Objectives:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

 Identifying present social issues needed to be addressed;
 Present practical ways to solve social issues;
 Apply a devise plan that would campaign against drug addiction on individuals, family and society
in general;
 Value the importance of environment education as a way of developing the youth to be good
citizens; and
 Assure their community to be proactive and safety conscious at all times.

These are your preliminary activities. Before we will learn those things, I want you to arrange the
following jumbled words.

JUMBLED LETTERS ANSWER

 GRUD

 ECNATSBUS ESUBA

 NOITADIDC

 NOITNEVEPR

 TNEMRONIVEN

 SESNERAWA

 NOITCETORP

 CISAB

 STRIF DIA

 LAICOS AROF

In this part I want you to discover your understanding on the following insinuation provided
below. Study and answer them honestly. Remember that there is no wrong or correct answer.

ACTIVITY 2 IMPLICATION TO THE SOCIETY

Below are pictures from the different activities in protecting our environment.
1. In 100 words or less, what do you observe in the photos above?

2. How are the people in the photos show preserving nature?

3. As a NSTP student, would you do the same as what they did in the photos? Support your
answer.

4. Make slogans, quotations or posters campaigning against drug abuse. Take a picture of
the poster and send it via the canvas with a description.
One of the problems continuously increasing all over the world is the rampant use of illegal drugs.
This social problem seems to be universal and which victimizes all people, young or old, rich or poor
and intelligent or not. It is but apt that we gain information on drug abuse and how we can
prevent it. Let us look at the basic concepts of drug abuse.

PART I DRUG & SUBSTANCE ABUSE, PREVENTION, & CONTROL

TERMINOLOGIES

DRUG – according to the WHO, “any

substance, that, when taken by/into a living
organism, may modify one or more of its
function.
- Refers any absorbed substance that, by virtue
of its chemical nature, alters the stricture or
change/enhance any physical function of a
living organism.

MEDICINE - a substance or preparation used in treating and preventing a disease.

DRUG MISUSE – occurs when a person uses a drug for

the purpose of fulfilling a need that the drug cannot
pharmacologically fulfill (e.g. an athlete takes steroids or
amphetamines to improve his skills or when a young
prostitute takes marijuana or “shabu” in order to have
more self- confidence and guts.

DRUG ABUSE – when a person uses it excessively and

indiscriminately, beyond its real medicinal purpose, thus,
begins to interfere with the individual’s health or his
social behavior.

DRUG DEPENDENCE – state of psychological and/or physical dependence on a dangerous

drug, following periodic or continuous use of that drug to achieve the desired effect.

TOLERANCE - form of physical drug dependence that occurs when the user becomes
“immune”, thus an increase in the dosage is required in order to achieve its pharmacological
effect. However, when use of the drug is stopped, drug withdrawal may result which is
characterized by nausea, headaches, restlessness, sweating and difficulty of sleeping.

HABITUATION- form of psychosocial drug dependence that is characterized by a continued desire for
a drug, even after physical dependence is gone.
 ADDICTION – follows habituation, when the
person is experiencing a severe craving for the
substance and interferes with a person’s ability to
function normally.

WITHDRAWAL – occurs when a person

suddenly stops taking a drug that he is already
abusing.

CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

‘Dangerous drugs’ are those that have high tendency for abuse and dependency, these
substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to those who use them.

According to the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, there are two (2) main classifications of
dangerous drugs – prohibited drugs and regulated drugs.

A. PROHIBITED DRUGS include all drugs that produce

psychological effects of narcotics or those that relieve
pain and induce sleep such as cocaine, LSD, marijuana,
opium and its derivatives. Prohibited drugs is then
defined as meaning a narcotic substance or any drug
specified as illegal in a legislative instrument.

a. REGULATED DRUGS include self-

inducing sedatives like barbiturates or any
substance similar to amphetamines or
hypnotic drugs or compounds producing the
same physiological effect. A regulated drug is
one that is researched, manufactured,
distributed, and administered under the
supervision of regulatory authorities

COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

A. STIMULANTS (Uppers, Pep
pills, Speed, Bonnies) – drugs
which increase alertness and
physical disposition. They may
also suppress appetite (diet pills),
cause arousal, suppress fatigue,
and has an immediate sensu al
effect. (E.g. amphetamine,
methamphetamine, cocaine,
caffeine, nicotine)
B. HALLUCINOGENS
(Psychedelics) – drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion.
Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations
may be mild or overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of drugs.

C. SEDATIVES (Depressants or Downers) – drugs

which may reduce anxiety and excitement. They
can sedate and induce sleep. (E.g. barbiturates, non-
barbiturates, tranquilizer, alcohol, valium)

D. NARCOTICS – drugs that relieve pain and

often induce sleep. If taken in large doses, they can
produce stupor, coma and death.

E. INHALANTS – volatile chemical

substances that contain psycho-active
(mind/mood-altering) vapors that
produce a state of intoxication. They
are usually inhaled or sniffed through
the nose. (E.g. rugby or solvent)

F. ANABOLIC STEROIDS – chemical

substances taken orally or injected
into the body that temporarily
enhance physical and mental
performance and develop muscles
(bodybuilders). However, such
substances may have serious side
effects to the internal organs like the
liver and kidneys. (E.g. Dianabol)

COMMON CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

A. MEMBERSHIP IN A BARKADA
– if the members of a “barkada” are
drug addicts, any incoming member
will eventually become a drug
addict too because of the influence
of the old members.

B. OVERUSE – a drug may be taken by

a patient as a pain reliever but because
of constant use, the patient becomes
addicted to the drug.
 C. CURIOSITY - some persons, especially the
young ones, are curious about the effects of a drug
and they experiment using it. Later, they become
habituated to the use of the drug.

D. FRUSTRATION – some persons who are

highly frustrated may take drugs to lessen the
impact of their disappointment and depression. The
frustrations may be caused by broken homes,
parental problems, soured love affairs, and failure
to find a job, etc. before it is too late, and they
become addicted.

