie
wavelength of a moving electron accelerated by Potential Difference of 6 V whose uncertainty in position
7
is n.m.
22
(A) 6.25 Å (B) 6 Å (C) 0.625 Å (D) 0.3125 Å
32. Uncertainty in position of a 0.25 kg particle is 10–5, then uncertainty of velocity is (h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
(A) 1.2 × 1034 m/s (B) 2.1 × 10–29 m/s (C) 1.6 × 10–20 m/s (D) 1.7 × 10–9 m/s
33. Which quantum number will determine the shape of the subshell
(A) Principal quantum number (B) Azimuthal quantum number
(C) Magnetic quantum number (D) Spin quantum number
34. Principal quantum number of an atom represents
(A) Size of the orbital (B) Spin angular momentum
(C) Orbital angular momentum (D) Space orientation of the orbital
35. Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger equation
(A) Principal (B) Azimuthal (C) Magnetic (D) Spin
36. The quantum numbers of four electrons (e1 to e4) are given below
n l m s n l m s
e1 3 0 0 +1/2 e2 4 0 0 1/2
e3 3 2 2 –1/2 e4 3 1 –1 1/2
The correct order of decreasing energy of these electrons is:
(A) e4 > e3 > e2 > e1 (B) e2 > e3 > e4 > e1 (C) e3 > e2 > e4 > e1 (D) none
37. Which combination of quantum numbers n, , m and s for the electron in an atom doesn’t provide a permissible
solution of the wave equation?
1 1 1 1
(A) 3, 2, –2, (B) 3, 3, 1,  (C) 3, 2, 1, (D) 3, 1, 1, 
2 2 2 2
38. Correct set of possible sub-orbits, for which n +  = 7 is

(A) 7s, 6p, 5d, 4f (B) 7s, 6p, 3d, 4f (C) 7s, 5d, 5f, 5p (D) 6s, 4f, 3d, 7p
39. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represent an impossible arrangement
n l m ms n l m ms
1 1
(A) 3 2 –2 (B) 4 0 0
2 2
1 1
(C) 3 2 –3 (D) 5 3 0
2 2
40. The explanation for the presence of three unpaired electrons in the nitrogen atom can be given by
(A) Pauli’s exclusion principle (B) Hund’s rule
(C) Aufbau’s principle (D) Uncertainty principle
41. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:
1   
(A)  . (B) Zero (C) (D) 2.
2 2 2 2
42. The magnetic moment of cobalt of the compund Hg[Co(SCN)4] is [Given : Co+2]
(A) 3 (B) 8 (C) 15 (D) 24
43. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon
(A) 3s (B) 2p (C) 2s (D) 1s
44. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration 1s7, it would have energy lower that of normal ground state
configuration 1s2 2s2 2p3 , because the electrons would be closer to the nucleus. Yet 1s7 is not observed
because it violates :–
(A) Heisenberg uncertainity principle (B) Hund’s rule
(C) Pauli’s exclusion principle (D) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits
45. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
n l m n l m
(A) 2 1 0 (B) 2 1 1
(C) 3 1 1 (D) 3 0 0
46. Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron of rubidium( Z = 37) is
1 1 1 1
(A) 5, 0, 0, + (B) 5, 1, 0, + (C) 5, 1, 1, + (D) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
47. Calculate the maximum and minimum number of electrons. Which may have magnetic quantum number
1
m = +1 and spin quantum number s =  in Chromium (Cr).
2
(A) 3, 2 (B) 6, 4 (C) 4, 2 (D) 2, 1
48. How many electrons can fit into the orbitals that comprise the 3rd quantum shell n = 3?
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 18 (D) 32
49. The number of electrons with m = 0 in an atom with atomic number 33 is
(A) 15 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 13
50. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe 26)
(A) Fe (B) Fe2+ (C) Fe3+ (D) Fe4+
More than one may be correct :

51. In a H-like sample electrons make transition from 4th excited state to 2nd state then
(A) 10 different spectral lines are observed
(B) 6 different spectral lines are observed
(C) Number of lines belonging to the Balmer series is 3.
(D) Number of lines belonging to the Paschen series is 2
52. The radii of two Bohr's orbits of the hydrogen atom are in the ratio 4 : 9. The energy difference between them may be:
(A) 1.89 eV (B) 3.4 eV (C) 12.09 eV (D) 0.472 eV
53. Choose the incorrect statement(s):

