SOIL MECHANICS

AND P
664

yDN + 0.5ysa . BN, Rwy x 1 x 1.7 x0 g8

9 fcN + x0.8 x 3.9) +(0.5 x 19.5
(x30 x 11.8) +(18 kN/m
14.09306.25
236 + 56.16+ 9n4 YD = 306.25 - 18 x 0.8 =
capacity is 291.85
kN/
The net ultimate bearing 291.85 -97.28 kN/m'

safe bearing capacity is qns F 3

.. Net gross safe bearing capactiy)
(also known as
. Safe bearing capacity 18 x 0.8 = 111.68 kN/m.
97.28 + carries a load
9s Qns + yD footing 2 m wide
Example 24.5 A strip
1.2 m in sand. The saturated unit weight of intensiry of
sand i
19.5kNn'
400kN /n' at weight of
and aunitdepth above water table is 16.8 kN/m'. The shear strength paramelers
respect to shear
Determine the factor of safety with failure for
are c = 0 and 35 °,
of water table
jollowing cases of location m below G.L. (b) Water table is 1.2 m below
(a) Water table is
4
below G.L. () Water table is 0.5 m below GL
(c)
2.5 m
Water table is Use Terzaghi's equations. GL
table is at G.L. itself.
(e) Water capacity is given by
strip footing, the bearing
Solution. For a
4,= cN +G N, + By N, Ea, 24 24
account the water reduction factor, We have, from
Taking into
9,= cN tyD Ng Rwy t By Ny. Rwz
For the present case c=0.
q,= yD N Rwy + By N, . Rwy
Ng = 41.4 and N, = 42.4
For = 35° assuming general shear failure,
q,= 41.4 x 1.2 x y Rwy t x 2 x 42.2 y Rwz
9,= 49.68 y Rwy t 42.3 y Rw2
Case (a) Water table is 4 m below G.L.
Rwy = 1 G.
Zvy = 4 -1.2 = 2.8 m:
D=1.2m
Since Zwy > B, Rwy = 1.
Hence there will be no effect of water table. Also y = 16.8.
BB= 2m
q,= 49.68 x 16.8 x 1+ 42.4 x 16.8 × 1
4.0 m Z=28m
= 1546.9 kN/m
Now actual footing load = qa = 400 kN/m --t.3.-.. MI..J...
1546.9
F.S = 3.87
400 FIG. 24.16
AEARINGCAPACITy 665

Case b) Water table is just at the base of footing.

Ry =0.51+D = 0.5 (1 + 1)
=|
GL
B = 0.5 (1 + 0)
For the 0.5 D= 12m

y* BKN/m,
l6.8
becausesurcharge
the term,
use
above water table, surcharge
For the soil is
situated 82m
19.5 KN/m', since the wedge term', use
elow water table. wedge soil is situated FIG. 24.17

q,= 49.68 YRwy t

q,= 49.68 x 42.4 Ysa. Rw.
F.S, 16.8×1+ 42,4 x 19.5 x0.5=
1248 1248 kN/m
=3.12.
Case (c) Water tableqa
400
at 2.5 m
below the
Zwy =2.5 - 1.2 = 1.3 mG.L. (Fig. 24.18 a)
< B. Rwy = 1
For the surcharge term, Y= 16.8 kN/m
For the wedge
the footing level, term, y will be taken as
since the soil upto depth Baverage unit weight of soil situated
table and partly below
the water table. below the footing is partly below
above water
Yay = (16.8 1.3) + (19.5 x 0.7)
x
(1.3 + 0.7) = 17.75kN /m
Hence from Eq. 1, we
have q,= 49.68 y Rw t 42.4 Ya
Rwn
= (49.68 x 16.8 x 1) +
(42.4 x 17.75 x 0.825)=
F.S. ,455.5 1455.5 kN/m
=3.64
qa 400

