Contingency Analysis of Power System using Big

Data Analytic Techniques

Ravi V Angadi, Student member IEEE Suresh Babu Daram, Member IEEE P. S Venkataramu, Member IEEE
Research Scholar, Associate Professor, Professor & Dean Academics
Dept. of EEE, Dept. of EEE, Centre for Energy Presidency University
Presidency University, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College Bengaluru, Karantaka, India
Bengaluru, Karantaka India Tirupati, AP, India venkataramups1@gmail.com
raviangadi404@gmail.com sureshbabudaram@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper introduce the application of Big Data
Analytic Technique to predict the severity of various Single
Transmission line outages. The severity of the outage is
assessed by computing the Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI)
and is used for ranking purpose under different loading
condition. This results in generation of large volume of data.
The data obtained from the simulations for various scenarios is
processed and applied to machine learning to predict the rank
and severity condition of the line. The severity is predicted for
various test systems to ascertain the suitability of the technique
applied and the results of the study conducted on the IEEE 30
Bus system are presented with the analysis needed. The
MATLAB and the WEKA software are used for simulation
purpose.
Keywords— Contingency, Line Outage, Line Voltage
Stability Index, Big Data, Data Analytics, Classification and
Machine Learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
Contingency analysis is one of the main components in
the conventional energy management systems. The study for
a contingency analysis includes efficient evaluation of
stability of the system. The function efficiency is estimated
based on the conditions of simplified devices [1-4]. To
understand the power system, operation and planning aspects
have become eventual research.
The power engineers mostly focus on steady state
security analysis and assessment of the
risk to determine consistency of the power
system. Overloads of the transmission line or violating the
voltage limit of buses during power system operations may
result in the contingency. Such essential contingencies
should be established quickly for further development
thorough assessment [5-6]. The method of defining these
essential contingencies is called selection of
contingencies and are demonstrated by distribution factors
for the generator and line outages [7-9].
In general, the single transmission line outage (STLO)
and the transformer failure lead to the change in voltage in
another bus suddenly. During any of these unpredicted
conditions, the volume of generated data is high. This system
data is used to analyze the transmission line condition [10-
11].
The planning power engineer must communicate
these data appropriately. Hence, Big Data and machine
learning techniques offers a new
framework through eradicating bad data and helps the power
engineers to take the proper decision for the future operation
and planning. A thorough review on the importance and
applications of big data analytics for various aspects is
provided in [12]. The generated data is grouped using k
means clustering method and are ranked accordingly in [13].
In this paper, the LVSI is used for ranking the lines.
While computing, the large volume of data is generated and
is processed by using data analytics tools and fed to the
machine learning in order to assess the contingency analysis
and predict the severity condition of the line by training data
by using j48 classification algorithm.
This paper is organized into six sections. In section II
the methodology of contingency ranking is given. The
procedure for classifying the contingencies by using j48
classification algorithm is given in section III. In section IV
the proposed flow chart is described and the Case Study and
Results are discussed in section V. The conclusion of this is
given in section VI.
II. APPROACH OF CONTINGENCY RANKING
In analysis of contingency, the use of the alternating
current load flow solution provides active, reactive power
flows & bus voltage magnitudes. The line-over consequence
was found and the in the power system contingency rating
method. The ranking is obtained depending upon the
computation of severity by means of a voltage stability index
of results. The power flow study is done by using NR
method for each contingency load condition and is used to
evaluate voltage stability indices. The contingency are
identified and are listed starting with maximum value of
performance index on the basis of their output index
obtained. In this article line voltage stability index of each
line computed in order to achieve contingency analysis. The
stability index of voltage for transmission line [14] of a given
line is proportionate to the receiving end reactive power and
the reactance power of the respective lines. Inversely the
square on which the voltage bus is distributed is
proportional.
The range of Lmn is restricted from zero to one. With
its nomenclature is given below, the voltage stability index is
formulated in the following way. The higher the Lmn value,
the greater the line's severity. The higher the risk of collapse
the more the line is serious [14- 15]. Line voltage stability
index Lmn is given by