(A) Increasing order of wavelength is
Micro waves > Radio waves > IR waves > visible waves > UV waves
(B) The order of Bohr radius is (rn : where n is orbit number for a given atom)
r1 < r 2 < r 3 < r 4
(C) The order of total energy is (En : where n is orbit number for a given atom)
E1 > E2 > E3 > E4
(D) The order of velocity of electron in H, He+, Li+, Be3+ species in second Bohr orbit is
Be3+ > Li+2 > He+ > H
54. Correct statement(s) regarding 3Pyorbital is/are

(A) Angular part of wave function is independent of angles ( and )
(B) No. of maxima when a curve is plotted between 4 r2R2(r) vs r are '2'
(C) 'xz' plane acts as nodal plane
(D) Magnetic quantum number must be '–1'
Assertion and Reason :
55. Statement-1: Energy emitted when an electron jump from 5  2 (energy level) is less than
when an electron jump from 2  1 in all 'H' like atom.
Statement-2: The |total energy difference| between 1st & 2nd energy level is greater than that of
any two energy level provided level '1' is not part of those two energy levels.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
56. Statement-1 : Emitted radiations will fall in visible range when an electron jump from
higher level to n = 2 in Li+2 ion.
Statement-2 : Balmer series radiations belong to visible range in all H atoms.
57. Statement-1 : Minimum principal quantum number of an orbital belonging to 'g' sub-shell is 5.
Statement-2 : For a given value of principal quantum number (n),  may have values 0 to (n–1) only.
Match the column :

58. Column-I Column-I
(A) Electron moving in 2nd orbit in He+ ion electron is (P) Radius of orbit in which moving is 0.529 Å
(B) Electron moving in 3rd orbit in H-atom (Q) Total energy of electron is (–)13.6 × 9eV
2.188  10 6
(C) Electron moving in 1st orbit in Li+2 ion (R) Velocity of electron is m/sec
3
150
(D) Electron moving in 2nd orbit in Be+3 ion (S) De-broglie wavelength of electron is Å
13 .6
59. Match the parameters of column-I with column-II as they are directly proportional.
Column-I Column-II
(A) f (P) n3
(B) T (Q) Z2
1
(C) En (R)
n2
1
(D) rn
(S) Z
Where, Frequency = f, Time period = T, Energy of n th orbit = En, radius of nth orbit = rn,
Atomic number = Z, Orbit number = n :
60. Column-I Column-II
(A) Lyman series of hydogen like specie (P) maximum number of spectral line observed = 6
(B) Balmer series of He+ (Q) maximum number of spectral line observed = 2
8R
(C) In a sample of hydrogen like specie (R) 2nd line have wave number
9
for 5  2 transition (where R = RH × Z 2)
3RH
(D) In a single isolated H-atom (S) 2nd line has wave number
4
for 3  1 transition (T) total number of spectral line
in paschen series are 2
Question No. 61 to 64 (4 questions)
The only electron in the hydrogen atom resides under ordinary conditions on the first orbit. When energy is
supplied, the electron moves to higher energy orbit depending on the amount of energy absorbed. When this
electron returns to any of the lower orbits, it emits energy. Lyman series is formed when the electron returns
to the lowest orbit while Balmer series is formed when the electron returns to second orbit. Similarly, Paschen,
Brackett and Pfund series are formed when electron returns to the third, fourth and fifth orbits from higher
energy orbits respectively.
n(n  1)
Maximum number of lines produced when an electron jumps from nth level to ground level is equal to .
2
For example, in the case of n = 4 , number of lines produced is 6. (4  3, 4  2, 4  1, 3  2 , 3  1, 2  1).
When an electron returns from n2 to n1 state, the number of lines in the spectrum will be equal to
(n2  n1 )(n2  n1  1)
2
If the electron comes back from energy level having energy E2 to energy level having energy E1, then the
difference may be expressed in terms of energy of photon as:
hc
E2 – E1 = E ,  =
E
Since h and c are constants, E corresponds to definite energy; thus each transition from one energy level
to another will produce a light of definite wavelength. This is actually observed as a line in the spectrum of
hydrogen atom.
 1 1 
Wave number of line is given by the formula   R  2  2 .
n 
 1 n2 
where R is a Rydberg's constant ( R = 1.1 × 107 m–1)
61. The energy photon emitted corresponding to transition n = 3 to n = 1 is [h = 6 ×10–34 J-sec.]
(A) 1.76 × 10–18 J (B) 1.98 × 10–18 J (C) 1.76 × 10–17 J (D) None of these
62. In a collection of H-atom, electrons make transition from 5th excited state to 2nd excited state then maximum
number of different types of photons observed are
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 15
63. st nd
The difference in the wavelength of the 1 line of Lyman series and 2 line of Balmer series in a hydrogen
atom is
9 4 88
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
2R R 15R
64. The wave number of electromagnetic radiation emitted during the transition of electron in between two levels
of Li2+ ion whose principal quantum numbers sum is 4 and difference is 2 is
8
(A) 3.5 R (B) 4 R (C) 8 R (D) R
9
The French physicist de Broglie in 1924 postulated that matter, like radiation, should exhibit a dual behaviour.
He proposed the following relationship between the wavelength  of a material particle, its linear momentum
p and planck constant h.
h h
= p =
mv
The de Broglie relation implies that the wavelength of a particle should decreases as its velocity increases.
It also implies that for a given velocity heavier particles should have shorter wavelength than lighter particles.
The waves associated with particles in motion are called matter waves or de Broglie waves. These waves
differ from the electromagnetic waves as they
(i) have lower velocities (ii) have no electrical and magnetic fields and
(iii) are not emitted by the particle under consideration.
The experimental confirmation of the de Broglie relation was obtained when Davisson and Germer, in 1927,
observed that a beam of electrons is diffracted by a nickel crystal. As diffraction is a characteristic property
of waves, hence the beam of electron behaves as a wave, as proposed by de Broglie.
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how precisely we can measure properties of an electron or other
microscopic particle like electron. He determined that there is a fundamental limit of how closely we can
measure both position and momentum. The more accurately we measure the momentum of a particle, the
less accurately we can determine its position. The converse is also true. This is summed up in what we now
call the "Heisenberg uncertainty principle: It is impossible to determine simultaneously and precisely both
the momentum and position of a particle. The product of uncertainty in the position, x and the uncertainty
in the momentum (mv) must be greater than or equal to h/4. i.e.
h
x (mv) 
4
65. The correct order of wavelength of Hydrogen (1H1), Deuterium (1H2) and Tritium (1H3) moving with same
kinetic energy is
(A) H > D > T (B) H = D = T (C) H < D < T (D) H < D > T
66. The transition, so that the de-Broglie wavelength of electron becomes 3 times of its initial value in He+ ion will be
(A) 2  5 (B) 3  2 (C) 2  6 (D) 1  2
67. If the uncertainty in velocity & position is same, then the uncertainty in momentum will be
hm h h 1 h
(A) (B) m (C) (D)
4 4 4 m m 4