D1.2 m
G.L
-B=2 m D, 0.5 m
2.5 m Zwe=13 m }-9..W...
D, =0.7m
...lu.. AI....4- 0,7 m
-8-2m
(b)
(a)
FIG. 24.18
666 SoIL MECHANICS AND
Case (d Water table is 0.5 m below G.L. (Fig. 24.18 b)
Zwy = 0.5
FOUNDATIONS
Rw ,-o.s[1+-o.s 1 )- 0.708
Rwz = 0.5. Since water table is above
For the wedge term, Y= Ysat 19.5 kN/m'
footing.
For the surcharge term, take y =average unit weight of soil situated
above the base
of footing, since this soil is located partly above the water table and partly
water table. below the
(16.8 x 0.5) + (19.5 x 0.7)
Yav = = 18.38
(0.5 + 0.7)
Hence from Eq. 1. q,= 49.68 Yav RwË + 42.4 Ysa Ru2
= (49.68 × 18.38 x 0.708) + (42.4 x 19.5 x
0.5)= 1060 KN/m
F.S = L 1060
=2.65.
qa 400
Note. Alternatively, 4, can be calculated by taking o in place of yD term, withou
considering reduction factor R, as recommended by IS code (sce $ 24.12)
q=G N+By Ny. Rwg
or
4,=G(41.4) + (G x 2 x 42.4) Ysa Rwz
where G= effective overburden pressure = ( D, + y2D:) - Yw Da
(Eq. 24.36 a)
= (16.8x0.5) + (19.5x0.7) - (9.81x0.7)= 15.183
4,= 15.183 x 41.4 +x2 x 42.4×19.5x0.5 = 1042 KN/m
against a value of 1060 kN/m.
Case (e) Water table at the ground level.
When water table is at ground level,
Rw =0.5 (1 +0) = 0.5; Rw =0.5
Y= Ysa =19.5 for both the surcharge soil as well as the wedge soil.
Hence from Eq.(1) 4,= 49.68 Ysa Rw, + 42.4 Ysa Rwz
= 49.68 x 19.5 x 0.5 + 42.4 x 19.5 x 0.5= 897.78 kN/m
F.S. I_ 897.78 = 2.24.
qa 400
Example 24.6. Solve pan (c) of example 24.5 considering effective weight of so!
in the wedge zone.
Solution Zwy =1.3 m;
Y'= Ysa -Yw =19.5-9.81 = 9.69 kN/m'
EARINGCAPACITY
669
Immediately after construction : = , =0 and
For square footing, we have from Eg. 24.19 C=C, 25 kN/ m?
9=1.3 CNe + GNg + 0.4 Ysa BN,
1.2
G= Ysa . D= 19.5 x .i)
N,= 5.7 : Nq = 1.0; N, = 0,0
shere

.: 9,=1.3 x 25 x 5.7 + 19.5 x 1.2 x +0 = 208.65 kN/m'.

in Few. years after construction: =' 22.5 : c=0
. N,= 21.4 ; N = 10.1 ; N,= 7.3
Hence from )
:0+ (19.5 x 1.2) × 10.1 +0.4 x 19.5 × 2
×7.3 = 350.22 kN/m.
Example 24.10. Asquare footing
located at a depth of 1.3 m below the
carn a safe load of 800 kN. Find the
The soil has the size of the footing if the ground
saen is 3. following properties desired factor
Vads ratio = 0.55; Degree of saturation = 50%
c=8&N m? = 30°. Specific gravity = 2.67
Use Terzaghi's analysis.
Solution : The bulk unit weight of soil is
given by
(G+e S) Yw (2.67 + 0.55 x 0.5) 9.81
y=
1+e = 18.64 kN/m.
1+0.55
For =30°, N =37.2, Ng = 22.5 and N, =
19.7
Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation for square
q,= 1.3 cN, + GNg t 0.4 y BN, footing is
.a,= 1.3 ×8 x where g= yD = 18.64 x
37.2 + 18.64 × 1.3 × 22.5 + 0.4 × 1.3.
q,= 932.l + 146.88 B kN/m?
18.64 Bx 19,7
qnf= (932.1 + 146.88 B) -
18.64 x 1.3 = 907.87 + 146.88 B
+ yD =
907.87 + 146.88 B
F
3 + (18.64 x 1.3) =326.86 +
48.96 BkN/m ...(1)
Actual load intensity 800
B² ..(2)
uating the two, we get 800
= 326.86 + 48.96 B
B
B +
6.676 B' = 16.34
Solving this by trial and error, we get B 1.42 m.
Example
founded
to
24.11, Determine the depth at which a circular footing of 2 m diameter
. The foundationprovide a factor of safety of 3, if it has to carry a safe load ef 1600
soil has c= 10 kN /m', = 30° and unit weight == 18 kNn'. Use Terzaghi's
malysis.
 SOIL
MECHANICS AND
670