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 4 XQr which can be orderly by means of a method called pruning
Lmn = ≤ 1 .0 (1) [17-19].
Vs sin (θ − δ )
2
Implantation of the rules in trees: Inducing the decision
Where, tree is closely linked to inducing the law. The path, which
Qr = Receiving end reactive power in volt ampere reactive. begins at the root of a tree of decision and ends on leave, is
a law. It is easy to build the rules.
X = Reactance of line in ohms.
C. j48 Decision Tree Algorithm:
Vs = Voltage at sending end in volts.
The following steps are used to compute the decision made
θ = Phase angle at sending end. by j48 algorithm:
δ = Phase angle at receiving end. Step 1 : Basic cases test -current active directory list of
original user list.
III. J48 CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM Step 2 : Find the normalized knowledge gain from
The data mining is a method of tunneling data bases to division on for each attribute from the captured
make the available data meaningful. The study of big data packets.
collections requires a framework. To analyze and organize Step 3 : Let the most normalized knowledge gain be the
the data classification algorithm is used, and tree modelling attribute (Permitted for Network
also helps to predict new data condition. A large dataset from Communication).
the simulation results is obtained and includes different Step 4 : Build a node of decision which divides the
attributes. By applying a decision tree as j48 to this dataset, best.
this data will predict the target variable for the new dataset Step 5 : Return to the sub lists, divided on a best, and
record [16]. add the nodes as node children.
A. Data Mining
IV. PROPOSED FLOW CHART
The tree decision will provides several assistances for data
mining, some of which are: In order to apply big data analytics to contingency
analysis of power system. The LVSI was computed based on
a) The end user would quickly grasp it. the eqn.(1).
b) A number of input data can be handled: face,
numeric and text. Start
c) Can manage incomplete or missing data sets?
d) Strong efficiency with little effort
e) Data mining packages can be implemented on Read System Data
various stages
B. Tree: Compute the load flow solution by NR Method
A tree consists of root node, leaf nodes representing all
classes, inner nodes representing test conditions (attributes of
the applied on), the below Fig. 1 shows the decision tree. Calculate LVSI for different load conditions

Decision
Node
Computed results to be saved.CSV file format

Sub Tree
Decision Decision
Node Node
Print the LVSI of each line

Leaf Decision Leaf Leaf

Node Node Node Node Stop

Leaf Leaf Fig. 2. Computation of line voltage stability index to generate data
Node Node
The structured data is obtained based on the proposed
Fig. 1. Decision Tree
flow chart is shown in Fig. 2 the obtained data is processed,
The height of the tree: by theory, decision-makers favor a classified and the severity of the transmission line under
decision tree as the decision tree is not complicated and easy STLO condition based on the Fig. 3
to comprehend. The size of the tree has an impact on its
precision. The complexity of the tree can typically be
calculated by metrics containing: the entire amount of nodes,
entire amount of leaves, tree size, and amount of tree
construction attributes. The size of the tree should be low,

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 iii. Non Critical: Lmn < 0.057925
Start Based on the three conditions mentioned above, the tree
view of classification is given in Fig.4. From the Fig. 4 it is
evident as the classification is carried according to the
Read Line Voltage Index Data
conditions mentioned for Lmn . The tree consists one sub-tree
and three- leaves and the size of the tree is 5. The no. of
critical conditions is 9, semi-critical conditions are 7 and
Data Processing Using Big Data Analytics tool non-critical conditions are 11.

Select Explorer in WEKA & Load the Data file saved in.
CSV file format

Select Classification-Tree-J48, and use training set and

click on the start option to predict the severity and
ranking of the each line

Right Click for option of tree.J48 which is shown on the

Result List window
Fig. 4. Tree view of the base load condition
Table-I gives the values used for the training ranks for
Print the severity and contingency ranking critical condition under base load condition. The severity
of each line prediction for critical condition under base load condition is
given in Table-II. Similarly, Table-III given the trained
ranks and Table-IV shows the predicted ranks for Semi-
Stop Critical Condition and Table-V and Table-VI presents the
trained and predicted ranks for non-critical condition
Fig 3. Data processing, classification & Severity Prediction respectively.