E. VICTIM OF A PUSHER – some persons,

especially women and children, become victims o f
a pusher. The pusher gives them free food and
drinks under the guise of friendship and kindness
until they become habituated to the drug.

F. BOREDOM – this is especially true with rich people who have high incomes from their
investments or inheritance. They do not need to work and are idle most of the time.
Because of idleness, they become bored and to lessen their boredom, they take drugs.

G. EASY ACCESS TO DRUGS – when drugs are easily

available, some people are tempted to try taking them.
Then they become addicted.
H. H. INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA - young people
blindly imitate what they see on television or in the
movies, especially if they have this misconception that
using drug is cool and part of the rites of passage of every
person.

I. FAMILY – young people often times emulate

members of the household in their habits. If one or
both parents, siblings or members of the immediate
family or one who resides in the residence is a drug
user, there is a higher possibility that young members
of the household will also become a drug user.

J. SCHOOL – the school is an environment that is

beyond the control of the family. Bullying, peer
pressure, abuse from teachers and persons of
authority may cause young people to turn to drugs
as form of scape.

K. COMMUNITY – when the community itself is

 full of drug users, the young people residing in the community will have a difficult
time fighting the temptation and the influence that their surrounding exert on them.

L. BIOLOGICAL/MEDICAL PROBLEM – there are instances when certain medical

conditions would require the use of drugs which later on would become habitual and
progressively addictive.

M. PARENTAL NEGLIGENCE – absence

of pa rental guidance and attention would
allow negative or bad influence to have
their way on young people.

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

A. CULTURAL (customs,
attitude, habits, social
norms)
B. ENVIRONMENTAL
(conditioning, learning, life
events)
C. INTRAPERSONAL
(personality, mental health,
spiritual)
D. INTERPERSONAL
(social, familial, economic)
E. BIOLOGICAL
(biochemical, genetic,
physiological)
F. PERSONAL HEALTH –
accidents, overdose, diseases
caused by or related to use,
withdrawal, death,
dependence, anxiety,
depression, mental illness.
G. RELATIONSHIPS –
marital conflicts, tense
family life, sexual
difficulties, separations,
physical or verbal violence,
child abuse, divorce.
H. SOCIAL FUNCTIONING
– dangerous behavior,
financial or employment
difficulties, disrupted
friendships, legal or
accommodation problems.

The life of drug abusers is dreadful one. They resort to committing crimes like stealing,
prostitution and gambling, which hasten the inevitable wastage of their lives and the people
who love them.
CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN A DRUG USER

A. CHANGES IN BEHAVIOUR – persons

who was obedient, kind, courteous before
become irritable, discourteous, defiant,
and aggressive.

B. CHANGES IN APPEARANCE – persons who are neat and well-groomed become

unconcerned with their grooming and become slovenly. They usually wear dark glasses and
long-sleeves, which they did not do before. If previously they were healthy-looking, they
become thin, emaciated and pale.

C. CHANGES IN MOOD – during the effect of drug, they may be euphoric or

exhilarated. Sometimes they go into uncontrollable fits of laughter or giggling.

D. CHANGES IN INTEREST – persons who have been good employees and who have
been doing well with their work become idlers, lose in interest in their work and
become dependent on others. Students who are coping well in school become
disinterested, truant, and their grades deteriorate.

PHASES OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

A. EXPERIMENTAL PHASE –
new user experiments with or
tries a drug for the first time in
his life although he has heard
that people who use drugs
experience a “high” or pleasure;
the first time often produces a
negative experience.
Experimentation is defined as
the voluntary use of drugs
without experiencing any
negative social or legal
consequences. For many,
experimenting may occur once
or several times as a way to
“have fun” or even to help the
individual cope with a problem.
For many, experimentation can
occur without any desire to
continue using the drug. For
others, it can start to become a
problem when it moves into the
next stage of addiction: regular
use.

B. OCCASSIONAL OR SOCIAL USE (seeking mood swings) – stage two represents

somewhat of a fork in the road for a lot of people. While it is true that some people
will be able to engage in the regular use of drugs without developing a dependence,
the risk for substance abuse greatly increases during this stage. With regular use also
comes a subsequent increase in the likelihood of participating in high-risk behaviors
 like driving while under the influence, emotional volatility, or depression.

People during this stage may develop personal concerns or feelings of shame for their
behavior, but generally, continue to justify it or make excuses.

C. REGULAR USE/HARMFUL USE (intensified and prolonged use) – some people

will be able to enter the stage of regular use without developing a dependence or
addiction. These people will be able to stop the drug use on their own. The problem
with regular use is that the risk for substance abuse greatly increases during this stage.
It also increases risky behaviors such as driving under the influence, unexplained
violence, and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

D. DRUG DEPENDENCE – he no longer just takes the drug every now and then but
uses them day-by-day. The drug has become a major part of his life.

Physical dependence on a drug is often intertwined with addiction. Characteristics of

dependence and drug addiction include withdrawal symptoms and compulsive use of
the drug despite severe negative consequences to his or her relationships, physical and
mental health, personal finances, job security and criminal record.

WEAPONS TO COMBAT THE DRUG MENACE

Drug abuse prevention begins with education, spreading the word regarding the dangers of
drugs to oneself and to the community. These programs are just the beginning. The
information provided is most effective when it is followed up with continued support. Drug
prevention programs seek to involve the family, community or workplace in the prevention
process. To be effective, communities need to sustain the progress. This often requires
continued leadership and financial support.

