720 sOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS

Gc gravity of
ecific 2.67 and a liquid limit
of 40 per cent The ground water level
the suace of the clay. Determine the settlement
of the
is
ill subject the centre of the clay layer
Will
foundation if the Joundation load
to a vertical stress increase of 8
kN/m'
Solution. In Eq. 25.12, we have
Go effective initial overburden
pressure, measured at the centre of the layer
=Y Z=(17.4-9.81) (x 6) =22.77 kN/m
Ag= Vertical stress
increment, due to foundation load= 8 kN/m
Cc= Compression index= 0.009 (w - 10) = 0.009 (40 10) = 0.27
eo= initial voids ratio = wG =0.3 x 2.67 = 0.801
OotAo
Se=C H log1o
Taking C = 1, we get 0.2 22.77+8= 0.087 m = 87 mm
Se x 6 log1o
1+0.801 22.77
Example 25.2. A square footing 1.2 m x 1.2 m rests at a depth of l m in a saturated
clay layer 4 m deep. The clay is normally consolidated, having an unconfined compressive
strength of 40 kN/m
The soil has a liquid limit of 30%, Ysa = 17.8 kN/mt, w = 28% and G = 2.68

Deternine the load which the footing can carry safely wih factor of saftey of
3 against shear Also, determine the settlement if the footing is loaded with this safe
load. Use Terzaghi's analysis for bearing capacity.
Solution :Since o = 0, Ne = 5.7 ; Ng = l and Ny = 0. Also, = YsaD = 17.8 x 1 = 17.8

c= 20kN/m

q,+YsarD=1.3 cNe +Ng-1) +0.04 B. y + Yoa D

or = 1 . 3 x 20 x 5.7 + 17.8(1 - 1) +0+17.8 =49.4 17.8=67.2 kN/m.

Q = qs X B = 67.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 = 96.77 kN.

Thickness of clay layer = 4 m. Depth of centre

of clay layer, below footing level - 1 =1 m. 1m

B 1.2 m
Assuming load dispersion at 45° width of load Z=2m
spread= 1.2 +2(1) = 3.2 m. H-4m
1 m
. Vertical stress increment due to foundation 45° - - 45°
load 3.2 m-

96.77
AG
32x 3.2=9.45 kN/m
=

Now, the consolidation settlement of footing

is given by FIG. 25.12
 FOUNDATIONS

721
OotA
CeH log1o
e C
eoWsa G =0.28 x 2.68 =0.75
= 0.009(W
-

10) 0.009 (30- 10) 0.18

=
=

burden Pressure at the centre of

I n i l t a l

= Oo = Ys Z= 17.8x2=35.6 kN/m
clay layer
0.18
x4llog10
*4 o g35.6
.6 35.6+9.45
+ 9,46
S:1+0.75 =
0.042 m =42 mm.

xample
25.3. A
rectangular footing 2m
x3m carries a column load of 600 kN
11
of The
mm.
footing rests on a
dypoth C- soil strata 6 m thick, having Poisson's
and Young s moduluS of elasticity as 20000
kNIm. Calculate the immediate
025

Sler
lement of the footing.

O n .
S= qB

q= intensity of contact pressure = 600

100 kN/m
R- least lateral dimension of
footing = 2 m
u= Poisson's ratio = 0.25;
Es 20000 kN/m
l=influence factor= 1.06 for rigid rectangular footing having=1.5
S=100x 2-(0.25)3
x 1.06 = 9.94 x 10 m =9.94 mm
20000
Example 25.4. A footing 3 m x l.5 m in plan transmits a pressure of 160 kN/m* on
olesive soil having E = 8 x10' kN/m* and u =0.48. Determine the immediate settlement