V. CASE STUDY & RESULTS TABLE I: TRAINED RANKS FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE CASE
SYSTEM LOAD
To understand the robustness of the proposed algorithm, Rank Line No Lmn
various test systems were considered and the study results 1 12 0.323621
conducted on the IEEE 30 Bus system are provided with the 2 20 0.228563
3 22 0.213246
required analysis [20]. An IEEE-30 bus system comprises of 4 15 0.196902
one slack bus, five generator buses and 24 load buses. 5 5 0.18267
The analysis has been carried on various case studies as 6 17 0.179817
8 6 0.13645
considered below: 9 16 0.122655
Case I: STLO under base load condition. 10 21 0.120514
Case II: STLO with 150% loading condition.
TABLE II: PREDICTED RANK FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE CASE
Case III: STLO with 180% loading condition. SYSTEM LOAD
The data is generated individually by considering single Rank Line No Lmn
transmission line outage one at a time in all the three cases, 7 32 0.149139
i.e., different loading condition. The ranks are classified as
TABLE III: TRAINED RANKS FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE
Critical, Semi-critical and non-critical using j48 CASE SYSTEM LOAD
classification algorithm. The data generated is preprocessed
Rank Line No Lmn
initially and classified accordingly. 11 9 0.110826
12 1 0.101473
Case I: STLO under base load condition: 14 19 0.092772
The LVSI value is computed for all individual line outages 15 11 0.09023
16 3 0.087793
under base load condition. Here, the classification of 17 25 0.083598
ranking is as three conditions as given below: 20 23 0.064645
i. Critical : Lmn > 0.110826
ii. Semi Critical.: 0.057925 < Lmn ≤ 0.110826

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TABLE IV: PREDICTED RANK FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE TABLE VII: TRAINED RANKS FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER 150%
CASE SYSTEM LOAD SYSTEM LOAD
Rank Line No Lmn Rank Line No Lmn
13 39 0.094947 1 12 0.659053
18 33 0.081269 2 11 0.600715
19 34 0.079286 3 5 0.503906
4 22 0.449298
TABLE V: TRAINED RANKS FOR NON-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE 5 15 0.448723
CASE SYSTEM LOAD 6 20 0.391084
7 17 0.374796
Rank Line No Lmn 8 6 0.362509
21 8 0.057925 9 9 0.351565
22 2 0.055696 10 21 0.300131
24 7 0.05235 11 16 0.271855
28 18 0.040733
32 10 0.031227
TABLE VIII: PREDICTED RANK FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER 150%
33 4 0.030696 SYSTEM LOAD
4 24 0.027696
36 14 0.022431 Rank Line No Lmn
37 13 0.020233 7 32 0.149139
38 27 0.018241
39 26 0.012403 TABLE IX: TRAINED RANKS FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE
CASE SYSTEM LOAD
TABLE VI: PREDICTED RANK FOR NON-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE
CASE SYSTEM LOAD Rank Line No Lmn
11 16 0.271855
Rank Line No Lmn 13 1 0.244611
23 31 0.052795 14 3 0.22738
25 37 0.05137 15 23 0.208155
26 40 0.050018
27 38 0.048387 TABLE X: PREDICTED RANK FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER 150%
29 30 0.040253 SYSTEM LOAD
30 36 0.037169
31 28 0.031843 Rank Line No Lmn
40 41 0.011116 12 32 0.246077
41 29 0.006553 16 39 0.190079

TABLE XI: TRAINED RANKS FOR NON-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER BASE

