ACTIVE CONDITION MAY OCCUR

DUE TO
EROSION OF TOE OF WALL:
1. WALL SLIDING OUTWARDS
2. WALL ROTATION ABOUT BASE
OUTWARDS
LATERAL DEFORMATION OF SOIL
3. DUE TO SETTLEMENT, IF LOOSE
FILL
4. DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
ABOVE, DUMPING DEBRIS.
PASSIVE CONDITION MAY OCCUR
DUE TO
EROSION OF TOE OF WALL:
1. WALL SLIDING INWARDS
2. WALL ROTATION ABOUT BASE
INWARDS
LATERAL DEFORMATION OF SOIL
3. INWARDS DUE TO IMPACT

WATER PRESSURE
5. DUE TO PRESSURE OF RAIN
WATER
6. DUE TO TENSION CRACKS
FILLED WITH WATER
 G.L.
σh decrease
SOIL ELEMENT
DEFORMS
LATERALLY

FAILURE SURFACE
σh increase
ACTIVE STATE
G.L.

FAILURE SURFACE

PASSIVE STATE
 DRY DRY DRY
SOIL SOIL SOIL

8m 8m 8m
P0 PA PP

p0 = 76.32 kN/m2 pa= 51.84 kN/m2 pP = 400.32 kN/m2

AT REST STATE ACTIVE STATE PASSIVE STATE

(i) K0 = (1 – sin ϕ) (i) KA = (1–sin ϕ) / (1+sin ϕ) (i) KP = (1+sin ϕ) / (1-sin ϕ)
K0 = 1 – sin 280 KA = (1 – sin 280)/(1+sin280) KP = (1 + sin 280)/(1-sin280)
= 1 – 0.4695 = 0. 53 = 0.36 = 2.78
(ii) pa = K AγH
(ii) p0 = K0 γH (ii) pp = KP γH
= 0.36 x 18 x 8
= 0.53 x 18 x 8 = 2.78 x 18 x 8
= 51.84 kN/m2
= 76.32 kN/m2 (Iii) PA = O.5 Ka γ H2 = 400.32 kN/m2
(iii) P0 = 0.5 K0 γ H2 = 0.5 x 51.84 x 8 (Iii) PP = O.5 KPγ H2
= 0.5 x 76.32 x 8 = 207.36 kN = 0.5 x 400.32 x 8
= 305.28 kN (iv) Acts at 8/3 = 2.67 m above = 1601.28
(iv) Acts at 8/3 = 2.67 m base. kN
above base. (iv) Acts at 8/3 = 2.67 m
above base.
Determine the active pressure on the retaining wall shown in figure.
Also determine the location of the resultant force. Take γw=10 kN/m3

1  sin 35
Ka upper   0.271
1  sin 35
1  sin 38
Ka bottom   0.238
1  sin 38
at z=0σv’= γz = 0, σh’= 0
at Point B z=2.5 m
σv’= 17x2.5 =42.5 kN/m2
σh’= Kaupper σv’ =0.271x42.5
= 11.5 kN/m2
Below point B z=2.5 m
σv’= 17x2.5 =42.5 kN/m2
σh’= Kabottom σv’ =0.238x42.5
= 10.1 kN/m2
Determine the active pressure on the retaining wall shown in figure.
Also determine the location of the resultant force. Take γw=10 kN/m3

At point C z=5.0 m
σv’= (17x2.5) + (18-10)x2.5 =62.5 kN/m2

σh’= Kabottom σv’ =0.238x62.5

= 14.9 kN/m2
Determine the active pressure on the retaining wall shown in figure.
Also determine the location of the resultant force. Take γw=10 kN/m3

Hydrostatic pressure distribution

at z=0 m, zw =0 m u = γwzw =0
z=2.5 m, zw =0 m u = γwzw =0

z =5.0 m, zw =2.5m
u = γwzw =10x2.5 =25 kN/m2
 Horizontal force Po  Area 1  Area 2  Area 3  Area 4

1
11.5kN/m2
10.1kN/m2

2
4
3
14.9 kN/m2 25 kN/m2
Earth pressure dia.
Hydrostatic
1 1 1 pressure dia.
Pa  ( x11 .5 x 2.5)  (10.1x 2.5)  [ x(14.9  10.1) x 2.5]  ( x 25x 2.5)
2 2 2
Pa  77.0 kN
 1
11.5kN/m2
10.1kN/m2

2
4
3
14.9 kN/m2 25 kN/m2
2.5 Earth pressure dia.
 2.5  3.33 Hydrostatic
3 2.5 2.5 pressure dia.
 1.25  0.833
2 3
Location of center of pressure measured from the bottom of the wall (point O)