In 1926 Erwin Schrodinger, guided by de Broglie's work, devised a theory that could be used to find the wave
properties of electrons in atoms and molecules. The branch of physics that mathematically describes the
wave properties of submicroscopic particles is called quantum mechanics or wave mechanics.
Quantum mechanics does not allow us to describe the electron in the hydrogen atom as moving in an orbit.
What it allows us to do is make statistical statements about where the electron is in the atom. For example,
we can obtain the probability of finding an electron at a certain point in a hydrogen atom. Although we cannot
say that an electron will be at a particular position at a given time, we can say that the electron is likely (or
not likely) to be at this position.
Information about a particle in a given energy level (such as an electron in an atom) is contained in a
mathematical expression or function. It is called a wave function and is denoted by the Greek letter psi, .
The wave function is obtained by solving an equation of quantum mechanics (Schrodinger's equation). Its
square, 2, density probability of finding an electron per unit volume called probability.
The wave function and its square,  2, have values for all locations about a nucleus. Figure (i) shows values
of 2 for the electron in the lowest energy level (1s) of the hydrogen atom along a line starting from the
nucleus. Note that 2 is large near the nucleus (r = 0). The value of 2 decreases rapidly as the distance
from the nucleus increases, but 2 never goes to exactly zero, although the probability does become
extremely small at large distances from the nucleus. This means that an atom does not have a definite
boundary, unlike in the Bohr model of the atom.
2
r
Figure (i)
Figure (ii) shows another view of this electron probability. The graph plots the probability of finding the
electron at spherical surface at particular distances from the nucleus, rather than the probability at a point.
Even though the probability density of finding the electron at a point near the nucleus is high, the volume of
any spherical shell there is small. Therefore, the probability of finding the electron within a shell is greater at
some distance from the nucleus.
2
4 r 
2
r
[A] [B]
Figure (ii)
68. Select the correct order of initials T (True) or (F) False for following statements.
(I) R(r) v/s r curve for 3s intersect x-axis at 2 points other than infinity.
(II) The distance of maximum probability for 3s is higher than 3p.
(III) Radial probability density of electron belonging to 2s is zero at nucleus.
(IV) Outside any orbital probability of finding an electron is exactly zero.
(A) FTFT (B) TTTF (C) TTFF (D) TFTF
69. The distance of spherical nodes for '3s' orbital from nucleus is

