CHAPTER 6 A series of interconnected devices that can

ADVANCEMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY exchange data.

❖ COMPUTER
electronic device that manipulates information or TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
data. ❖ LANs (Local Area Networks)
ability to store, process and retrieve data. which interconnect endpoints in a single domain

❖ HARDWARE ❖ WANs (Wide Area Networks)

any part of the computer that has a physical
structure.
❖ SOFTWARE
any set of instruction that tells the hardware what
to do and how to do it
❖ PERSONAL COMPUTER
microcomputer designed for use by one person at a
time.
TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER
DESKTOP COMPUTER
designed to be placed on the desk and they’re
typically made up of few different parts such as
computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
LAPTOP
Battery-powered computers that are portable
than desktops, allowing you to use them almost
anywhere.
TABLETS
Handheld computer that are even more portable
than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, it uses
a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation.
which interconnect multiple LANs
❖ MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)
which interconnect computer resources in a
geographic area
❖ SANs (Storage Area Networks)
which interconnect storage devices and resources
USES AND ADVANTAGES
❖ FILE SHARING
which enables users to share data files through a
network
❖ APPLICATION SHARING
which enables users to share applications through a
network
❖ HARDWARE SHARING
which enables users in a network to share hardware
devices, such as printers and hard drives
❖ CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
which enables data to be stored on servers, where
end-user devices -- or clients -- can access that data

SMARTPHONES ❖ VOICE OVER IP (VoIP)

Many cell phones can do a lot of things which enables users to send voice data through
computers can do, including browsing the Internet and internet protocols
playing games.
❖ COMMUNICATION
WEARABLES which can include video, text, and voice
Designed to be worn throughout the day.
❖ E-COMMERCE
MAIN STYLES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER which enables users to sell and buy products over
❖ PCs the internet
IBM PC (1981)
IBM PC Compatible (PC) ❖ GAMING
Microsoft which enables multiple users to play together from
Microsoft Windows various locations