A. RESPONSIBLE PARENTS – parental monitoring has been the most effective way to slow the
expansion of drugs in family
situations. The prevention of drug abuse should start
inside the family unit as early as possible. There are
many obvious benefits of home based drug prevention
education including self-awareness, and the
enhancement of parent-child communication skills and
family bonding. Parental supervision and involvement
are critical in adolescents. Parents must not only have a
plan to educate their children on the dangers of drug use
and abuse, but they must also establish and enforce
family rules. This includes creating an effective system
of monitoring their children's activities.

programs serve a valuable purpose in first time

users aged 12-17. Schools with strict compliance
rules and counseling support have been successful
at reducing usage. School and community can
provide effective information campaign regrading:
- law enforcement
- preventive education and information drive
 - treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents
- research and training
- what can you do as a student’s (be informed,
love yourself, talk, look for alter natives, be pro-
active and seek advice and help)

Drug abuse prevention should be addressed as

early as preschool. Preschool children can benefit
from learning how to handle aggression, solve
problems, and communicate better so that they can
avoid
putting themselves at risk for drug abuse later in life. Elementary and high school programs
should focus on peer relationships, communication, assertiveness, drug resistance skills and
developing anti-drug attitudes. School based prevention programs should be repeated often
for the best level of success.

Communities that make an effort to come together in the fight against drugs are sure to make
an impact in the prevention of drug abuse. There are many places to establish these
prevention programs including schools, churches and community based organizations.

C. MASS MEDIA – media campaigns

have been widely used for the
prevention of illicit drug use in
young people. They often address
specific substances with the aim of
reducing use and raising awareness
about the associated problems. These
types of campaign typically target
young people because evidence
shows that drug use often starts
during adolescence, a time in life
when young people may experiment
with cigarettes, alcohol and illicit
drugs.

TREATMENT PROGRAMS

A. RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT –
Residential treatment involves living at a
facility and getting away from work, school,
family, friends, and addiction triggers while
undergoing intensive treatment. Residential
treatment can last from a few days to several
months.
B. DAY TREATMENT/PARTIAL

HOSPITALIZATION – Partial
hospitalization is for people who require
ongoing medical monitoring but wish to still live
at home and have a stable living
environment. These treatment programs usually meet at a treatment center for 7 to 8 hours
during the day, then you return home at night.

D. Not a live-in treatment program, these outpatient programs can be scheduled around
work or school. The patient is treated during the day or evening but don’t stay
overnight. The major focus is relapse prevention.

E. SOBER LIVING COMMUNITIES – Living in a sober house normally follows an

intensive treatment program such as residential treatment. The patient live with other
recovering addicts in a safe, supportive, and drug-free environment. Sober living
facilities are useful if the patients have nowhere to go or if the patient is worried that
returning home too soon will lead to relapse.
 PART II EVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS & PROTECTION

Environmental education refers to

the organized efforts to teach about
how natural environments function
and, particularly, how human beings
can manage their behavior and
ecosystems in order to live
sustainably. The term is often used to
imply education within the school
system, from primary to post-
secondary. However, it is sometimes
used more broadly to include all
efforts to educate the public and other
audiences, through print materials,
websites, media campaigns, etc. Related disciplines include outdoor education and
experiential education. Environmental education is a learning process that increases people's
knowledge and awareness about the environment and its associated challenges; develops the
necessary skills and expertise to address these challenges; and fosters attitudes, motivations,
and commitments to make informed decisions and take responsible actions
(http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Environmental_education).

Environmental education is a process which is very useful to human beings in order to

manage well their environment and instill the right behavior that serves as the key to
sustainable development. It is also an opportunity especially for the youth to participate
actively in making their respective locality clean and green, and a pleasant place to live in.
Through relevant undertakings, the youth becomes a great force to combat the ill effects of
climate change (Labuguen, et.al. 2010).

Environmental protection is a practice

of protecting the environment on
individual, organizational or
governmental level, for the benefit of the
natural environment and (or) humans.
Due to the pressures of population and
our technology the biophysical
environment is being degraded,
sometimes permanently. This has been
recognized and the government began
placing restraints on activities that caused
environmental degradation. Since the
1960s, activisms by environmental
movements have created
awareness on the various environmental issues. There is not a full agreement on the extent of
the environmental impact of human activity and protection measures are
occasionally criticized. Thus, one must be knowledgeable and informed about the present
situation in terms of protecting the environment.

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE and NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

 AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

Presidential Decree No. 1152 (August 8, 1977)

Purpose:
• To achieve and maintain such levels of air
quality as to protect public health and to
prevent to the greatest extent practicable,
injury and/or damage to plant and animal life
and property, and promote the social and
economic development of the country.

Control Area: Nationwide

Overview:
 The broad spectrum of the environment has
become a matter of vital concern to the government.
 The national leadership has taken a step towards this direction by creating the
National Environmental Protection Council.
 It is necessary that the creation of the Council be complemented with the
launching of the comprehensive program of environmental protection and
management.
 Such a program can assume tangible and meaningful significance only by
establishing specific environment management policies and prescribing
environment quality standards in a Philippine Environment Code.

Republic Act No. 9512 (December 12, 2008)

AN ACT TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Environmental challenges or problems

in the developed and developing
countries worldwide are among the
important concerns facing people and
their governments. These problems
include population growth; poverty;
deforestation; pollution of water, air,
and soils; waste disposal; and loss of
species.

There are risks associated with all of

these problems that affect almost
every
activity in life. There are risks of environment
degradation and overexploitation of natural
resources brought about by the ever-increasing
human and animal population. The risk that
“Mother earth” is facing is not only a national
concern but also a global one.

The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly

typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic
 eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride
the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the
“Pacific Ring of Fire,” and in the geologically unstable region
between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates. The
Philippines also suffers major human- caused environmental
degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth
rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil
erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and
toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of
coastal resources, and overfishing. According to Greenpeace
Southeast Asia, the Philippines major historical river, the Pasig
River is now biologically dead due to negligence and
industrialization. Currently, the Philippines'
Department of Environment and Natural Resources has been busy tracking down illegal loggers and has bee
spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many remaining rivers that are not yet polluted.