Case II: STLO with 150% loading condition. CASE SYSTEM LOAD

The LVSI value is computed for all individual line outages Rank Line No Lmn
19 19 0.160916
under base load condition. Here, the classification of 20 18 0.142641
ranking is as three conditions as given below: 21 7 0.140776
22 25 0.139753
i. Critical : L > 0.271855 23 2 0.123797
mn
24 10 0.117199
ii. Semi Critical.: 0.174795 < L ≤ 0.271855 25 4 0.114979
mn 30 13 0.07146
iii. Non Critical: < 0.174795
L 34 24 0.055146
mn 35 8 0.04771
Based on the three conditions mentioned above, the tree 36 14 0.045743
view of classification is given in Fig.5. From the Fig.5 it is 38 27 0.030343
evident as the classification is carried according to the 39 26 0.023833

conditions mentioned for Lmn . TABLE XII: PREDICTED RANK FOR NON-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER
150% SYSTEM LOAD
Rank Line No Lmn
17 34 0.174795
18 33 0.169594
26 37 0.098484
27 40 0.090212
28 31 0.087665
29 38 0.085975
31 30 0.06577
32 28 0.063377
33 36 0.060955
37 35 0.039869
40 41 0.021161
41 29 0.010544
Fig. 5 Tree view of 150 % loading condition under single line
outage
The tree consists of one sub-tree and three- leaves and
the size of the tree is 5. The no. of critical conditions is 10,

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semi-critical conditions are 4 and non-critical conditions are TABLE XIV: TRAINED RANKS FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER
180% SYSTEM LOAD
13.
Table-VII gives the values used for the training ranks Rank Line No Lmn
for critical condition under base load condition. The severity 11 21 0.429287
12 16 0.365088
prediction for critical condition under base load condition is 14 3 0.330017
given in Table-VIII. Similarly, Table-XI given the trained 16 2 0.245926
ranks and Table-X shows the predicted ranks for Semi- 17 23 0.244429
Critical Condition and Table-XI and Table-XII presents the 18 7 0.24403
trained and predicted ranks for non-critical condition
respectively. TABLE XV: PREDICTED RANK FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER
180% SYSTEM LOAD
Case III: STLO with 180% loading condition. Rank Line No Lmn
The LVSI value is computed for all individual line outages 13 39 0.349211
15 32 0.312856
under base load condition. Here, the classification of
ranking is as three conditions as given below: TABLE XVI: TRAINED RANKS FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER 180%
SYSTEM LOAD
i. Critical : Lmn > 0.429287
Rank Line No Lmn
ii. Semi Critical.: 0.221393 < Lmn ≤ 0.429287 21 18 0.209097
22 19 0.20178
iii. Non Critical: Lmn < 0.221393 23 25 0.176599
24 10 0.172313
Based on the three conditions mentioned above, the tree 25 4 0.172124
view of classification is given in Fig.6. From the Fig.6 it is 30 13 0.097383
evident as the classification is carried according to the 32 24 0.07868
34 14 0.077777
conditions mentioned for Lmn . The tree consists one sub-tree 37 8 0.044055
and three- leaves and the size of the tree is 5. The no. of 38 27 0.038608
critical conditions is 10, semi-critical conditions are 6 and 40 26 0.022736
non-critical conditions are 11.
TABLE XVII: PREDICTED RANK FOR SEMI-CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER
180% SYSTEM LOAD
Rank Line No Lmn
19 34 0.221393
20 33 0.213833
26 37 0.158357
27 40 0.140128
28 31 0.117669
29 38 0.116179
31 30 0.082437
33 28 0.078361
35 36 0.076048
36 35 0.050097
39 41 0.031338
41 29 0.013749