❖ MACS ❖ Computer on a network can be part of a

Macintosh Computer (1984) WORKGROUP or a DOMAIN.
First widely sold personal computer with graphical user ❖ The main difference between WORKGROUPS and
interface (GUI) DOMAINS is HOW resources on the network are
Apple MANAGED.
Mac OS X
IN A DOMAIN…
❖ PCs One or more computers are servers. Network
Intel microprocessor architecture administrators use servers to control the security and
Associated with business and use permissions for all computers on the domain. This
makes it easy to make changes because the changes
are automatically made to all computers.
❖ MACS
If you have a user account on the domain, you
Motorola microprocessor architecture
can log on to any computer on the domain without
Associated with graphic design and desktop
needing an account on that computer.
publishing
There can be hundreds or thousands of
computers.
COMPUTER NETWORK
The computers can be on different local
A set of computers sharing resources such as
networks.
printers, internet connection, programs, and databases.
IN A WORKGROUP….
All computers are peers; no computer has
control over another computer.
Each computer has a set of user accounts. To
use any computer in the workgroup, you must have an
account on that computer.
There are typically no more than ten to twenty
computers.
All computers must be on the same local network
or subnet.
SYSTEM ISLANDS TO INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
1. Real-time data
With integrated systems, data can be updated in
real-time instead of only after someone manually
uploads or updates it. A database that connects to all
applications can ingest information constantly.
2. Increased Sales
eCommerce and retail sector companies (and
others who rely upon sales) usually see a marked
increase in sales volume following an investment in
system integration.
3. Improved System Security
Integrated systems help IT teams and business
leaders keep an eye on what data is visible by which
individuals or groups. An application that is not properly
integrated must be managed and maintained
independently, opening the door to a data breach or
theft.
4. Enhances Employee Collaboration
Systems that pass required data back and forth
in real time will increase productivity and accuracy.
5. Improved Customer Service
An important aspect of good customer service,
in my opinion, is to quickly respond and address the
problem your customer has
6. Cost and Storage Savings
Without question, financial savings are among
the most attractive benefits of system integration.
Integrated systems remove redundancy in applications
and data.
Internal to Extended Enterprise Computing:
Intranet, Extranet, and Internet
❖ INTRANET
An intranet is a private network that is part of an
organization and is used to securely distribute data and
computer resources among staff members.
According to the Merriam-Webster online
dictionary, the prefix "intra-" is Latin for "within. “
Intranets encourage communication within an
organization. They let employees easily access
important information, links, applications, forms, and
databases of company records.
HOW IT WORKS
A secure and reliable intranet requires a web
server that manages requests for data hosted on the
server.
The intranet's web server uses TCP/IP, HTTP,
and other internet protocols.
To access their company intranet, employees
must have a special network password and be
connected to the company LAN. Remote employees
access the intranet through a virtual private network
(VPN) or another secure connection.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Cheap to implement and run
➢ Improved information sharing and collaboration
➢ Help develop and reinforce the corporate culture
of a business
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Extensive ongoing management
➢ Breach in security
❖ EXTRANET
An extranet is an intranet that grants access to
those outside of an organization to certain information
and applications. Third parties such as customers,
vendors and partners are given access to certain parts
of the organization's intranet.
Extranet is an extension of intranet that is made
available to users outside of the organization.
Extranets are private networks designed to allow
certain individuals outside of the company to
communicate with members within your organization in
a secure and private virtual space.
Example: Customer Portal, Student Portal,
HOW IT WORKS
Extranets uses a variety of technologies to
secure communications between an organization and its
business partners. These technologies can include
firewalls, encryption, VPNs, and digital certificates.
Extranets typically use the internet protocols Transport
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) to
secure communications and information sharing.
Extranets can be accessed by anyone who has
been granted access by the organization. Access to an
extranet is usually granted to specific individuals within
an organization's business partners using a login
system and credentials.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Improved flexibility
➢ Increased efficiency
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Expensive to implement and maintain
➢ Security threat
INTERNET
The Internet is a system design that allows
different computer networks all over the world to
communicate and has transformed communications and
ways of business. It is often known as a "network of
networks”.
The internet is a public network accessible to
anyone. Currently, there are 4.66 billion active internet
users worldwide, nearly 60 percent of the world’s
population.
HOW IT WORKS
Every computer has its own IP (internet protocol)
address. And the IP identifies the computer’s location
within the global network. A series of rules and
standards known as protocols connect the various
networks. Browsers such as Google Chrome or
Microsoft Edge provide access to the world wide web.
It uses both wired and wireless communication
(Wi-Fi, ethernet, and cable, plus 3G, 4G and 5G) to send
and receive data.
The internet is a public network accessible to
anyone.
ADVANTAGES A program that can sense, reason, act and
➢ Potential Access to a Global Market adapt.
➢ Automated Systems and Resource Sharing
Machine Learning
DISADVANTAGES Machine learning is a means of realizing AI by
➢ Malware threat providing algorithms with classified data so that they can
➢ No ownership or control improve over time without being explicitly programmed.
Algorithms whose performance improve as they
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Vs Manual are exposed to more data over time.
Labor?
TECHNOLOGY Deep Learning
Techne – Art, Craft Deep learning, to realize ML, uses artificial
Logos – Word, Speech neural networks, which are algorithms that attempt to
imitate how human brains make decisions, including
Robotics Process Automation (RPA) making their own classifications of data.
also known as software robotics, uses intelligent Subset of Machine Learning in which
automation technologies to perform repetitive office multilayered neural networks learn from vast amounts of
tasks of human workers. data.

Internet Of Behavior
Different Applications of IoB
A. Digital Marketing / social media
B. Health Care
C. Government
D. Insurance

Benefits Of IoB
A. Analyze Costumers Buying Habits
B. Study Previously Unobtainable Data About How
Costumers Interact with Devices and Products
C. Gain Deeper Insights into Where a Costumer Is
in The Buying Journey
D. Provide Realtime Point of Sale Notifications and
Target Ads
E. Quickly Resolve Issues to Close Sales and Keep
Costumers Happy

ADVANTAGE OF RPA
➢ Reduction in errors
➢ Greater efficiency
➢ Better usage of human skills
➢ Improved customer satisfaction
➢ Better standardization of processes

DISADVANTAGE OF RPA
➢ Attrition
➢ Added complexity
➢ Possible increase in problematic processes

Manual Labor / Human Labor

Manual labor or manual work is physical work
done by people, most especially in contrast to that done
by machines.

