El-Shorouk Academy Acad.

Year :

Higher Institute for Computer & Term : First

Information Technology Year : 3rd

Department of Computer sciences

Instructor : Dr.farouk shaaban

Computer modeling & simulation

➢ Use the one-digit Random Number (6, 3, 5, 0, 8) to

generate random observations for:

a) Throwing fair coin.

b) Throwing a biased coin, assuming that probability of

tail=30%.(unfair coin)

?? Implement c# programs to simulate these two problems ??

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a)
Random numbers that are one-digit are from 0 -------> 9 [ten integer numbers].

Because the coin is fair, then the probability of head equal to the probability of tail =
50% , Means “P(Head)=50% & P(Tail)=50% “.

- Theoretical probability of Head ( H )= 50 %= 0.5

- Theoretical probability of Tail ( T ) = 50 % = 0.5

Means that , the random numbers that indicate to head are five numbers (50%) , say :
0,1,2,3,4 and the random numbers that indicate to tail are the other five numbers
which are: 5,6,7,8,9.

H -----> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0.5

T -----> 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 0.5

No . of .trails = 5 → According to the number of random numbers that given in that

problem ( we have in that problem 5 random numbers then no of trails = 5 )

Then:-

(6, 3, 5, 0, 8 ) -------Random observations---------> (T, H, T, H, T )

Simulated probability of head = no. of repeating head / no. of trials.

Simulated probability of( head)=2/5=0.4
Simulated probability of tail = no. of repeating tail / no. of trials.
Simulated probability of (tail)=3/5=0.6

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Error = Theoretical prob - Simulated prob * 100
Theoretical prob

Error of head = 0.5 – 2/5 * 100 = 20 %

0.5

Error of tail = 0.5 – 0.6 * 100 = 20 %

0.5

Conclusion :-

• Error of HEAD is 20% which means probability of head decreased by 20 %

because the theoretical probability = 0.5 then after compute simulated probability it
become = 0.4 then it decreased ( 0.5 → 0.4 ) , means also that the simulated
probability is smaller 0.2 THAN the theoretical probability.
• Error of tail is 20% which means probability of tail increased by 20 % because
the theoretical probability = 0.5 then after compute simulated probability it become
= 0.6 then it increased ( 0.5 → 0.6 ) ,means also that the simulated probability is
greater 0.2 than the theoretical probability.

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 Unfair Coin

b)
Random numbers that are one-digit are from 0 -------> 9 [ten integer numbers].

Because the coin is unfair, then the probability of head isn’t equal to the probability
of tail , then from the given probability the probability of head = 70 % , because the
probability of tail = 30 % ( given ).

Then let the random numbers that indicate to head are seven numbers (70%) , say :
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6) and the random numbers that indicate to tail are the other three
numbers which are: (7,8,9).

- Theoretical probability of head = 70 % = 0.7

- Theoretical probability of tail = 30 % = 0.3

H -----> 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 0.7

T -----> 7, 8, 9 0.3

Then:-

(6, 3, 5, 0, 8 ) -------Random observations---------> (H, H, H, H, T )

No .Of . trails = 5 ( because the number of random numbers is 5 numbers )

Simulated probability of head = no. of repeating head / no. of trials.

Simulated probability of( head)=4/5=0.8
Simulated probability of tail = no. of repeating tail / no. of trials.
Simulated probability of (tail)=1/5=0.2
Error= Theoretical prob - Simulated prob * 100
Theoretical prob

Error of head = 0.7 – 0.8 * 100 = 14.29 %

0.7

Error of tail = 0.3 – 0.2 * 100 = 33.33 %

0.3
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Conclusion:
- Error of head = 14.29 % which means that the probability of head increased by
14.29 %, because the theoretical probability = 0.7 and then after compute simulated
probability it become = 0.8 then it increased ( 0.7 → 0.8 ) , means also the simulated
probability is greater than theoretical probability.

- Error of tail = 33.33 % which means that the probability of tail decreased by 33.33
% , because the theoretical probability = 0.3 and then after compute simulated
probability it become = 0.2 then it decreased ( 0.3 → 0.2 ) , means also the simulated
probability is smaller than theoretical probability.

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