These environmental challenges become issues for all of us to solve and be concerned about.
Pollutions

Pollution is defined as the alteration of our

surroundings, wholly or largely as a product
of man’s actions, through direct or
indirect effects that change every
pattern of chemical and physical
constituents of organisms.

Air Pollution is the physical and

chemical alterations of the
properties of air which render the
air harmful to human health,
vegetation, and animals.

The problem of air pollution has

become a worldwide phenomenon.
If left unabated, it can cause major
health problems and even death. In
Metro Manila, air pollution has
reached an alarming level with a total suspended particles (TSP) five times greater than the
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of particulate matters of 10 microns (PM 10)
and the lead levels even higher or twice the WHO guidelines.

Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution is responsible for major health problems. It

has ruined or endangered the health of countless people.

 Damages to human health include:

a. Over loading and degrading of body’s defense
mechanisms;
b. Chronic bronchitis;
c. Emphysema (rapture of lung air sacs); and
d. Lung cancer
  Damages to plants include dehydration and
inhibition of photosynthesis
 Damages to materials are discoloration of
clothing materials and cars
 Depletion of the ozone layer leads to increase global warming caused by “greenhouse effect”.

What can the NSTP students do to help clean the air?

NSTP students can conduct information campaign on how the communities can help clean
the air. Students can help educate the people in the community by relaying to them the
following suggestions to help clean the air.

1. For vehicle owners/ motorists:

 Maintain vehicle by changing oil
regularly (every 5,000 kilometer-
mileage).
 Keep the engine well-tuned based
on the owner’s manual.
 Keep tires properly inflated.
 Plan trips and observe proper
driving habits.
 Remove unnecessary things from
the trunk. Don’t overload and
travel only at the speed required
by traffic regulations and road
conditions.

2. For commuters:
 Try talking to the jeep/bus/ tricycle drivers about the high health risks of
poor vehicle maintenance.
 Patronize mass transits such as buses and trains (MRT, LRT).

3. For office workers:

 Reduce the use of air
conditioning units.
 Make sure that lights are energy-
efficient.
 Use company vehicles wisely.
 Use natural lighting by opening
window curtains at daytime.

4. At home:
 Use low-watt bulbs or energy
saving lights.
 Limit the use of air-conditioning
units.
 Do not burn garbage.
 Avoid using aerosols.
Properly dispose refrigerant, refrigeration equipment and used coolants.
5. For everyone:
 Talk to people on what they can do about air pollution.
  Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/or the appropriate local
government units.
 Walk or ride the bike.
 Take the bus or ride mass transit transportation.
 Do not burn garbage in the community.
 Plant trees.
 Do not smoke in public places.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (June 23, 1999) The Clean Air Act (taken from
the Primer on the Clean Air Act of DENR)

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act is a comprehensive
air quality management policy and program that aim to achieve and maintain healthy air for
all Filipinos. The guiding principles of the Clean Air Act (CAA) provide that the state shall:

• Protect and advance the right of

the people to a balanced and
healthful ecology in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of
nature;
• Promote and protect the global
environment while recognizing
the primary responsibility of
local government units to deal
with the environmental problems;
• Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and the environment is primarily
area- based; and
Recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore be the concern of all.
Water Pollution
- Defined as the physical or chemical changes in
the surface and ground water caused by
pollutants which can adversely affect living
organisms. Every year, 14 billion pounds of
sewage, sludge, and garbage are dumped into the
world’s oceans. The problem of ocean
pollution affects every nation around the
world. This is true because water is able to
transport pollution from one location to
another. With industrialization and rapid
population growth, the problem of water
pollution has intensified.

Causes of Water Pollution

One of the reasons for the severity of the
problem on water pollution is the
unmonitored dumping of pollutants into
bodies of water. Sewage, sludge, garbage
 and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water. Across the world, about half of all
sewages are dumped into bodies of water in their original form. No efforts are made to disinfect
the sewage or to remove especially harmful pollutants.

Effect of Water Pollution

• The main problem caused by water pollution is the
destruction of water-based ecosystems. Dead fish and
much of marine life often wind up on beaches killed
by pollutants in their habitat. Eventually, humans are
affected by this process as well. People can get
diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has
been poisoned. Death may result by eating seafood
infected by red tide, for example.

Republic Act No. 9275 (March 22, 2004)

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Land Pollution
- Basically is about contaminating the land surface of the Earth through dumping urban
waste matter indiscriminately, dumping of industrial waste, mineral exploitation, and
misusing the soil by harmful agricultural practices. Land pollution includes visible litter
and waste along with the soil itself being polluted. The soil gets polluted by the
chemicals in pesticides and herbicides used for agricultural purposes along with waste
matter being littered in urban areas such as roads, parks, and streets.

- Refers to the presence of any solid waste in the land in such quality, of such nature and
duration, and under such conditions that are injurious to human health and to the
existence of plants.

Land Pollution Comprises Solid Waste and Soil Pollution.

1. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is chiefly

caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as
poisons that are used to kill agricultural
pests like insects and herbicides that are
used to get rid of weeds. Hence, soil
pollution results from:
- Unhealthy methods of soil
management.
- Harmful practices of irrigation
methods.

2. Solid Waste: Semisolid or solid matter

that are created by human or animal activities,
and which are disposed because they are
 hazardous or useless. These are known as
solid wastes. Most of the solid wastes, like
paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and
even used cars and electronic goods are not
biodegradable, which means that they do not
get broken down through inorganic or organic
processes.

REDUCE- avoid wasteful consumption of

goods. Begin by asking the question: “Do
I really need it?” In doing so, wastes can
be minimized and our natural resources
can be conserved. Conservation is like
charity that begins at home.

REUSE- Whenever practicable, reuse

useful items instead of throwing them
away. It would greatly help if reusable
goods are patronized.