Advantages and Disadvantages

➢ Better quality and consistency CHAPTER 7
➢ Maximum productivity and throughput CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN 2020 AND IN THE
➢ Greater safety FUTURE
➢ Reduced direct labor costs
➢ High initial investment PHILIPPINE UNEMPLOYMENT
➢ Expertise can be scarce Unemployment
➢ Ongoing costs refers to individuals who are employable and
actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence as a concept to describe a Types of Unemployment
program that can sense, make decisions, act on them, ● Demand Deficient
and adapt based on the outcome of those decisions has ● Frictional
been around at least since the first computers. ● Structural
● Voluntary
MOST COMMON CAUSES OF THE
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN THE PHILIPPINES
➢ Lack Of Decent Employment Opportunities
➢ Geographic Mismatch and Mobility
➢ Poor Education System
➢ Technology
➢ Overpopulation
➢ Inflation
➢ Contractualization
➢ Insufficient Infrastructure
➢ Corruption
➢ Slow Economic Growth
 Unemployment is a serious social and economic
issue that results in a tremendous impact on everything
but is often overlooked. A stronger system of assessing
unemployment should be put in place to determine its
causes and how to address it better.
ALTERNATIVE WORK SCHEMES
Alternative Work Schemes
are work arrangements that include flexible work
schedules, job sharing of one position between several
employees and having a regular work location at a place
other than a campus work site.
benefit both the employee and the employer.
Employees can achieve a better work-life balance, lower
levels of absence and lower levels of stress.
March 4, 2020
LABOR ADVISORY NO. 009-20
GUIDELINES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS AS REMEDIAL
MEASURE DUE TO THE ONGOING OUTBREAK OF
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)
PURPOSE
Advisory is being issued to assist and guide
employers and employees in the implementation of
various flexible work arrangements as alternative coping
mechanism and remedial measures.
The adoption of flexible work arrangements is
considered as better alternatives than outright
termination of the services of the employees or the total
closure of the establishments.
CONCEPT
Flexible work arrangements refer to alternative
arrangements or schedules other than the traditional or
standard workhours, workdays, and workweek.
The effectivity and implementation of any of the
flexible work arrangements shall be temporary in nature,
subject to the prevailing conditions of the company.
The Following Are the Given in The Advisory
1. Reduction of Workhours and/or Workdays
2. Rotation of Workers
3. Forced Leave
Importance of Having an Alternative Work Schemes
❖ Safety
Reducing workers’ exposure to the COVID‑19
virus in the workplace. Limits physical interaction
❖ Relief to Struggling companies
continuous operation. Workers who lose their jobs
and incomes, including those in non-standard forms of
employment, need income support.
❖ Increased Productivity
If an employee can work remotely from home,
they save time on commute, meaning they may be
inclined to start work earlier and finish later.
❖ Improved Well-being
Offering flexible working to employees can boost
staff morale and improve their physical and mental well-
being.
SMALL BUSINESS IDEAS
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
An entity or an enterprise that is committed to
providing goods or services in exchange for some form
of payment.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS
➢ Service
➢ Manufacturing
➢ Merchandising
SMALL BUSINESS IDEAS
➢ Sell Preloved/Secondhand Items
➢ Offers Home Cooked Food/ Snacks
➢ Local Delivery Services
➢ Content Creation
➢ Urban Farming
➢ Cleaning Services
➢ Sell Your Hobby Projects
➢ Provide Tutorial/ Writing Services
CHAPTER 8
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence allows machines to model,
and even improve upon the capabilities of the human
mind. AI is a growing part of everyday life. As a result,
many tech companies across various industries are
investing in artificially intelligent technologies.
Brief History
In 1950, English Mathematician Alan Turing
wrote a landmark paper title “Computing Machinery and
Intelligence” that asked the question: “Can Machines
think?”
Further work came out of a 1956 workshop at
Dartmouth sponsored by John McCarthy. In the
proposal for that workshop, he coined the phrase a
“study of Artificial Intelligence”
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a popular branch of
computer science that concerns building “intelligent”
smart machines capable of performing intelligent tasks.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation
of human intelligence in machines that are programmed
to think like humans and mimic their actions.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning is a subset of artificial
intelligence that uses techniques (such as deep