1  2r
R3s = (6 – 6  +  e
2) 2 where  =
9 3a30 /2 na0
93 3 93 3
(A) zero, infinity (B) 14a0, 4a0 (C) a0, a0 (D) None of these
2 2
1  6r r 2  r /3a
70. The radial part R(r) =   2 e 0
represent which orbital
9 6a3/2 a a 
0  0 0 
(A) 3s (B) 3d (C) 3p (D) 2s
Subjective (Integer Type) :

A – 2Z
71. What is the value of for 88Ra236 ?
12
72. The radius of first orbit in hydrogen atom is 0.529 Å. The radius of second orbit of He+ is given by (y × 0.529) Å.
What is the value of y ?
73. A line in Pfund series is obtained when an electron from higher energy levels returns to n th excited
state. What is the value n ?
74. For 3d orbital what is the value of (n + )?
1311 .8
75. En = – kJ mol –1. If the value of E is –52.44 kJ mol –1. What is the value of ‘n’ ?
n2
EXERCISE-III
1. (a) The schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom is :
1/ 2
1  1   r 
 2s     2 – 0  e – r / 2a 0
2 2  a 0 


 a 0 
Where a0 is Bohr’s radius. Let the radial node in 2s be at r0. Then find r0 in terms of a0.
(b) A base ball having mass 100 gm moves with velocity 100 m/s. Find out the value of wavelength of base
ball. [JEE-2004]
2. (a) Calculate velocity of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom (Given r = a0)
(b) Find de-Broglie wavelength of the electron in fist Bohr orbit.
h
(c) Find the orbital angular moment of 2p-orbital in terms of . [JEE-2005]
2
3. Given in hydrogenic atom rn, Vn, E, Kn stand for radius, potential energy, total energy and kinetic energy in
nth orbit. Find the value of U,v,x,y of column I from column II [JEE 2006]
Column I Column II
Vn
(A) U= K (P) 1
n
1
(B)  Ex (Q) –2
rn
(C) rn  Z y (R) –1
(Z = Atomic number)
(D) v = (Orbital angular momentum of electron (S) 0
in its lowest energy )
4. Match the entries in Column I with the correctly related quantum number(s) in Column II. Indicate your
answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II [JEE 2008]
(A) Orbital angular momentum of the (P) Principal quantum number
electron in a hydrogen-like atomic orbital
(B) A hydrogen-like one-electron wave (Q) Azimuthal quantum number
function obeying Pauli principle
(C) Shape, size and orientation of hydrogen (R) Magnetic quantum number
like atomic orbitals
(D) Probability density of electron at the nucleus (S) Electron spin quantum number
in hydrogen-like atom
Paragraph for questions 5 to 7 [JEE 2010]
The hydrogen-like species Li2+ is in a spherically symmetric state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing
light the ion undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one radial node and its energy is equal to
the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom.
5. The state S1 is
(A) 1s (B) 2s (C) 2p (D) 3s
6. Energy of the state S1 in units of the hydrogen atom ground state energy is
(A) 0.75 (B) 1.50 (C) 2.25 (D) 4.50
7. The orbital angular momentum quantum number of the state S2 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
8. The work function () of some metals is listed below. The number of metals which will show photoelectric
effect when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the metal is : [JEE 2011]
Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe Pt W
(eV) 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.3 4.7 6.3 4.75
9. The maximum number of electrons that can have principal quantum number, n = 3, and spin quantum
1
number, ms = – , is : [JEE 2011]
2
10. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is [a0 is Bohr radius] :
h2 h2 h2 h2
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) [JEE 2012]
4 ma 20 16 2
ma 20 32 2
ma 20 64  2ma 20
 Z2 
11. Energy of an electron is given by E = – 2.178 × 10–18 J  
 n 2  . Wavelength of light required to excite an
 
electron in an hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be :