REPAIR- Have items repaired to make

them functional and reusable. Avoid throwing them.

RECYCLE- Wastes can be valuable resources. Items that are useless or of very little value to
someone who wants to dispose them may still have significant value to others. The process of
sorting out and using these wastes into something beneficial is called recycling.

Republic Act 9003 (January 26, 2001)

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING
CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

What is R.A. No. 9003?

Improper solid wastes disposal is probably the
most important environmental concern facing
local governments. This is particularly true in
the Philippines. In response to a garbage crisis,
the first that then Philippines President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law in 2001
was Republic Act No. 9003 or “Ecological
Solid Waste Management (ECOSWAM) Act”,
which requires municipalities to dispose of
wastes in a sanitary and environmentally
friendly manner.

The Act created the National Solid Waste Management (SWM) Commission and prescribed
the establishments of a SWM board in each local government unit (LGU), (i.e., province,
municipality, city and barangay) and the formulation of ten-year local ECOSWAM plans.
The Act states that the LGUs shall be primarily responsible for the implementation of
ECOSWAM services. It authorizes the local SWM Board to impose fees on the SWM
services that the LGU or any authorized organization provides and pool these fees into a solid
waste management fund.

Republic Act No. 9003 provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure protection
of public health and the environment. It underscores, among other things, the need to create
the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, as well as imposes penalties for acts in
violation of any of its provisions.

The implementing rules and regulations of RA 9003 are contained in DENR Administrative
Order No. 2001-34.

Climate Change is any change in climate

over time whether due to natural processes
or as a result of human activity.

It is a change of climate which is attributed

directly or indirectly to human activity that
alters the compositions of global
atmosphere and which is, in addition to
natural climate variability, observed over
comparable time periods. Climate change
is caused by the increasing volume of
greenhouse gases (GHG) in the
atmosphere.

Global Warming is the rise in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere primarily due to the so- called
“greenhouse effect”. Global warming, as an issue for global concern, started in the 19 th century with
the news about the thinning of the ozone layer, the earth’s natural shield from the sun’s direct
radiation, being a direct result of this phenomenon. The badly affected areas are countries in the
tropics, subtropics, and developing countries. It is expected to bring heavy rainfall in dry months and
more frequent tropical cyclones in the area.
 •
• Global warming is the scientific evidence that temperatures of the near surface Earth
atmosphere are rising, and that higher temperatures threaten dangerous consequences
on planet Earth - drought, disease, floods, and loss of ecosystems
•
• Greenhouse Gases are gases that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, warming the
earth’s surface and contributing to climate change. These gases are water vapor,
methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon,
and sulfur hexafluoride. When these gases increase in volume, more solar heat will be
trapped resulting to a warmer atmospheric condition. This phenomenon is known as
the greenhouse effect.

The El Niño and the La Niña Phenomena

•
• “El Niño” was first used by a fisherman
in Peru in the late 1800s to describe the
warm current appearing off the western
coast of Peru during December. “El
Niño” means little boy in Spanish.
Today, just like a little child, this
phenomenon refers to the disruption of
the ocean-atmospheric system in the
tropical Pacific that brings increased
rainfall and heavy flooding in one part of
the world while drought and wild fires in
the other.

• “La Niña,” a term that means “little girl,” is also known as El Viejo. Anti-El Niño or
simply, a “cold event or episode.” This was felt during December 1998 when a cold
tongue was felt, cooler by 3 degrees centigrade. The cold La Niña sometimes follows
a hot El Niño.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729

AN ACT MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY
FORMULATIONS, ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK STRATEGY AND PROGRAM ON
CLIMATE CHANGE, CREATING FOR THIS PURPOSE THE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSION,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Flooding
 Floods often occur after continuous
heavy rain. When it rains, some of the
water are retained by soil, some are
absorbed by vegetation, some
evaporate, and the remainder which
reach river channels, are called run-
off.

Today, every time that there is a

heavy downpour, many streets in
Metro Manila and in other parts of
our country become flooded. Floods
are a yearly problem that we have to
face. This condition brings a lot of
problems
– schools; government offices,
factories, and even the transport
system have to suspend their operation because of the flood. There are days when 50 percent
of Metro Manila is submerged in water due to continuous rain and high tide. The clogged
drainage system due to the indiscriminate garbage disposal and irregular collection schedule
of garbage trucks in some areas contribute to floods that usually recede after a long time.

Deforestation
This is also a serious national problem.
Some causes of deforestation are the
following:

1. Illegal Logging. This is a problem which the government cannot succeed to solve. If this
cannot be stopped, our forest will get denuded.

2. Charcoal Making. This is not being paid attention to but sometimes this is worse than illegal
logging. In illegal logging, only the big trees are cut down but in charcoal making, even the
young trees are cut down to be burned into charcoal.

2. Kaingin system. This practice is worse than the first two. In this practice, the hillsides or
mountainsides are cleared thoroughly. All trees, big or small, are cut down and burned.
The place is then planted with rice, corn and vegetables. After two or three years, the
cleared hillsides or mountainsides become barren wastelands. This is so because the
fertile surface soil has been washed down by rain. The Kaingero leaves the barren
hillsides and finds other hillsides to clear. This is the reason why the hillsides and
mountainsides that we see from the lowlands are barren.

Negative Effects of Deforestation

a. Flash Floods
b. Air pollution
c. Eyesore
d. Ecological imbalance

Executive Order No. 579 (November 30, 2006)

ENCOURAGING THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN
PHILIPPINES PROGRAMS THROUGH THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING
PROGRAM (NSTP)
 The Seven Environmental Principles

The key to understanding the environmental problems that we

encounter today is to learn about our ecosystem. This section
highlights the basic environmental principles, varied types of
ecosystem, current environmental issues, anthropogenic
activities that threaten the environment and the role of youth
in protecting our environment.