Solution: For = 30°, we

bearing capacity
have N =37.2 ; Ng= 22.5; N, =19.1.
equation for circular
footino i FOUNDATION
The Terzaghi's 1) +0.3 y BN,
- 1.3cN
Qnf=1.3 x 10x
(N,+- 18D(22.5 - 1) + 0.3 x 18 x 2 x: 19.7 = 696.36 +387 D
+ yD37.2

696.36 + 387 D +18 D

+ yD = 3

or qs =232.12 + 147D
1600 = 509.3
Actual load intensity qa =

Equating the two, we get 232.12 + 147 D = 509.3

Keep D= 1.9 m
D= 1.89 m
Arectangular footing has a size of 1.8 1m x3 mhas t0 transnit the
Example 24.12.
load of a colunn at a depth of 1.5 m. Calculate the safe load which the footing can
IS code method. The o
carry at afactor of safety of 3 against shear failure. UsekN/m;= 32.50
following properties : n=40%; G=2.67; w=15% c=8
0.4 =0.667
Solution. 1-n 1-0.4
GYw 2.67 x 9.81 = 15.71 kN/m'.

Ya1te 1+0.667

y=Y (1 t w) = 15.71 (1 +0. I5) = 18.07 kN/m²

For = 32.5° we get, from Table 24.9
N.= 38.13;Ng= 25.85 : N, =35.21
For general shear failure, we have
...24.4)
9uf= cNe. Se. do. ir t G(N, - 1)sq- do. ig t ByN, . Sy. d,. i,W
Since the load is vertical ic = ig= i,= 1 9
Take W'= 1
For rectangular footing, shape factors will be as under (Table 24.10) :
B
se =1+0.2 =1+0.2 x1.12
3

s,= 1+0.2 - 1.12

S, =1-0.4 B =1-0.4 x = 0.76
L 3
The depth factors will be as under
d; =1+0.2N.
 NG
CAPACITY
671

VN =tan (45* +/2)

d=l+0.2 x 1.823 =l.304
tan[45 2)- 1,823
for >10°=1+0.J y1.8.S x 1.823=1.152
G effective overburdenwe getpresSsure,= yD =18.07
Substiruting the values, x 1.5 =
27.105 KN/m'.
dy=8 x38.13 x 1,12 xx1.304 x 1
+27.105 (25.8S - 1) x1.12 x 1.152 x1
445.50 + 869.05 + 501.34 =
+1x 1.8 x 18.07 x35.21 x 0.76 x 1.152 x I ?
815.89 1815.39
kN/m
=
'g F tyD + (18.07 x 1.5) =
3 632.4 KN/m
load =qs (B x L) = 632.4 x 1.8 x 3 3415 kN.
Example 24.13. What will be the
.ee of erample 24.I2 ÷ the water table percentreduction in the load
rises upto (a) base of footing capacity of the
(b) l m below
se of the jooting. Assume thau
Solution.
saturated unit weight of soil is 19.5 kN/m'.
la When the water table rises
upto the base of footing
In this case, W'= 0.5.
However, y with the last terms of bearing capacity equation
aill become Ys The first two terms of the
bearing
capacity equation will remain unaffected.
Now By Ny. Sy. dy . i. W'=x 1.8 x 19.5 x 35.21 x 0.76 x
1.152 x I x 0.5
= 270.5I kN/m (as against earlier
value of 501.34)
qnf = 445.50 + 869.05 + 270.51 = 1585.06
1585.06
+ (18.07 x 1.5) = 555.46 kN/m
3
Safe load = 555.46 x 1.8 x 3 = 2999.6 kN
3415 -2999.5
% reduction = x 100 = 12.2%
3415
(6) When the water table rises upto l m below the base of
Here
footing.
Zu= 1. Hence from Eq. 24.45