(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js and c = 3.0 × 108 ms–1) [JEE (Mains) 2013]
(A) 8.500 × 10–7 m (B) 1.214 × 10–7 m (C) 2.816 × 10–7 m (D) 6.500 × 10–7 m
12. The atomic masses of He and Ne are 4 and 20 a.m.u. respectively. The value of the de Broglie wavelength of
He gas at – 73 °C is ''M'' times that of the de Broglie wavelength of Ne at 727 °C. M is [JEE Advance 2013]
13. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of rubidium atom (Z = 37) is
[JEE-Mains-2014]
1 1 1 1
(A) 5, 1, 0, + (B) 5, 1, 1, + (C) 5, 0, 1, + (D) 5, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
1
14. In an atom, the total number of electrons having quantum numbers n = 4, |m1| = 1 and ms = – is
2
[JEE Advance 2014]
15. Which of the following is the energy of a possile excited state of hydrogen? [JEE mains 2015]
(1) +6.8 eV (2) +13.6 eV (3) –6.8 eV (4) –3.4 eV
16. Not considering the electron spin, the degeneray of the second excited state (n = 3) of H atom is 9, while the
degeneracy of the second excited state of H– is [JEE Advanced 2015]
17. A stream of electrons from a heated filament was passed between two charged plates kept at a potential
difference V esu. If e and m are charge and mass of an electron, respectively, then the value of h/ (where 
is wavelength associated with electron wave) is given by : [JEE-Mains-2016]
(A) meV (B) 2meV (C) meV (D) 2meV
18. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom in a spherical shell of infinitesimal thickness,
dr, at a distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is 4r2dr. The qualitative sketch of the dependence
of P on r is : [JEE Advance 2016]
P P P P
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 r 0 r 0 r 0 r
19. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is
(Planck's Const. h = 6.6262 × 10–34 Js ; Mass of electron = 9.1091 × 10–31 kg ; Charge of electron
e = 1.60210 × 10–19 C ; Permittivity of vacuum 0 = 8.854185 × 10–12 kg–1 m–3 A2)
[JEE-Mains-2017]
(A) 2.12 Å (B) 1.65 Å (C) 4.76 Å (D) 0.529 Å
Answer Q.20, Q.21 and Q.22 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table. [JEE Advance 2017]
The wave function  n,,m1 is a mathematical function whose value depends upon spherical polar coordinates
(r, , ) of the electron and characterized by the quantum numbers n,  and m. Here r is distance from
nucleus,  is colatitude and is azimuth. In the mathematical functions given in the Table, Z is atomic
number and a0 is Bohr radius.
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
3  Zr 
  2 –  a0 
(I) 1s orbital (i)  n,,m1   Z  e (P)
a 
 0 
n,,m1(r)
0
r/a0
1
(II) 2s orbital (ii) One radial node (Q) Probability density at nucleus 
a 30
5  Zr 
 Z  2 –  2a0 
(III) 2pz orbital (iii)  n,,m1    re
 cos  (R) Probability density is maximum
 a0 
at nucleus
(IV) 3d2z orbital (iv) xy-plane is a nodal plane (S) Energy needed to excite
electron from n = 2 state to n = 4
27
state istimes the energy
32
needed to excite electron from n = 2
state to n = 6 state
20. For hydrogen atom, the only CORRECT combination is

(A) (I) (i) (P) (B) (II) (i) (Q) (C) (I) (iv) (R) (D) (I) (i) (S)
21. For He+ ion, the only INCORRECT combination is

(A) (I) (i) (S) (B) (I) (i) (R) (C) (I) (iii) (R) (D) (II) (ii) (Q)
22. For the given orbital in Column 1, the only CORRECT combination for any hydrogen-like species is :
(A) (III) (iii) (P) (B) (I) (ii) (S) (C) (IV) (iv) (R) (D) (II) (ii) (P)
23. The de-Broglie's wavelength of electron present in first Bohr orbit of 'H' atom is : [JEE Mains Online 2018]
0.529
(A) 0.529 Å (B) 2× 0.529 Å (C) Å (D) 4 × 0.529 Å
2
24. Ejection of the photoelectron from metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by applying
0.5 V when the radiation of 250 nm is used. The work function of the metal is : [JEE Mains Online 2018]
(A) 4 eV (B) 4.5 eV (C) 5 eV (D) 5.5 eV
25. Which of the following statements is false? [JEE Mains Online 2018]
(A) Splitting of spectral lines in electrical field is called Stark effect
(B) Rydberg constant has unit of energy
(C) Frequency of emitted radiation from a black body goes from a lower wavelength to higher wavelength as
the temperature increases
(D) Photon has momentum as well as wavelength
26. Which of the following combination of statements is true regarding the interpretation of the atomic orbitals ?
(a) An electron in an orbital of high angular momentum stays away from the nucleus than an electron in the
orbital of lower angular momentum.
(b) For a given value of the principal quantum number, the size of the orbit is inversely proportional to the
azimuthal quantum number.
h
(c) According to wave mechanics, the ground state angular momentum is equal to .
2
(d) The plot of  vs r for various azimuthal quantum numbers, shows peak shifting towards higher r value.
[JEE-Mains online 2019]