the centre, assuming the footing to be (a) flexible, and (b) Rigid.
Solution L/B = 3/1.5 = 2. Hence from Table 15.1, we get w = 1.52 for flexible
ing and 1.22 for rigid footing.
a) S=160 x 1.5 0.48| x 1.52 = 3.51 mm
8x10
(6) S=160x 1.55-0.481 x 1.22 =2.82 mm
8x 10
BXample 25.5. A building is to be supported on a R.C.C. raft foundation of dimensions
n . . The subsoil is clay which has an average unconfned compressive strength
N/n. The pressure on the soil due to the weight of the building and the loads
s expected to be 130 kN /mat the base of the raft. f
the unit weight
f.
the
excavated soil is 18 kN/m', determine the depthh at which the botom of the raft
be pla
e a to provide a factor of safery, of 3 against shear failure.
 722
SOIL MECHANICS AND
Soulon The soil is a 0, =0 soil having Cy =
q,/2 =
15/2 =
7.5
FOUNDATIONS
kN/m?
From Bq.25.22 a,
9-51+0.21+0.2.withs2.5
9w-s1+0.2 +0.2 7.5-42.5 1+
Since the building will have
u 1+14.17 1 ..(1)
Hence it is
basement, the excavated soil 1s not going to be
replara
possible to allow an increase of yD in the safe
loading intensity, ced
99syD. Equating this value of q, to the actual load intensity of 130
kN/m, ua
we
get 14.17 1 18D 130
or 0.245 D+ 18 D =130- 14.17 From which D =6.35m
25.8. EXAMPLES FROM COMPETETIVE
EKAMINATIONS
Example 25.6. A raft foundation 10 m wide nd 12 m long is to be constructed in a
having a shear strength of 12 kN/m. Unit weight of soil is 16 kN/m". clayey soil
f the ground surface carries
a
surcharge of 20 kN/m calculate the max. depth of foundation to ensure a
against base failure. Ne for clay is 5.7. jactor of safetry of 1.2
(Civil Services Exam. 1992)
Solution: Bearing capacity of soil for rec tangular footing in
cohesive soil is given by
cNe1 +0.3+ õ =cNe| 1+0.3+(yD+ )
qr= 12 x5.7|1+0.3 x+16 D+20 105.5 +
Base failure will
16 D
occur when q, is equal to zero.

D=- .5
= (-) 6.59 (minus sign indicates that it is
16 exXcavation)
Critical depth = 6.59 m Safe depth 6.59/1.2 =5.49 m
=

Example 25.7. A trapezoidalfooting is to

be produced to support two square columns of 30 -L= 6.8 m-
cm and 50 sides
cm
respectively. Columns are 6
metres apart and the safe bearing capacity of the
soil is 400 kN/m. The bigger colunn carries
5000
kN and the smaller 3000 kN.
Design suitable size
a
D L =6.4 m-
of the footing so that it does not extend beyond -L=6 m-
the faces of the columns. C.G
(Civil Services Exam. 1993)
Area A- -HtP
4s
5000+3000 P 5000 kN P2= 3000 KN
a+b= = 5.882 m
6.8 400 ...(1)
Also, =x=0.25-+3000x 6.4 = 2.65 m
5000+3000

FIG. 25.13
oWFOUNDATIONS 723

2a+b

1 3 a+b 2a+b3
6.8
2.65 =1.169
o
a+b
169b =
0
a-
0. ...(2)
0,831
b s4 . 9 1 7 a

is values in
sqiuting n u s valu
(1), we get a 882
=0.994 m and b = 4.889 m
5.917
Hence use
trapezoidal
trapezoidal
footing of size a= I m ; b= 4.9 m and L 6.4 m
25.8. A plan of a
proposed heap
is shown in Fig. 25.14 (a) The heap will stand on
gyample

oft
sofî clay
clay ith E-value of 15 MN/. The uniform pressure on the soil may be assud
of
t depositEstimate the immediate settlenent under
O N " .E s t i m a t e

-40 m A 40
nrked XX at the surjace of the soil.
m a r k e d
ar

int (Civil Services Exam. 1999)

: Divide the area into three
Solution rectangles
CDFE and DGHF so that point X falls at I 80
of these. 40 x 80
of each one
Corner
e
S-1) 120 m 20 m

-(1-u) (G, hn t B; Ia t Bs lun)

11I
w=0.77 for L/B = 80/40 2
20x
40 40x 40 40
first rectangle B1 =40 m

Iun=0.56 for L/B 40/40 =1

B2 =40 m (b)
Second rectangle (a)
2
Iwg=0.77 for L/B 40/20
=
FIG. 25.14

third rectangle B3 =20 m

15000 kN/m$; H =0.5 (assumed for soft clay)

E =15 MN/m*
=

q= 150 kN/m;
0.77 +40 x 0.56+20 x 0.77= 0.5145 m=51.45 cm
(1 0.5) [40 x
SiS= 15000
-

the following data

for
a strap footing
Example 25.9. Proportion DL+ reduced LL
Allowable pressures
: 150 kN/m for
for DL + LL.
225 kN/m
Column B
Column loads Column A 600 kN
500 kN 800 kN.