w'-0s|1+-05(1+-078
Ine unit weight y to be substituted in the last term (wedge term) may be taken as
ietage unit weight of the soil in the wedge zone.
(1 x 18.07) + (0.8 x 19.5)
Yav s .= 18.7 kN/m
1+0.8
672
SOIL MECHANICs AND
=x1.8 x 18.7 x 35.21 x 0.76 x 1.152 x 1
By Ny . Sy . d, . i, W FOUNDATI%
404.68 KN/m
dnt = 445.50 + 869.05 + 404.68 = 1719.23 KN/m²
1719.23
s =
3
+ (18.07x 1.5)= 600.18 kN/m
Safe laod = 600.18 x 1.8 x 3 3241 kN
3415-3241
% reduction =
3415
x 100= 5.1%.
T
ENG
CAPATTY
689
Eample 24.16. A.30 cm square bearing plate settles by 8
cohesionless soil, when the inuensity of mm in the plate load
loading 180 kN/m. Estimate the settlement
is
shallow foundation of 1.6 m square under the same intensity of
Solution loading.
p Eq. 24.52, PF =Pr B(B + 0.3) 1.6 (0.3 +0.3)
Br(B + 0.3) = 22.7 mm.
0.3 (1.6 +0.3)
Example 24.17. Aplate load test was
hof 1.2 m below the ground level, in a
conducted with a 30 cm square plate a
cohesive soil having =0. The failure
abserved aa a load of 36 kN. The water table was
observed to be at a depth of
n below ground surface.
Corpute the ultimate bearing capactiy for a strip footing, 1 m
zed at the Same level as the test plate, and in the same soil. wide, with its base
Take the bulk unit weight
fthe soil as l6.8 kN/m. Also, calculate the safe bearing capacity of factor at a
safety
sion: Depth of water table below the test level = 4.7-1.2 =3.5 m. Since
this depth
tmch more than the width of footing, there will be no
influence of water table.
For the plate load test on square plate :
4,= 1.3 cNe + GN, +0.4 B. YN, ...(1)
vhere G=y D. For =0, we get from Table 24.2,
N= 57 ; N, = 1 and N, =0
Also, 36
= 400 kN/m.
0.3 x 0.3
:. Substituting the values in (1).
400 =1.3 cx 5.7 + 16.8 x 1.2 x 1+0
From which c= 51.26 kN/m
For the strip footing
y= cN, +G N, +0.5 By N, = (51.26 x 5.7) +(16.8 x 1.2 x 1) +0=312 kN/m'.
9y* g-y D=312.3 - (16.8x1.2) =292.14 kN/m
9:=+yD=92.1 14 +(16.8 x 1.2) =117.5 KN/m*.
F 3
were conducted in a c- soil, on plates of two
 3
F footing has dimensions of 2 mx2m and a depth of 2 m. Detemine
Exampk 429. A square
strengih of 0.15 N/ ,p= and
its ultimate bcaring capacity in pure clay with an unconfined
0
y=l.7gcm. Assume Terzaghi 's factors for =0, as Ne =5.7; Ng=l and N,=
(Civil Services Exan. 19
kN/m
Solution : c= qu/2 - 0.15/2 N/mm =0.075 x 10 kN/m=75
Y=1.7g/cm' =1.7 t/m' = 16.677 kN/m
For square footing qr= 1.3 cNe+ Ng +0.3 yBN,
= 1.3 x 75 x5.7+ 16.677x 2x 1+0.3 x 1.677 x 2(0) = 589.2 kN/m
Example 24.30. A plate load test was conducted in a sandy soil with a plate of mze
0.3 m x 0.3 m. The ultimate load per unit area was found to be 2.0 kg/cm. Find the allowabie laad
(Civil Services Eram, 200
for a footing of 2mx2m, using a factor of safery as per I.s.
Br
Solution From Eq. 24.49, Bp
2m
qF = 2 x
0.3 m
-= 13.333 kg/cm = 133.33 t/m

