1st ACHIEVEMENT EXAM REVIEWER e. Theodicy - it is the study of God on logical abstraction.

PHILOSOPHY (COR 015)

Day 1
Philos -love
Sophia - wisdom
Philosophy -means love of wisdom. It is the human person’s life-long search
for his/her own meaning, value, and purpose.
Philosopher - an individual who engages in philosophy, a lover of wisdom.
Someone who is attempting to find wisdom.
Practical Philosophy - it uses philosophical methods and insights to explore
how people can lead wiser and more reflective lives. It focuses more on
living a good life and concerns with well-being, human excellence, the
meaning of life, and how to develop enlightened values.
a. Logic - it is the study of correct thinking and valid reasoning
b. Ethics - it is the study of morality and right living.
c. Axiology - it is the study of values.

Day 2 Day 4
3 Pre-Socratic Philosophers Approaches in Doing Philosophy
1. Thales (c.624-546 BCE) Analytic Approach -this approach examines and criticizes fundamental
 He is considered as the father of western philosophy concepts/ideas, belief, and assumptions in everyday life. In everyday lives,
 Regarded as one of the seven sages (wise men) of ancient Greece human beings go about their daily routines without being aware of the
 He claimed that there is one single substance that comprises nuances in meaning of the use of concepts that they use. Often, they take
everything and that substance is water. for granted that they understood what is being said. Unfortunately, they fail
2. Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) to realize that there may be some useless controversies that could have been
 He treated philosophy as a way of life and gave emphasis on avoided if they just know how to analyze and clarify the use of these
contemplation concepts that they take for granted.
 e believed in reincarnation
Speculative Approach -this approach tries to find an underlying explanation
 He made important contributions to the field of Mathematics, the
or general principle that could explain reality in its entirety. The approaches
most famous of which is the Pythagorean theorem.
of the pre-Socratic philosophers in explaining reality is an example of this
3. Heraclitus (c.535-475 BCE)
process. In this approach, the conclusions drawn are not based on facts.
 He claimed that everything is changing and believed that the only
permanent in this world is change.
 He used fire to emphasize this idea of change.
Day 5
Philosophy begins with a question, which is an expression of our
wondering attitude of our meaning, value and purpose in this world a human
Socrates
beings. Question shows two things about ourselves, namely:
 he said “know yourself for the unexamined life is not worth living.
 We do not know. We question because we do not know. This shows
 In his mind, knowledge is virtue. This means that to know something is
that there are a lot of things that we do not know about ourselves,
to do something. To know what is good is to do what is good. This
about other people, about the world and others. The question
entails that not doing the good means not knowing it.
shows that we are ignorant.
 Consequently, in the mind of Socrates, ignorance is a vice.
 We want to know. We question because we want to know which
implies that by nature we human beings are knowers always engage
Day 3
in the act of knowing.
Branches of Philosophy
Theoretical Philosophy - it studies the principles of human knowledge,
The act of questioning which is an expression of wondering is very
thought, argumentation and communication, the nature of language,
important in philosophy.
consciousness and metaphysics. This branch is more concerned on the origin
theory of knowledge.
a. Psychology - it studies human behavior
b. Ontology- it is the theory of being
c. Epistemology - it is the theory of knowledge
d. Metaphysics - it studies things beyond physical realities
Bertrand Russell -said that “philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of
any definite answers to its questions since no definite answers can, as a rule,
be known to be true, but rather of the sake of the questions themselves,
because these questions enlarge our conception of what is possible, enrich
dogmatic assurance which closes the mind against speculation.”
Ferriols - said that “Sa pagtatanong, meron bang natututunan o
namumulatan ang tao? Sa ganang akin ay meron. Namumulat siya sa
kaalaman na mulat sa sariling katangahan.”
 Doubt that there is heaven. Doubt the truth. Doubt that you have a
soul. Doubt that you are existing.
 The more you doubt the more you cannot doubt that you are
doubting.
 When you doubt you are doubting, it only shows you are doubting.
 Doubt is something which is certain.

Day 6
Plato
 He claimed that knowledge must have as its object that which is
genuinely real as contrasted with that which is an appearance only,
that which is fully must be fixed, permanent and unchanging-in the
realm of being opposed to that which is in the realm of becoming
(physical)
 In his mind, knowledge is something innate or in born in the human
person. It is already in the mind even before experiences.

Aristotle
 He claimed that the physical world is real. It is not simply an
appearance of something else or an image of something else.
 He claimed that knowledge ahs its object sensation or sensory
experiences of the physical world.
 Knowledge is something innate but that experiential. It is only
through sensory experience that knowledge is possible.
 Nothing enters the mind unless it is perceived by the senses.

Day 7
John Locke
 The human mind is a blank tablet, a tabula rasa. There is nothing in
it.
 It only starts to have something in it when one stsrts to have
sensory experience of something.
 Knowledge is something which is written in the mind the moment
one has an experience. This is possible through the senses.
 He claimed that without sensory experience, there will be no
knowledge in the mind. The mind will remain to be a blank blanket.

Rene Descartes
 Senses can be deceived and it can deceive the human person.
 Since knowledge is possible because of the senses, then all
knowledge is doubtable - all knowledge is uncertain.
 He said, doubt everything that you know.