lkekU; vè;;u

Paper-III

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

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 Hkkjrh; lapkj mixzg dk;ZØe
A. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; mixzg iz.kkyh (Indian National Satellite-INSAT System)

o"kZ1981 eas iz{ksfir APPLE mixzg ds lapkyu ls izkIr vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj

ij o"kZ] 1983 esa INSAT iz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk izkjaHk dh xbZA
INSAT varfj{k foHkkx nwj lapkj foHkkx] Hkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx] vkdk'kok.kh
(AIR) rFkk nwjn'kZu dk la;qDr miØe gSA
INSAT oLrqr% cgqmís'kh; mixzgksa dh Üka`[kyk gS ftlesa mixzg lapkj ls
lacafèkr midj.k tSls& VªkalikssaMj rFkk ekSle lacaèkh vè;;u dks lefiZr
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 midj.k tSls& Very high resolution Radiometer (VHRR) rFkk Charged
Coupled device (CCD) dSejs LFkkfir fd;s x, gSaA

uksV%& INSAT iz.kkyh dk izFke liQyrkiwoZd iz{ksfir fd;k x;k mixzg

INSAT-1B Fkk ftls NASA ds lg;ksx ls 1983 eas iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA

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mYYks[kuh; gS fd 1982 eas iz{ksfir INSAT-1A vliQy jgk FkkA
90 ds n'kd ds vkf[kjh o"kks± eas lapkj mixzgkas dh ekax eas O;kid o`f¼ ns[kh
xbZ ftlds izeq[k dkj.k bl izdkj Fks&
‰‰mixzg vkèkkfjr Vsfyfotu lsokvkas dh ekaxA
‰‰mixzg vkèkkfjr lekpkj laxzg.kA
‰‰lsokvkas dh ekax
‰‰VSAT (Very small aperture terminal) vkèkkfjr lsokvksa dh ekax
bls ns[krs gq, o"kZ 2001 esa GSAT (Geo-synchronous satellite) iz.kkyh dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA bl iz.kkyh dk igyk mixzg GSAT-1 Fkk ftls o"kZ 2001 eas
iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
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ekSle lacaèkh 'kksèkkas dks lrr j[kus ds mís'; ls MATSAT (Metereological
Satellite) iz.kkyh dk izkjaHk fd;k x;kA
bldk izFke mixzg MAT-SAT-1 ftls dYiuk&1 Hkh dgrs gaS] o"kZ 2002 eas
iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA

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 INSAT rFkk GSAT eas varj

INSAT GSAT
‰‰LFkkiuk o"kZ&1983 ‰‰LFkkiuk o"kZ&2001
‰‰cgqmís'kh; mixzgkas dh ‰‰fo'kq¼ :i ls lapkj mixzgksa
Üka`[kyk dh Ük`a[kyk
‰‰Hkw&fLFkj d{kk eas LFkkfir ‰‰Hkw&rqY;dkfyd d{kkvkas eas
mixzgkas dh Üka`[kyk LFkkfir mixzgkas dh Ük`a[kyk
Hkkjrh; lapkj mixzg iz.kkyh orZeku eas dqy 15 fØ;k'khy mixzgkas ds lkFk
fo'o dh lcls cM+h lapkj mixzg iz.kkyh gSA

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blds varxZr orZeku eas C cSaM] foLrkfjr C-cSaM rFkk Ku-cSaM Js.kh ds 200
ls vfèkd VªkaliksaMj dk;Z'khy gSaA ftuds ekè;e ls pkj vkèkkjHkwr rFkk rhu
ewY;ofèkZr lsok,¡ izkIr dh tk jgh gSaA
vkèkkjHkwr lsok,¡
‰‰nwj lapkj
‰‰Vsfyfotu izlkj.k
‰‰jsfM;ks izlkj.k
‰‰ekSle lacaèkh lwpuk,¡] ekSle iwokZuqeku

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ewY;ofèkZrlsok,¡
‰‰vkadM+k izlkj (Data Relay)
‰‰vkinkiwoZ psrkouh
‰‰[kkst rFkk cpko

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lapkj mixzg iz.kkyh dk egÙo
foxr 30 o"kks± eas ISRO ds }kjk mixzg lapkj ds {ks=k eas mYys[kuh; miyfCèk;k¡
izkIr dh xbZ gSaA lkFk gh lapkj mixzg izkS|ksfxdh i;kZIr :i ls ifjiDo Hkh gqbZ
gSA ftlus lwpuk rFkk lapkj {ks=k eas Økafr dks tUe fn;k lkFk gh bljks ds }kjk
nwjLFk f'k{kk] nwjLFk fpfdRlk] xzke lalkèku iz.kkyh rFkk vkink izcaèku iz.kkyh
tSls& lkekftd lksn~ns';rk okys {ks=kksa eas Hkh mixzg lapkj iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk jgk gSA

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 DTH-Direct to home Television

DTH varfj{k eas LFkkfir mixzgkas ls izkIr ladsrkas ij vkèkkfjr Vsyhfotu

izlkj.k lsok gS ftls Satellite television Hkh dgrs gSaA
Hkkjr eas DTH lsok dk izkjaHk 2 vDrwcj 2003 dks fM'k TV ds }kjk fd;k
x;k vkSj o"kZ 2004 eas DD Free Dish ds ekè;e ls izFke fu%'kqYd DTH
lsok izkjaHk gqbZA
oLrqr% DTH lsokvkas dk izkjaHk C-cSaM VªkaliksaMj ds mi;ksx ds lkFk gqvk
vkSj Ku-Band VªkaliksaMj ds lkFk mPp ifjHkk"kk Vsfyfotu (HDTV) izlkj.k
lqfuf'pr fd;k x;kA
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DTH izlkj.k ds ykHk
DTH izlkj.k eas dscy vkijsV tSls fdlh eè;LFk dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
izlkj.k dh xq.koÙkk vR;ar mPp gksrh gSA
izlkj.k'kgjh {ks=kkas ds lkFk&lkFk nwjLFk {ks=kkas (fjeksV ,fj;k) eas Hkh lqfuf'pr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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lhek,¡
DTH izlkj.k mPp vko`fÙk okyh rjaxkas (Microwaves) ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
ftlds dkj.k dqN leL;k,¡ Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSa tSls&
rjaxnS?;Z ds cgqr NksVh gksus ds dkj.k ikuh dh cwankas] ciZQ ds d.kkas] èkwy ds
cM+s dM+ksa }kjk rjaxksa dks vo'kksf"kr rFkk izdhf.kZr dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlds
dkj.k [kjkc ekSle eas izlkj.k ckfèkr gks tkrk gSA
mPp vko`fÙk okyh rjaxsa ljy js[kh; (Line of Sight) ekxZ dk vuqlj.k
djrh gSa ftlds dkj.k DTH izlkj.k eas iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys NksVs vkdkj
ds fM'k ,aVhuk eas vR;ar lhfer fopyu Hkh izlkj.k dks ckfèkr dj nsrk  gSA

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lekIr
/kU;okn
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