1. Nature knows best. This principle is the

most basic and in fact encompasses all the
others. Humans have to understand nature
and have to abide by the rules nature
dictates. In essence, one must not go against
the natural process if one would like to
ensure a continuous and steady supply of
resources.
2. All forms of life are important. Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. Since such
occupational or functional position, otherwise known as niche, cannot
be simultaneously occupied by more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things must be
considered as invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem.

Throughout life, you will be faced with injuries of every kind;

whether it is a simple paper cut or a severe chemical burn,
every accident must be dealt with in the right way.

PART III BASIC FIRST AID

WHAT IS FIRST AID?

FIRST AID is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or

illness, usually affected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill
range. First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is
satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises,
and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor,

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The key guiding principles and purpose of First Aid, is often given in the
mnemonic "3 Ps". These three points govern all the actions undertaken by a
first aider.

Prevent further injury

Preserve life
Promote recovery
DROWNING

Near-drowning is when a person is in danger of drowning.

Each year, almost 8,000 people die from drowning.
Seventy percent of all near-drowning victims recover; 25%
die, and 5% have brain damage.

A toddler can drown in as little as 2 inches of water in a

bathtub, sink, etc. Toilet bowls are unsafe, too, if a small child
falls into one head- first.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

 A person is in the water with signs of

distress. He or she can't stay above
water, swims unevenly, signals for
help, etc.
 Blue lips or ears. The skin is cold and
pale.
 Bloated abdomen. Vomiting.
Choking.
 Confusion. Lethargy.
 The person does not respond or can't
breathe.

CAUSES

 Not being able to swim. Being in

water too deep and too rough for
one's ability to swim.
 Water sport and other accidents. Not
following water safety rules. Not
wearing a life preserver, etc.
Unsupervised swimming.
 Falling through ice while fishing,
skating, etc.

RESCUING A DROWNING PERSON

In all first aid, the key rule is to protect yourself. A person who is drowning will strike out and pull down
even the most competent swimmer; dirty water can hide dangers such as metal rubbish with sharp
edges; and cold water can cause muscles to cramp very quickly. If possible, reach to the person from
the safety using a pole, rope, or buoyancy aid to enable him to help himself out of the water. If in
doubt about your ability to rescue the person safely, call for emergency help.

TREATMENT OF A NEAR-DROWNING VICTIM

HEAT EXHAUSTION & HEAT STROKE

Sweat evaporates from the skin to cool the body. If this personal cooling system does not work
right or fails to work, heat exhaustion or a heat stroke can occur.
Heat Stroke is the most severe form of heat illness wherein the body overheats and can’t
cool down by sweating because of dehydration.

Heat exhaustion is a warning that the body is getting too hot. With a heat stroke, body
organs start to overheat. They will stop working if they get hot enough. If it is not treated,
a heat stroke can result in death.
 CAUSES

Anything that keeps the body's natural cooling system from working right can lead to heat exhaustion
and heat stroke. This includes:
 Extreme heat and humidity.
 Being in places without fans or air conditioners during hot, humid weather.
 Not being able to get to public air- conditioned places. Waiting for a bus or other type of
public transportation in hot, humid weather.
 Overdressing.
 Changes in the skin due to aging.
 Poor circulation. Heart, lung, and/or kidney disease.
 Not being able to sweat due to medicines, such as water pills and some used for mental
illnesses.
 Alcohol or drug use.
 Any illness that causes weakness, fever, vomiting, or diarrhea
What to do?
 A heat stroke is a medical emergency. Heat exhaustion may respond to self-care
measures. If not, medical care is needed.
 BREATHING DIFFICULTIES

In a first aid situation you are likely to encounter a victim

who has breathing difficulties. Psychological stress may
trigger breathing problems that affect the blood’s chemical
composition, causing a range of symptoms that make the
victim feel unwell. Accidents that include a heavy impact to
the chest can cause injuries that result in sever breathing
difficulties.

HYPERVENTILATION
This is a breathing difficulty that may be triggered by the stress
of an accident or some other form of emotional shock. The
person over-breathes, causing level of carbon dioxide in the
blood drop. This leads to a combination of the signs and
symptoms listed below:

 Fast, shallow breathing

 Feeling of tingling in the limbs
 Dizziness
 Cramps
 Panic attacks

TREATMENT

1. If the victim is otherwise uninjured, remove her from the scene of the accident to a
quiet place where there is no audience. People are hyperventilating often
subconsciously react to onlookers, making themselves worse.

2. Reassure the victim but remain calm and speak firmly. Encourage the victim to regain
control of her breathing. Breathe through pursed lips. Breathe slowly into a paper bag
or cupped hands. Attempt to breathe into your belly (diaphragm) rather than your
chest. Hold your breath for 10 to 15 seconds at a time.

3. If the situation persists, and you are certain that here is no underlying condition such
as asthma or chest injury, let the victim inhale her own breathed-out air from a paper
bag, which will help restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

4. Call a doctor or ambulance if symptoms do not disappear. Do not slap the victim---she
may become violent and attack you, and you run the risk of being charged with assault
ASTHMA
1. Asthma attacks cause the muscles of the air passages to go
into spasm, making it very difficult for the asthmatic to
breath, particularly to exhale. Attacks may be triggered by an
allergy or by stress; for example, being involved in an
accident. Sometimes the cause of the attacks for a particular
suffer is never identified. There is evidence to suggest that asthma appears to be in increasing in
frequency, or at least in diagnosis.

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 History of condition (although some people may not

ASTHMA
realize that they are asthmatic and the first attack may be
a severattacks
Asthma one) cause the muscles of the air
 Difficulty
passages to goin into
breathing,
spasm, particularly
making it breathing out
very difficult
for Wheezing or otherwise noisy breathing
the asthmatic to breath, particularly to exhale.
Inability
Attacks may tobespeak
triggered by an allergy or by stress;
for Pale
example,andbeing
skin potential blueness.
involved in Particularly
an accident.around the
lips, caused
Sometimes the by lackofofthe
cause oxygen
attacks for a particular
 Distress. Dizziness, and confusion as it becomes harder
suffer is never identified. There is evidence to
to get oxygen into the body
suggest that asthma appears to be in increasing in
 Unconsciousness and then breathing stopping
frequency, or at least in diagnosis.