DL 450 kN
reduced LL. Distance of CIC of column
under DL + Services Exam. 2001)
LL (Civil
uniform pressure
the footing for 0.5 m.
roportion not to exceed
column A
5.4 m; projection beyond 725 kN
=
Pi
x 450 =

25.9. +0.5
Solution: Refer Fig. L.L. = 500
1000 kN
=
P
:D.L. +
Reduced
600+0.5 x 800 =
Column A Reduced
L.L.
=

R+Ra= Pi + P ..(2)
D.L. +
Column B are
to be used ..(1); Ri
Basic equations PiL B L4
RL ...(3)
and
 724 soIL MECHANICS AND
1ONS
Here 9s150kN/m
0.5 m (given); L- 5.4 m:

Step 1: Let e=0.5 m. Hence Li = 2 (0.5 +0.5)= 2 m

R =PL.
R L ,7254.9x799 kN
L'nL-e=5.4-0.5- 4.9 m
799 P2 1000 2.506
2.506 m
8- 2x150 02.66 m; Bqs 2.66 x 150
m

Thus, Li, Le , L' and B are known corresponding to this value of e.

Step 2 R- 725 x 5.4 199 kN

4.9
R=(Pi+ P) -Ri = 725 + 1000- 799 =
926 kN
R 799
153.6 kN/m> 150 kN/m
991LB2x 2.60
=

R2 926
452LB2.50 x2.66
= 138.9 kN/m < 150 kN/m
However, since gs1> Qs , L has to be increased. This can be done by increasing the value of

Step 3: Let the next value of e be 0.6 m

L =2 (0.5 + 0.6) = 2.2 m: l=5.4 - 0.6 = 4.8 m

R- 725 x5.4 815.6 kN; Ri 8b.0 2.47m

B= T,d 2.2x 150
=

Keep B 2.5 m
Lg 1000 m 2.7
Bq 2.5 x 1502.67
m

Step 4 = 4.8 815.6 ; Ra =

725 + 1000 815.6 =
909.4 kN

451 815.6 = 148.29< 150 909.4

2.2 x 250 and
52 2.7x 2.5 134.7< 150
Hence we have B 2.5 m; Li =2.2 m; La =
2.7 m
Example 25.10. A
building has to be supported on R.C. raft
14m x21 The soil is clay, which has
m.
an
foundation of dimensions
pressure on the soil due to the average unconfined compressive strength of 15 kN/n. The
140 kN/n at the base
weight of the building and the
loads that if will
of the raft. The building has carry will be
the bottom of the
raft be placed to provide a
provision for basement floors. At what
factor of safety of 3 against sheardepth
should
Yclay= 19 kN/r. Use Skemptons' approach for bearing capacity ? failure
Solution qu= 15 kN/m; c= qu/2
calculations. (Engg. Services Exam. 1997)
=7.5 kN/m: B 14 m; L= 21 m =

o5el1+021+02-5x75|1+02
or
Qng= 42.5 (1 +0.01429 D) +02
qs +y D
=*(1+0.01429 D) + 19 D
Actual load intensity ...(1)
qa= 140 kN/m*
Equating the two, ...2)
Or (1+0.01429 D) +19 D =140
19.2024 D 125.83
=
From which D =
6.55 m
oWFOUNDATIONS 725

p a m p l e 2 5 . 1 1
11, A concrete Strnp footing rectangular in section is located at ground level and
tevel.
the grouna carries
gro

b e l
w
o W
the
uniformly distributed load of 15000 kg/m. The soil profile
12
m a20US clay of o m thick overlying rock. The clay properties are as under
f homogeneou

aurarea wnit bulk

unut bulk weight = 1750 kg/ne

8500 kg/m? 15000 kN/m

ength (undrained)
=

Siear
Ssibiliry = l x 10 m /100 kg
Canpressi
Daernine ()width of ()width of fooling
for factor .2 m
.