Table-XIII gives the values used for the training ranks

for critical condition under base load condition. Similarly,
Fig. 6 Tree view of 180 % loading condition under single line
outage
Table-XIV given the trained ranks and Table-XV shows the
predicted ranks for Semi-Critical Condition and Table-XVI
and Table-XVII presents the trained and predicted ranks for
TABLE XIII: TRAINED RANKS FOR CRITICAL CONDITION UNDER 180% non-critical condition respectively.
SYSTEM LOAD
Rank Line No Lmn VI. CONCLUSION
1 11 1.32182
2 12 0.789433
The variation in the voltage may happen due to the
3 5 0.772662 contingency in the system. The critical contingency may
4 22 0.759561 lead the system from preventive to emergency mode of
5 15 0.582562
6 6 0.574983 operation. So, it is necessary to rank the most critical
7 9 0.54536 contingencies based on the severity. In this paper, the
8 1 0.522119 possible single line outage contingency condition was
9 20 0.495406
10 17 0.495112 considered for observing the severity of the line in the
system. The contingencies were ranked based on the LVSI
for each SLTO. The data generated for each SLTO was
classified using j48 classifier algorithm for understanding
the severity of the transmission line. The transmission lines

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where classified as critical, Semi-Critical and Non-critical.
The classifier was trained using 66% of complete data and
tested with 34% of data. The Proposed algorithm was found
to be very effective in predicting the severity to the
acceptable limit of accuracy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the Management of the
President's University, Bengaluru and Sree Vidyanikethan
Engineering College, Tirupati, for the continuous support
provided to carry out this research work.
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Mr. Ravi V Angadi was born in India on July 31, 1988.
He received his B.E in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka (India) in
2010, M.Tech degree in Power Electronics from
JNTUA, Anantapur (India) in 2014 and pursuing Ph.D at
Presidency University, Bengaluru. He is currently
working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering at Presidency University, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, (India).
He has guided UG students’ projects sponsored by KSCST, DST and VTU-
RGS and one project has been applied for Patent. He has participated in
various International & National workshops, conferences, Project Expo. He
has published many papers in National/ International journals /
conferences. He was a Governing Council Member at SSCE, Bengaluru
during the AY 2017-18.
Mr. Ravi is a life member of IE (I) & ISTE, MIEEE.
Dr. Suresh Babu Daram was born in India on Jan 9,
1985. He received his B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics
engineering from JNTU (India) in 2006, M.Tech degree
in Power Systems Engg from Acharya Nagarjuna
University (India) in 2009 and PhD in Power Systems
from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
(India) in 2018. He was Assistant Professor in the Dept.
of Electrical & Electronics at GGITM Bhopal from
2009-2015. Currently he is Associate Professor in Dept. of Electrical &
Electronics at Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati (A.P),
India.
He has received Best Teacher Award from MPCST in 2014 and has best
paper award in International Conference "Dr. M. H. Rashid Best paper
award" in 2016, "National Conference best paper award" in
2016, "National Techno Conference best paper award" in 2020 . He has
published more than 55 National/ International Journal / conference
papers/Book Chapters. His research interests include energy management
systems, power system optimization, and voltage instability studies
incorporating FACTS controllers’ power system security analysis, data
analytics and machine learning.
Dr. Suresh is a member of IEEE, AMIE (India), IAENG, CSTA, IACSIT,
IRED and Student Member-ASTM.
Dr. P. S. Venkataramu received his Graduation in
Electrical Engineering from the Institute of Engineers
(India), M.Tech degree in Power Systems from Mysore
University, India and Ph.D. from Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum, India. He was
employed as an Electrical Engineer in the Goa state
Electricity Department and worked for 15 years in various capacities. He
was primarily involved in carrying power system operational and planning
studies for the regional grid system. He was also a visiting faculty in the
Goa college of Engineering. He worked as a faculty in various positions at
School of Electrical Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore,
India from 1997 to 2007. He was a Professor and founder Principal of Gyan
Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Bhopal, India from 2007
to 2015. He was Professor and Dean Internal Quality Assurance Cell,
REVA University, Bangalore from 2015 to 2018. Currently he is working
as Professor and Dean Academics in Presidency University, Bangalore.
He has received many Best Teacher Awards and has many best paper
awards. He has published more than 50 National/ International Journal /
conference papers/Book Chapters. His research interest includes AI
application to power system and distribution system automation.
Dr. Venkataramu is a Fellow of the IE (I), ISTE, Member of IEEE and
System Society of India.

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