An asthma attack should not be underestimated. While the preventive treatments are very
effective, and the drugs to relieve attacks usually work very well, left untreated, a serious
attack can be fatal. The strain of a serious asthma attack can cause the breathing to stop or the
heart to cease beating. You should be prepared to resuscitate.

1. Reassure the victim as this will have a positive

effect on his breathing.
2. Help the victim into a sitting position, leaning
slightly forward, as most of people with asthma
find this an easier position for breathing.
3. If the victim has a medication, enable him to use
it. Inhalers are the main form of treatment.
4. If this is the first attack, the medication does not
work within 5 minutes, or the victim is in severe
distress, then call an ambulance. Help the victim
to take the medication every 5-10 minutes.
 Anaphylactic Shock
An allergy is hypersensitivity to a substance (allergen) that is normally
considered to be harmful. Allergies are triggered by the immune system, which
reacts to the allergen as though it were a harmful substance invading the body.
The most extreme response is anaphylactic shock which, if untreated, can kill.
This extreme allergic reaction has an intense
effect on the body, causing a sudden drop in
blood pressure and narrowing of the airways
that can be fatal. Anaphylactic shock can be
caused by anything but among the most
common triggers are: nuts (for those who are
particularly sensitive, even touching the
trace of a nut can be potentially fatal),
seafood, insect stings and bites, and drugs
(some people have very extreme reaction to
penicillin, for
example).

As with asthma, the number of people

suffering allergic reactions appears to be
increasing. Whether this is because people
are becoming more sensitive to allergens
(the substances that cause allergic reactions)
or whether we are just becoming better at
detecting allergies, nobody is really sure.

One of the main effects of

severe anaphylaxis is a
constrictions of the air passages
in a similar way to asthma but
generally more severe,
preventing the intake of any
oxygen at all. There may be a
history of contact with a
particular allergen, the thing that
triggers the attack. Anaphylaxis
can happen very quickly, within
seconds. Signs and symptoms
include:
 Difficulty breathing
 Pale skin and blue lips
 Blotches on the skin
 Rapid pulse
 Breathing and heartbeat stopping
TREATMENT
Call an ambulance immediately. The victim needs epinephrine to counteract the reaction.
If the victim is a known sufferer she may have an epinephrine injection. Help her to
administer this. If you have been trained and the victim is unable to do so, you may give the
injection.
Place the victim in the most comfortable position reassure her.
If the victim becomes unconscious, place in the recovery position. Monitor the victim’s
breathing and circulation and be prepared to resuscitate if necessary
 FAINTING & UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness. It can last from seconds to 30 minutes. Just before
fainting, a person may feel a sense of dread, feel dizzy, see spots, and have nausea.

If a person falls and can't remember the fall itself, he or she has fainted.

An unconscious person is hard to rouse and can't be made aware of his or her surroundings.
The person is unable to move on his or her own.

CAUSES
Fainting is due to a sudden drop in blood
flow or glucose supply to the brain. This
causes a temporary drop in blood
pressure and pulse rate. Medical reasons
for this include:
 Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
This can occur in diabetics, in
early pregnancy, in persons on
severe diets, etc. Anemia. Eating
disorders.
 Conditions which cause rapid loss of blood.
 Abnormal heart rhythm. Heart attack. Stroke.
 Head injury. Heat
stroke. Heat
exhaustion.
Other things that can lead to
feeling faint or fainting include:
 A sudden change in body position like
standing up too fast. This is called postural hypotension.
 A side effect of some medicines. Drinking too much alcohol.
 Anxiety or sudden emotional stress or fright.
 Being in hot, humid weather or in a stuffy room. Standing a long time in one place.
 Extreme pain.

WHAT TO DO?

Whatever the cause or degree of unconsciousness, the immediate emergency

treatment remains the same:
 Assess whether the person
is unconscious by gently
squeezing the shoulders
and asking a question.
 Open airway by lifting the
chin, clearing the mouth,
and tilting the head.
 Check the breathing and
be prepared to resuscitate
 if necessary.
 If breathing, check for life-
threatening conditions and
then turn into the recovery
position.
 Call for emergency help

BLEEDING
Blood is carried around the body in a transport system of arteries, capillaries, and
veins, and any damage to this network results in bleeding. Bleeding can be both
external and internal.
External bleeding involves a break to
the skin surface, known as a wound,
which can take may different forms.
Internal bleeding is bleeding that
occurs inside the body whe4n there is
no external injury for the blood to
escape from. The most common form
of internal bleeding is a small bruise
from a minor impact. Heavy impact
from car accidents, fights, or falls, for
example, can lead to serious internal
bleeding, which may kill.

TYPE OF INJURY

INCISIONS lean and deep cuts characterized by paper

cuts and knives are known as incisions. While these
wounds do not tend to bleed a lot there may be
underlying damage to tendons and other tissues.

LACERATIONS are jagged wounds, which tend to bleed a lot.

PUNCTURED WOUNDS as their names

suggests, deep injuries caused by a pointes
object such as a knitting needle. They do not
tend to bleed a great deal but they carry the risk
of infection because dirt can be carried a long
way into the tissue. There is also a greater risk
damage to vital organs such as the lungs or liver.

Scrapes are commonplace injury and involve

damage to the top layers of the skin. They do not
cause major blood loss but are often dirty, because
grazes tend to have debris embedded with them.

What to do?
 EYE INJURIES & IRRITATION

Cuts to the eye can be very frightening and

even small, difficult to notice injuries are
potentially very serious. However, medical
treatments mean that even injuries that
appear to be very severe may not necessarily
result in the loss of sight in the eye. Do not
touch the affected eye.

