Burtons microbiology
form complete virus
Prokaryotes
Acellular Microbes
-Viruses mature form of nucleic acid , toxic
acid
-Consists of a genome either DNA or RNA,
4 categories of viruses
-DS (Double stranded) DNA viruses
-SS (Single Stranded) RNA viruses
-SS Single Stranded) DNA viruses
-DS (Double Stranded) RNA viruses
Bacteriophages(viruses)
-virus that can affect bacteria cells
-Virulent always cause lyctic cycle that ends
to destruction of the bacterial cell.
Five steps of lyctic cycle
-Attachment= bacteriophage attach to
receptors
-Penetration= Injecting its DNA into
bacterial cell
-Biosynthesis= reproducing of
bacteriophages
-Assembly= formed bacteriophages
assemble to create full complete
bacteriophages
-Release= complete phages escape to find
another host
Animal Viruses
-Steps in the multiplication of animal virus
-attachment= Attach to a protein or any
polyssacharide molecule
-Penetration- Virus will inject its DNA
-Uncoating= exposing the nucleic acid
-Biosynthesis= producing raw materials
-Assemble= assembling of raw materials to
-Release=complete virus escapes to find
another host
Latent Virus
-Viral infection in which the virus is able to
hide from a host’s immune system by
entering cells and remaining dormant
-EX Herpes Viral, Chicken pox it can be
detected by stress, exposure to sunlight and
etc
Antiviral Agents
-Antiviral agents are drugs that are used to
treat viral infections
-Antibiotics are not effective against viral
infections
Oncogenic viruses
-causes canses
-EX-epstein-barr, human papillomaviruses,
and (HTLV-1).
Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
-causes acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
-Enveloped, single stranded
-Targets of HIV are CD4+ cells
-- David Baltimore and Howard Temin
-Reverse Transcriptase enzyme
present in retro viruses
-72 surface knobs
- gp120
Stalk - gp41
Viroids
Short, naked fragments of single stranded
RNA wthat can interfere metabolism of
plant cells
-transmitted between plants cells
Prions
are small infectous protein that can affect
the brain of the animals
-Stanlee B Prusiner
The Domain Bacteria Characteristics
-three basic categories of bacteria shape
-Cocci
-Baccili-extremely short (coccobacilli) 1x3
micrometer
-Curved and spiral
Three majn categories staining
procedures
Simple staining-only 1 stain
Structural staining- Highlighting specific
part
Differential staining – Identifying gram
positive and gramnegative( 2 or more types
of stain)
Two most common techniques
Heat fixation- not a standard technique,
source of error (excess heat )
Methanol Fixation- more standardize
technique( more preferred)
Acid fast stain- detection of tuborcolosis
-phlegm/mucus morning mucus_ look for
the prescence of red
-Paul
Caebon fuchsin- is the red dye driven
through the bacterial cell using heat
Domain bacteria motility
Colono morphology
-Contains millions of organisms
Bactria with respect to oxygen
Obligate-reuires 20-21% O2(funji)
Microaerophilic(Require lower than 20) can
survived(Campilibacter)
Facultative anaerobes(can survive 0-21)
can survive(streptococci)
Aerotolerant anaerobes can more
reproduce if without O2
Obligate, Don’t take O2 they will die
Photosynthetic bacteria
-Purple bacteria
The Domain Archaea
-Discovered in 1977 (prokaryotic organisms)
-closely related to eukaryotes
-

Gram positive(Blue to purple)

Gram negative(Pink to red)

Gram variable bacteria -Mycobacterium

species

Acid fast organism- resisting decoloration