of safety = F
u l i m e
onsolidation settlement for F= 2 B
6 m
Assumeb u l k
It weight of concrete 2500 kg/m. Neglect
unit =
4 m
beneath the footing and
load
any side cohesion
r e a d

h eo u n d a t i o n .
(Engg. Services Exam. 1999)
c 8500 kg/m 7TTTTTTTTTTTT

Ysat1750 kg/m; FIG. 25.15

Y = 1750- 1000 = 750 kg/m

Vidtih of footing
g qu= c Ne = 5.14 c (S Code) = 5.14 x 8500 = 43690 kg
water table at the ground level and using a factor of safety F on qnfs safe bearing
Assuming

S
gucly
gs-+=+yD =43090 + 750 x 1.2 =4509+900
F F F
..(1)
43690 +900 Bx1 kg/m
2500 1000 1500 kg/m
ence
= - =

unit weight of
concrete
Submerged ...(2)
15000x 1 +Bx 1.2 x 1x 1500 (15000+ 1800 B)
kg/m =
=
qa
we get 15000 15000 F
the two,
Equating B 43690900 43690 900 F
15000+ 1800 B = +900 B or
F

Taking F=2,
we get
value of B.
Which is the required 15000x 2
s0.72 m
B43690-900 x 2 below footing base.
AA at mid-depth
Consider level
settlement for F=2 : m/100 kg 1
= x 10- m/kg
1lx 10*
) Vltimate of compressibility,
my=

Given,
coefficient
0.72 m is
width B
=

of Ysoil
Load added by footing BxDxYconc. -B xDx 15648 kg/m
15000 + 750 =

=
0.72 x 1.2 x

1.2 x 1500 -

x
15000+0.72
=

1564815048- 21733 kg/m

0.72
Ao'=.
B 107x
21733 x 4.8 -0.104 kN. Determine the
Neglecting load spread, o'. H=
1x
of
1200

my A a net
load
40 nun.
n. The soil is
Pr carry is
required
to setlement

Exan, 2000
footing
is and
tolerable Serices

square is 2 m (Engg.
equation.
25.12. A 's
E
Xample
the depth of
fouwndation

very
deep.
Use Teng

f table is
of the footing 3,
water 12
Rup . Ra
=

andy with N=12, = 1 2 ,

F.S.
B+0.3
R|
4p55 (N--3) table is very
deep)

Solution water

(since
= 1
Ru2
Here
 726 soIL MECHANICS AND

R1+020s12 -1+021+0
FOUNDATIONS
5(12-3 04 ()
But 200

2)
5 12-3031,04
.(3)
Assuming 8 s2m, Ra-1+=1.2

120055x9xL.20
2B or B+0.3 2.02
2B
of (8+0.3- 8.08 From which B = 2.54 m
Since B> 2m, Ra will be less than 1.2. Hence from (3)

1200
123.75
B 1+04
or

or
B03104-97(B+0.3) (B +0.4) = 9.7 B
Solving this by rial and error, we get B » 2.6 m
Example 25.13. A building is to be supported on a reinforced concrete raji covering an area
of 14 x 21 metres. The subsoil is clay with am unconfüned compressive strength of 84 kN/m'.
Ihe pressure
on the soil due 1o
weight of the building and loads it will carry, will be 120 kN/m, at the base
of
the raft. f the unit weight of excavated soil is 15 kN/in*, what should the bottom
at depth of the raft
be placed to provide a factor of safery of 3?
(Gate Exam. 1996)
Solution qu=84 kN/m; cu = qu/2 = 42 kN/m
Using Skemptons equation for ultimate bearing capaçity of raft
9e-5cu 1+ 02 x1+0.2 ..(1)
or 9n5x421+0.2 x +0.2238 (1+001429 D)
qs =+YD =(1+0.01429 D) + 15 D =79.33+ 16.134 D ...(2)
Actual load in density qa 120 kN/m ...(3)
Equating (2) and (3), we get 79.33 + 16.134 D = 120 From which D = 2.52 m
Check Factor 5 1+0.2-51 +0.2 x4-5.18 <7.5. Hence OK