(A) (a), (c) (B) (a), (b) (C) (a), (d) (D) (b), (c)
 1 
27. For emission line of atomic hydrogen from ni = 8 to nf = n, the plot of wave number ( ) against  2  will be
n 
(The Rydberg constant, RH is in wave number unit) [JEE-Mains online 2019]

(A) Linear with intercept – RH (B) Linear with slope RH
(C) Linear with slope – RH (D) Non linear
28. Which of the graphs shown below does not represent the relationship between incident light and the electron
ejected from metal surface ? [JEE-Mains online 2019]
Number of
electrons
electrons
K.E. of
(A) (B)
0 0
Frequency of Intensity of
Light Light
electrons
electrons
K.E. of
K.E. of
(C) (D)
0
0 Energy of
Frequency of Light
Light
29. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. The energy of second excited state of He+ ion in eV
is : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) –54.4 (B) –27.2 (C) –3.4 (D) –6.04
30. Heat treatment of muscular pain involves radiation of wavelength of about 900 nm. Which spectral line of H-
atom is suitable for this purpose? [JEE-Mains online 2019]
[RH = 1 × 105 cm–1, h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, c = 3 × 108 ms–1]
(A) Balmer, 2 (B) Paschen, 3 (C) Lyman, 1 (D) Paschen, 53
31. The de Broglie wavelengtgh () associated with a photoelectron varies with the frequency () of the incident
radiation as, [0 is threshold frequency] : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
1 1 1 1
(A)   1 (B)   3 (C)   (D)   1
(   0 ) 2
(   0 ) 2 (  0 ) (   0 ) 4
32. What is the work function of the metal if the light of wavelength 4000Å generates photoelectrons of velocity
6 × 105 ms–1 from it?
(Mass ofelectron = 9 × 10–31 kg, Velocity of light = 3 × 108 ms–1, Planck's constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js,
Charge of electron = 1.6 × 10–19 JeV–1) [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) 0.9 eV (B) 2.1 eV (C) 3.1 eV (D) 4.0 eV
33. If the de Broglie wavelength of the the electron in nth Bohr orbit in a hydrogenic atom is equal to 1.5 a0
(a0 is Bohr radius), then the value of n/z is : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) 0.75 (B) 0.40 (C) 1.0 (D) 1.50
34. The upper stratosphere consisting of the ozone layer protects us from the sun's radiation that falls in the
wavelength region of : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) 600 – 750 nm (B) 0.8 – 1.5 nm (C) 400 – 550 nm (D) 200 – 315 nm
35. The ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral series of hydrogen spectrum is found to be about 9. The
spectral series are : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) Lyman and Paschen (B) Brackett and Pfund
(C) Paschen and Pfund (D) Balmer and Brackett
36. The graph between ||2 and r(radial distance) is shown below . This represents :
||2
r
(A) 2p orbital (B) 3s orbital (C) 2s orbital (D) 1s orbital
37. Which one of the following about an electron occupying the 1s orbital in a hydrogen atom is incorrect ?
(The Bohr radius is represented by a0) [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) The probability density of finding the electron is maximum at the nucleus.
(B) The total energy of the electron is maximum when it is at a distance a0 from the nucleus.
(C) The magnitude of potential energy is double that of its kinetic energy on an average.
(D) The electron can be found at a distance 2a0 from the nucleus
38. For any given series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen, let   max  vmin be the difference in maximum
and minimum frequencies in cm–1. The ratio Lyman / Balmer is : [JEE-Mains online 2019]
(A) 9 : 4 (B) 5 : 4 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 27 : 5
39. If p is the momentum of the fastest electron ejected from a metal surface after the irradiation of light having
wavelength , then for 1.5 p momentum of the photoelectron, the wavelength of the light should be: (Assume
kinetic energy of ejected photoelectron to be very high in comparision to work function):
1 2 4 3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
2 3 9 4
40. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. Consider an electronic state  of He+ whose energy
azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number are –3.4 eV, 2 and 0, respectively. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are true for the state  ? [JEE Advanced 2019]
(A) It has 3 radial nodes (B) It has 2 angular nodes
(C) It is a 4d state
(D) The nuclear charge experienced by the electron in this state is less than 2e, where e is the magnitude of
the electronic charge
Comprehension (Q.41 to Q.42) [JEE Advanced 2019]

Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information given in the
paragraph.
Consider the Bohr’s model of a one-electron atom where the electron moves around the nucleus. In the
following List-I contains some quantities for the nth orbit of the atom and List-II contains options showing how
they depend on n.
List - I List - II
(I) Radius of the nth orbit (P)  n–2
(II) Angular momentum of the electron in the nth orbit (Q)  n–1
(III) Kinetic energy of the electron in the nth orbit (R)  n0
(IV) Potential energy of the electron in the nth orbit (S)  n1
(T)  n2
(U)  n1/2
41. Which of the following options has the correct combination considering List-I and List-II ?
(A) (IV), (Q) (B) (III), (P) (C) (IV), (U) (D) (III), (S)
42. Which of the following options has the correct combination considering List-I and List-II ?
(A) (I), (T) (B) (II), (Q) (C) (I), (P) (D) (II), (R)
43. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the 4th Bohr orbit is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
(A) 4a0 (B) 8a0 (C) 2a0 (D) 6a0
 1 1 
44. For the Balmer series in the spectrum of H atom,   RH  2 – 2  , the correct statements among (I) to (IV)
 n1 n2 
are : [JEE-Mains online 2020]

(I) As wavelength decreases, the lines in the series converge
(II) The integer n1 is equal to 2
(III) The lines of longest wavelength corresponds to n2 = 3
(IV) The ionization energy of hydrogen can be calculated from wave number of these lines
(A) (I), (II), (IV) (B) (II), (III), (IV) (C) (I), (III), (IV) (D) (I), (II), (III)
45. The radius of the second Bohr orbit, in terms of the Bohr radius, a0 in Li 2+ is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
2a0 4a0 2a0 4a0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 9 3
46. Among the following statements, that which was not proposed by Dalton was :[JEE-Mains online 2020]
(A) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of different
elements differ in mass.
(B) When gases combine or reproduced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all gases are at the same T & P.
(C) chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neigher created nor destroyed in a chemi-
cal reaction.
(D) matter consists of indivisible atoms.
1
47. The number of orbitals associated with quantum numbers n = 5, mS =  is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
2
(A) 15 (B) 50 (C) 11 (D) 25
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE -I
Q.1 1.09 × 106 m/s Q.2 – 1.36 × 10–19 Joules OR –0.85 eV Q.3 6
Q.4 n1 =1, n2 = 2 Q.5 10–7 m Q.6 4860 Å
Q.7 1.11 × 107 m – 1 Q.8 2 ; 9.76 × 104 cm –1 Q.9 6561 Å ; 1216 Å ; 1026 Å
Q.10 5.4 × 10–12 ergs,3.66 ×10–5 cm Q.11 1.814 × 105 J/mol
Q.12 h/  Q.13 10.2 eV , z = 2

Q.14 27425 cm –1 Q.15 113.96 Å
Q.16 6.66 × 1015 Hz Q.17 12 Q.18 8.33 × 106
Q.19. 6.4 ×10–34 Js Q.20. 0.62 Å Q.21. 28 photons
Q.22. 5 × 10–7m Q.23. 6200 Å Q.24. 10 %
Q.25. 1400 KJ/mol Q.26 3.63 ×106 m–1 Q.27. 3 × 1022
Q.28 480 KJ/mol Q.29 3.06 V Q.30 4.5 ×1014 s–1
Q.31 0.0125 m Q.32 1.66 × 10–29 Q.33 3.68 × 10–65 m
Q.34 3.88 pm Q.35 1.5 × 10–29 cm Q.36 1 : 10
Q.37 5 × 10–8 m Q.38 1.06 × 10–13 m Q.39 6.03×10–4 volt
Q.40 0.79 Å Q.41 0.083 volts Q.42 1.1 × 107 m/s
h h h
Q.43 265.6 nm Q.44 0;0; 2 ; 6 ; 2 Q.45 3
2 2 2
EXERCISE -II
Q.1 292.68×1021atoms, 162.60×1021 atoms, 832.50 KJ 2. 6.24 × 106 m sec–1
36
Q.3 Q.4 340 ev , – 680 eV Q.5 911.7 Å ;U.V.
7R
Q.6 973.5 Å Q.7 0.508
Q.8 316.8 KJ/mol Q.9 (a) 75 eV ; (b) 1.414 Å ; (c) 2 × 10–14 m ]
Q.10 Energy of emitted photons can not be greater than 13.6 eV (otherwise He+ will ionise) therefore single
electron specie must be hydrogen energy emitted = E3 – E1= –1.51 + 13.6 = 12.09
For He+ ion this energy corresponds to excitation from 2 to 6.
8 5R 3R
Q.11 R  Q.12 , Q.13 10 amp Q.14 9 Q.15 97.819 kJ
9 36 16
QUESTION BANK
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 C
Q.6 C Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 D