2.5 2.5 2.5

(Area 1)(2.5  )  (Area 2)( )  (Area 3  Area 4)( )
z 3 2 3
pa

(14.40)(3.33)  (25.30)(1.25)  (6.0  31.30)(0.833)

z
77

z  1.44m
Active Earth Pressure in Cohesive soil

v’
l ope
env e
h’
f ailu
re A
D
c
tan  
FO  90+
 c E 45  B
FO  c cot  2
F O [h’]active C v’ 
v  h
c cot  v h 2
2 v  h
In triangle FCD, CD CD ( )
sin     2
FC FO  OC v h
c cot   ( )
2
v  h v h
( )  sin c cot   sin ( )
2 2
 Active Earth Pressure in Cohesive soil

v’
l ope
env e
h’
f ailu
re A
D

 90+
 c E 45 
2 B
F O [h’]active C v’ 
v  h
c cot  v h 2
2
v  h v h v  h v h
( )  sin c cot   sin ( ) ( )  c cos   sin ( )
2 2 2 2
v h v h
  c cos   sin  sin v h
2 2 2 2 (1  sin )  c cos   (1  sin )
2 2

h  ?
Active Earth Pressure in Cohesive soil

v’
l ope
env e
h’
f ailu
re A
D

 90+
 c E 45 
2 B
F O [h’]active C v’ 
v  h
c cot  v h 2
2
v
2
(1  sin )  c cos  
h
2
(1  sin ) h  ?
(1  sin  ) cos 
h  v  2c
(1  sin  ) (1  sin  )
 h  K a v  2c K a
SIVA Copyright©2001
Copyright©2001
SIVA
Active Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils

Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
16
SIVA Copyright©2001
Copyright©2001
SIVA
Passive Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils

Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
17
Active Earth pressure in C and ϕ soil
 h  K a v  2c K a
 h  2c K a
A at A z=0
zc σv= γz = 0
z  h  2c K a
C
H γ at B z= H
Φ σv= γz = γH
c
 h  K a v  2c K a
B at C z= zc
 h  K a v  2c K a σv= γzc
Earth pressure diagram σh = ? σh = 0
0  K a γ z c  2c K a
2c K a 2c
z c  depth of tensile crack zc  zc 
Ka γ γ Ka
Before formation of crack  h  K a v  2c K a
 h  2c K a
A 2c
P1 zc 
zc γ Ka
z
C Hc Net force  P1  P2  ?
H γ P2 zc P1  P2  0
Φ D
c Earth pressure diagram 2c
H c  2z c  2
γ Ka
B 4c
Hc 
γ Ka

H c  critical height

H c  maximum depth of unsupported excavation

After formation of crack
 h  K a v  2c K a
 h  2c K a
A
P1
z zc
C Hc
H γ P2 zc
Φ D
c H-zc
P H  zc
z
B 3

Earth pressure diagram

Depth of unsupported excavation

4c
Hc 
γ Ka
Tension cracks
 A 5m high retaining wall is shown in figure. Determine the Rankine
active pressure on wall. i) before the formation of the crack, ii) after the
formation of tension crack

z 1  sin 30
Ka   0.333
1  sin 30
5m  h  K a v  2c K a
 h  K a γz  2c K a
 h  0.333x17.5xz  2x5x 0.33
 h  5.83xz  5.77
at A z=0
 h  2x5x 0.333  5.77kN / m 2
at B z=H=5m
 h  5.83x5  5.77  23.28kN / m 2
Before formation of crack

5.77 at C z= zc
A
P1 σh = 0
z zc
C 0  K a γ z c  2c K a
5m 2c
zc 
γ Ka
P2
5-0.99 2x5
zc   0.99m
B 17.5x 0.333
23.28kN / m 2
1
Earth pressure diagram P1  x5.77x0.99  2.86kN
2
1
P2  x23.28x(5 - 0.99)  46.88kN
Net force  P2  P1 2
Net force Pa  46.88  2.866  44.02kN
Location of center of pressure measured from the bottom of the wall

4.01 2 x 0.99
(Area 2)( )  (Area 2)(4.01  )
z 3 3
pa

(46.88)(1.336)  (2.86)(4.01  0.67)

z
44.02

z  1.12m
Before formation of crack

5.77
A
P1
z zc
C
Net force Pa  46.88  2.866  44.02kN
5m

P2
5-0.99 Pa
z  1.12m
B
23.28kN / m 2
Earth pressure diagram
After formation of crack
at C z= zc
5.77 2x5
A zc   0.99m
P1 17.5x 0.333
z 0.99
C
1
5m Pa  x23.28x(5 - 0.99)  46.88kN
2
Pa
5-0.99 4.01
z  1.336m
B 3
23.28kN / m 2
Earth pressure diagram
Determine the stresses at the top and the bottom of the cut
shown in figure

4m γ = 18 kN/m3
ϕ=12◦
c =20 kN/m2
Depth of unsupported e= 5.49mvation