Prevent further injury and get medical help

as soon as possible.

1. Lie the person down, on his back if

possible, and hold the head to prevent
movement and keep it stable.
2. Ask the person to try to keep his eye still to prevent
movement of the injured eye. Ask the victim to focus on
something to prevent movement.
3. Ask the victim to hold a clean pad over the eye to help
prevent movement and infection. If the wait for an
ambulance or other help may take some time, you may wish
to hold the pad for the person or to gently bandage it in
place. However, because blood loss from the eye area is not
likely to be life-threatening, any bandage should be used
only to hold the pad in place and not to apply pressure.
4. Do not attempt to remove any object embedded in the eye.
If the object is very long, then gently support it to prevent
movement at its base. If small, ensure that the pad you place
over the eye does not push it in any further.

FRACTURES, DISLOCATIONS & SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Fracture is just another word for broken bone.

A dislocation occurs at the site of a joint and is where a bone is fully or partially displaced.
Soft tissue injuries include sprains, strains, and ruptures.

BROKEN BONES

With a simple or closed fracture, the

broken bone does not break the skin. A
skin wound is not present.

With a compound or open fracture, the

broken bone breaks through the skin and
a wound is present. This can cause
 bleeding.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BROKEN BONES

Pain - This accompanies most, but not all,

fractures is caused by the broken bone ends
pressing on nerve endings.
Deformity - An injured part may appear
deformed, particularly when compared to
the uninjured side.
Swelling - Some swelling may be present at
the site of a fracture.
Tenderness This accompanies most broken
bones and can often only be felt when the
injured part is gently touched.

What to do?

If you suspect that someone has a broken bone, provide first-aid treatment and help them
get
professional care:
 Stop any bleeding: If they’re
bleeding, elevate and apply
pressure to the wound using a
sterile bandage, a clean cloth, or a
clean piece of clothing.
 Immobilize the injured area: If you suspect
they’ve broken a bone in their neck
or back, help them stay as still as
possible. If you suspect
they’ve broken a bone in one of
their limbs, immobilize the area
using a splint or sling.
 Apply cold to the area: Wrap an ice
pack or bag of ice cubes in a piece of
cloth and apply it to the injured area
for up to 10 minutes at a time.
 Treat them for shock: Help them get into comfortable position,
 encourage them to rest, and reassure them. Cover them with a blanket or
clothing to keep them warm.

Dislocation is when two connected bones slip out of position in

a joint. Dislocations are caused by falls and hard impacts, such
as in sports injuries, and are more common in teens than
young children.

Signs & Symptoms

A dislocation is a separation of the end of a bone and

the joint it meets. The bone is displaced from its
proper position. A dislocated joint is swollen,
misshaped, very painful, and discolored.

Dislocations can cause damage to the membrane

lining the joint, tears to nearby muscles and
ligaments, and nerve damage.

The shoulders are especially prone to dislocation

injuries. The elbow is a common site in toddlers.
Fingers, hips, ankles, elbows,
jaws, and even the spine can be dislocated. A dislocated vertebrae in the spine
often damages the spinal cord and can paralyze body parts lower than the injury site.

WHAT TO DO?

Medical care is needed to put a dislocated bone back into its socket. With this, the
dislocated joint should function within 24 to 48 hours. Limited activity for 4 to 6
weeks allows enough time for the injury to heal.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Strains occur when the muscle is overstretched, leading to a particular tear. Sprains are
injuries to a ligament, a tough band tissue that links two bones together at or near a joint.
Commonly sprained joints include the wrist, knee, and ankle
WHAT TO DO?
1. Injuries from contact sports or falls.
Over Place the injured part at rest.
This prevents any further damage.
Help the person into a comfortable
position
- for a leg injury, this will
usually be lying down with head
and shoulders supported.
 2. Apply a cold compress. Wrap some
ice in a triangular bandage or other
clean piece of material and
hold gently on the site of the injury.
This will help relieve pain and
reduce swelling. Do not apply ice
directly to the injury because this
may damage the skin. Cool the injury
for 10-15 minutes, keeping the
compress cold with refills as
necessary.
3. Apply a compressing gauze wrap. This will help reduce pain and
swelling and will provide support for the injury.
4. Elevate the injured part. Elevation will help reduce swelling and
pain. If the arm is injured, use either the other arm or elevation
sling as appropriate to provide additional support.
5. Seek medical assistance and make sure the victim keeps the limb
raised and supported until help arrives.

Well done for completing all the topics. In order

for you to assess a quiz will be administered
online via canvas. Schedule will be announce.

I. ESSAY: Answer the given question below briefly and concisely.

1. As a NSTP student, prepare a pledge of undertaking that will enhance your

role as youth in the eradication and suppression of illegal drugs in the country.

II. MATCHING TYPE: Choose the letter of the correct answer from Column B
that perfectly matches the item in Column A. Write the letter only.

Column A Column B

1. Republic Act No. 9275 A. An Act to Promote Environmental Awareness

Through Environmental Education
2. Republic Act No. 8749 B. Encouraging the Formulation and Implementation of
Green Philippines Programs through the NSTP
3. Republic Act No. 9512 C. An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into
Government Policy Formulations Establishing the
Framework Strategy and Program on Climate
Change
4. Executive Order No. 579 D. An Act Providing an Ecological Solid Waste
Management Program
5. Republic Act No. 9729 E. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
6. Republic Act No. 9003 F. Wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans,
and even used cars and electronic good
7. Solid Waste G. Teach about how natural environments
function and, particularly, how human beings can
manage their behaviour and ecosystems
8. Environmental Education H. Steady temperature rise on our planet
9. Global Warming I. Change in the average condition of temperature and
rainfall over a long period of time
10. Climate Change J. An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality
Management