Q.11 D Q.12 B Q.13 D Q.14 B Q.15 B
Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 B Q.19 B Q.20 B
Q.21 C Q.22 D Q.23 D Q.24 A Q.25 B
Q.26 C Q.27 A Q.28 D Q.29 B Q.30 C
Q.31 C Q.32 B Q.33 B Q.34 A Q.35 D
Q.36 C Q.37 B Q.38 A Q.39 C Q.40 B
Q.41 B Q.42 C Q.43 D Q.44 C Q.45 C

Q.46 A Q.47 A Q.48 C Q.49 A Q.50 C
Q.51 B,C,D Q.52 A,D Q.53 A,C Q.54 B,C Q.55 A
Q.56 D Q.57 A Q.58 (A) S, (B) R, (C) Q, (D) P,
Q.59 (A) Q, (B) P, (C) Q, R, (D)R, S Q.60 (A) R, (B) S, (C) P,T (D)Q, R Q.61 A
Q.62 C Q.63 B Q.64 C Q.65 A Q.66 C
Q.67 A Q.68 C Q.69 C Q.70 C Q.71. 5
Q.72. 2 Q.73. 4 Q.74. 5 Q.75 5
EXERCISE -III
Q.1 (a) r0 = 2a0 (b) 6.626 × 10–35 m Q.2 (a) 2.19 × 106 m/s] (b) 3.32 Aº (c) 2
Q.3 (A) Q, (B) P, (C) R, (D) S Q.4 (A) Q,R (B) P, Q, R, S (C) P, Q, R (D) P,Q
Q.5 B Q.6 C Q.7 B Q.8 4 Q.9. 9
Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 5 Q.13 D Q.14 6
Q15. 4 Q16. 3 Q.17 D Q.18 C Q.19 A
Q.20 D Q.21 C Q.22 D Q.23 B Q.24 B
Q.25 C Q.26 A Q.27 B Q.28 C Q.29 D
Q.30 B Q.31 A Q.32 B Q.33 A Q.34 D
Q.35 A Q.36 C Q.37 B Q.38 A Q.39 C
Q.40 BC Q.41 B Q.42 A Q.43 B Q.44 D

Q.45 D Q.46 B Q.47 D

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CHEMISTRY

" A SPECIALLY DESIGNED KIT FOR LEARNING."

THE KEY  Basic principles of subjects. An outline of the topics

Speed of light in vaccum c 3.0 ×108 m/s 3.0 × 1010 cm/s

Permittivity of vaccum 0 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N-m2

Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Bohr magneton (BM) e 9.27 × 10–24 J/T

Gas constant R 8.3145 J/mol-K 0.0821 atm-lit / mol K

Energy Conversion Factors

 Heisenberg Described atoms by means of formula connected to the frequencies of spectral

 Schrodinger Viewed electrons as continuous clouds and introduced “wave mechanics” as a

2. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF AN ATOM :

Proton (P) Goldstein +1.6 × 10–19 coloumb 1.672 × 10–27 kg

Neutron James Chadwick 1.675 × 10–27 kg

5. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :

Drawbacks of Rutherford model :

no.of molecules reacting

(1) Emission (2) Absorption

(1) Emissions spectrum :

(b) Emission line spectrum :

(c) Emission band spectrum :

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

(j) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(l) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron

10. SPECTRAL LINES :

(b) For First line of a series n2 = n1 + 1

(e) Similarly H line means n2 = n1+ 2

11. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :

(c) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number

13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

where h is Planck’s constant.

14. SCHRODINGER EQUATION :

 = Wave function = f(x, y, z)

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (m) : It decides orientation of orbital in space.

16. RULES FOR FILLING SUBSHELL OF AN ATOM :

(iii) (n+) rule :

Sub Shell n  n+

(iv) Hund’s Maximum Multiplicity Rule :

The spherical Polar Coordinates S

Rutherford's Bohr's Model

are Quanta characterized by

Absorbed Emitted Amplitude Energy, E Frequency,  Wavelength, 

involving energy changes in related by related by

having sets of basis for

Orbital Pauli exclusion Hund's

defines Orbital size

defines Orbital energy

Angular momentum,  Orbital shape

no.of molecules reacting

(e) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(g) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron

6. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (De Broglie equation) :

13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

where h is Planck’s constant.

DE BROGLIE RELATIONSHIP AND HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

40. What is de-Broglie wavelength of a He-atom in a container at 300 K?

(C) 2.18 2 × 106 m/s (D) 8.72 × 106 m/s

22. The energy of electron is maximum at

38. Correct set of possible sub-orbits, for which n +  = 7 is

More than one may be correct :

53. Choose the incorrect statement(s):

54. Correct statement(s) regarding 3Pyorbital is/are

Match the column :

Question No. 68 to 70 (3 questions)