133.33
Using a factor of safety of 3. qa= = 4 4 . 4 Vm
 Hence qaf remains the same.
Example 24.32. What is the ultimate bearing capacity of a circular footing of 1.5 m dianmeter
restingsafeonvalue,
ihe surface
if
f asaurated clay of unconfined compressive strength of 100 kNM ? What is
the factor of safety is 3 (Civil Services Exam. 2001)
Solution: qu =100 kN/m ; c=qu/2 =50 KN/m
For saturated clay Ne=5.7; Ng =1; Ny= 0; G=yD=0 since D=0
Hence for circular foundation on saturated clay,
4,= 1.3 cNe +á= 1.3x 5.7 c+0= 7.41 c (Terzaghi)
=7.41 x 50 =370.5 kN/m
370.5
= 123.5 kN/m
F
Note : As per IS code, Ne=5.14 for =0
q,= 1.3 cNe= 1.3x 50 x 5.14 = 334.1 kN/m²
334.1 = 111.4 kN/m
and
*3
Example 24.33. A fooring is to be constructed a a depth of 1.2 m in a wniform deposit of
mgf clay having unconfined compressive strength of 145.8 kN/m and density of 18.82 kN/m. The fooring
will suppor awall that inposes a loading of 152 kNim of wall length. Calculate the width af the footing
iSing a factor of safety of 3.0 (Civid Services Eram. 2002)
 Example 24.36. The load seulement curve data from a plate load test on a sandy soil are a
under:

Locd, t/m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Settiement, mm 4.5 10 15.5 22 29 38.5 50 64

The size of the plate used was 0.3 mx 0.3 m. Determine the size of the square column fovty
to carry a net load of 250 t with a maximun settlement of 25 mm. (Engg. Services Eram. 1
sONGCAPACITY
699

Soution: Given pF= 25 mm. We will use following two equations, relating
strlements of actual footing and test plate bearing capacity,
Br ...(1) and Bp (Be + 0.3)
Bp PP= PF ...(2)
Br (Bp +0.3)
Bs B: is not knoWn, We WIll adopt a trial and error procedure so that both the above equations

Trial 1. Let B= 1.5 m. .: qe= 250/(1.5) = 1l1.11 Vm'

Bp = 111.11 x 0.3
L522.22t/m'
BF
asponding to qp =22.22 t/m, we get Pp= 10+ 15.5 - 10 x 2.22 = 11.22 mm, by
10
interpolation from the values of the above table.
Br (Bp + 0.3) =l1.22| 1.5 (0.3 + 0.3)
Rence from (2). =31.17 mm
PF=PP BeBp (B: + 0.3) 0.3 (1.5 +0.3)
Since this is more than 25 mm, the width B= 1.5 m will be inadequate.
Trial 2 : Hence increase B in the ratio of V31.17/25
31.17
Next value of B= 1.5 x = 1.67 m.
25
0.3
250 =89.64 t/m and gp=89.64 >x -= 16.1 t/m
1.67
(1.67)
10 4.5
Pp= 4.5 +. x 6.1=7.86 mm
10
1.67 (0.3 +0.3) 12 =22.6 mm < 25 mm
PF = 7.86
0.3 (1.67+0.3)
A final trial will vield a value of B= 1.62 m
avoided by plotting the data of the above table and taking
Note ne linear interpolation may be
te exact corresponding to the computed value of qp.
value from the curve, at g depth of