Caring as “ Helping the other Grow” • The more sensitive and knowledgeable the

nurse is
• Mayerhoff (1990)
• rhe more ethical she will be
• Caring is helping growth and actualization of
another. Aesthetic Knowing: The Art of Nursing

• Caring process develops over time. • Expressed by individual nurse's creativity and
style in meeting
• Supports client's potential and need to grow
needs of clients
Types of Knowledge in Nursing
• Care that is effective and satisfying
• Identified by Carper, 2009
• Important modes
• Method for developing each type is unique.
• Empathy
• Integrating all types leads to holistic care.
• Compassion
Empirical Knowing: The Science of Nursing
• Holism
• From factual, observable phenomena
• Sensitivity
• Anatomy and Physiology
Nursing Theories on Caring
• Chemistry
• Professional discipline
• To theoretical analysis
• Derived from belief and value system, the
• Developmental theory nature of service, and area of
• Adaptation theory
knowledge development
Personal Knowing: Therapeutic Use of Self • Focus of nursing
• The nurse views himself and others • Caring in the human health experience
• Therapeutic relationship • "Nurturance"
• Promotes wholeness, integrity in personal Nursing Theories on Caring
encounter
• Professional discipline
• Achieves engagement
• Derived from belief and value system, the
Ethical Knowing: The Moral Component nature of service, and area of
• "Matters of obligation on what ought to be knowledge development
done"
• Focus of nursing
• Beyond observing code of ethics
• Caring in the human health experience COMPORTMENT

• "Nurturance“ • Appropriate demeanor, language that are in

harmony with a caring presence.
• Nurse scholars use literature, research, and
nurses' experiences WATSON : Theory of Human Care

to develop theories and models of caring. • Basis for nursing's role in society

ROACH (2013): Caring, The Human Mode of • Commitment to care of the whole person as
Being well as individuals

• Center of all attributes used to describe and groups

nursing
• Transpersonal human caring
• All individuals are caring and develop caring
abilities by being • Metaphysical

true to self, being real, and being who they truly • Each person seeks harmony within mind,
body, and soul, actualizing real self
are.

• Six C's as broad framework SWANSON: Theory of Caring

ROACH (2013): The 6 C’s of Caring in Nursing
Compassion
• Awareness of one’s relationship to others
• Sharing: joys, sorrows, pain, accomplishments
Competence
• Knowledge, judgment, skills, energy,
experience, motivation for professional
development.
• “ A nurturing way of relating to a valued
‘other’, toward whom one feels a personal
sense of commitment and responsibility”
• One feels a personal sense of commitment to
a valued "other"
• Five caring processes as nursing interventions

CONFIDENCE
• Comfort with self, client, and others that
allows one to build trusting relationships.

Conscience
• Morals, ethics, and informed sense of right
and wrong.

COMMITMENT
• The deliberate choice to act in accordance
with one’s desires as well as obligations
Caring Encounters • Comfort

• Contextual • Based on individual's perceptions

• Caring responses as varied as clients' needs • Creative, innovative interventions based on

client's preferences
• Client’s experience:
Competence
• Increased sense of dignity and self-worth
• Necessary knowledge, judgment, skills,
• Expression of feelings of connectedness motivation to respond adequately to client's
Knowing the Client needs

• Uniqueness • Understanding of client's condition,

treatment, and associated care
• Physiological variables
• Ability to assess, plan, implement, and
• Perception of pain evaluate a plan of care

• Meaning of diagnosis, surgery • Cognitive, affective, technical, and

• Support persons and family
• Increases possibilities for therapeutic
interventions to be perceived as relevant
administrative skills
Maintaining Caring Practice
• Emphasis on meeting others' needs

Nursing Presence • Obstacles to self-care

• Mutuality • Professional

• Transpersonal caring relationship • Demands of particular work setting

• Openness and consciousness of self and client • Personal

• Authenticity • Poor health habits

• Emotional, physical presence • Unrealistic expectations of self

• Responding promptly Caring for Self

Compassion • Care of self is central to care of others.

• Warm, empathetic • Helping oneself grow and self-actualize

• Concerned • Taking time to nurture oneself

• Requires courage and openness • A Healthy Lifestyle

• Attenuation to spiritual needs • Nutrition

• Making good choices in foods eaten • Communicate life experience for greater
understanding
• Eat regular meals
• Deeper meaning of clinical experiences
• Determine healthy weight
• Music therapy
Caring for Self
• Listening, singing, rhythm, body movement
• A Healthy Lifestyle
• Can be effective distraction technique
• Activity and exercise
Caring for Self
• Per week:150 minutes of moderate-intensity
or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity • Mind–Body Therapies

• Moderate to high intensity muscle- • Yoga

strengthening 2 or more days
• Unites body, mind, spirit
• Recreation
• Improves balance, flexibility, mental alertness,
• Reward calmness

• Spontaneity Reflection on Practice

Caring for Self • Reflection

• Mind–Body Therapies • Thinking from a critical point of view

• Guided imagery • Analyzing why one acted in a certain way

• Imagination as therapeutic tool • Assessing the results of one's action

• Promote relaxation Reflection on Practice

• Decrease anxiety • Reflection

• Enhance psychological, spiritual insight • Thinking about what happened in a nursing

situation
• Meditation
• Becoming aware of how one feels about
• Focusing mind on present
oneself
• Relaxation through deep breathing • Requires discipline, action, openness, trust
Caring for Self Reflection on Practice
• Mind–Body Therapies • Reflective journaling
• Storytelling • Partnership with a mentor or teacher
• Framework for reflective journaling