learning) that enable machines to use experience to
improve at tasks.
It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the
idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns,
and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
Deep Learning
Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning
that’s based on artificial neural networks. The learning
process is deep because the structure of artificial neural
networks consists of multiple input, output, and hidden
layers.
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) - which has
a narrow range of abilities
2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) - which is
on par with human capabilities
 3. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) - which is
more capable than a human. Everyday Examples of Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning
BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL ➢ Ridesharing and Food Delivery
INTELLIGENCE ➢ Autopilot
➢ Spam Filters and Smart Email Categorization
How are Businesses using Artificial Intelligence? ➢ Plagiarism Checkers and Robo-readers
You can use AI technologies to: ➢ Fraud Prevention and Credit Decisions
➢ Improve customer services ➢ Facebook’s Algorithm on Photos and News Feed
➢ Automate workloads Contents
➢ Optimize logistic ➢ Smart Assistant and Chat Bots
➢ Increase manufacturing output and efficiency
➢ Prevent outages ➢ SAP – Turning Databases into Useful Intel
➢ Predict performance ➢ DOMO – Business Dashboards
➢ Predict behavior ➢ Apptus – Sales Enablement
➢ Manage and analyze your data ➢ General Electric – Predicting Repairs and Upkeep
➢ Improve your marketing and advertising ➢ for Machinery
➢ Siemens – Monitoring Machine Fleets and Factories
BUSINESS BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE FACEBOOK' S ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE
For the greatest benefits, businesses should Every day, nearly 2.5 billion people log in to one
look at putting the full range of smart technologies of the Facebook family of services, which include
including machine learning, natural language Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp. And as users
processing and more into their processes and products. scroll, message, like, and click, Facebook continues to
scoop up data, which they package up for advertisers.
Artificial Intelligence Impact on Business Behind the scenes, artificial intelligence allows
➢ save time and money by automating and optimizing Facebook to make sense of all the messy data it collects
routine processes and tasks about our likes, dislikes, aspirations, and relationships.
➢ increase productivity and operational efficiencies
➢ make faster business decisions based on outputs Deep Text
from cognitive technologies A Deep learning-based text understanding
➢ avoid mistakes and 'human error’ if AI systems are engine that can understand with near-human accuracy
set up properly the textual content of several thousand posts per
➢ use insight to predict customer preferences and offer second, spanning more than 200 languages. Text
them a better, personalized experience understanding includes multiple tasks, such as general
➢ mine vast amount of data to generate quality leads classification to determine what a post is about etc.
and grow your customer base
➢ increase revenue by identifying and maximizing Preventing Suicide
sales opportunities Facebook technology can look for signs of
➢ grow expertise by enabling analysis and offering trouble in users’ posts and comments from friends, then
intelligent advice and support generate alerts and help people in crisis.

RISK AND LIMITATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL BUSINESS Instant Translation

Businesses are increasingly looking for ways to Facebook is using applied machine learning to
put Artificial Intelligence technologies to work to improve enable (and continually improve) automatic translation
their productivity, profitability, and business results. of specific posts within users’ news feeds.

LIMITATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Image Recognition

➢ Availability of data Although users have enjoyed Facebook’s image
➢ Skills shortage recognition features for a long time, the company
➢ Cost continues to improve on the software so users can easily
search through photos without having to rely on tags or
EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USE IN surrounding text.
BUSINESS
Artificial intelligence is all around us. You have Detecting Deep Fakes
likely used it on your daily commute, searching the web Deep Fakes are altered photos, videos, and that
or checking your latest social media feed. use artificial intelligence to appear like the real thing.
Facebook researchers say they've developed artificial
Applications of AI in business includes: intelligence called "deepfakes" and track their origin by
➢ spam filters using reverse engineering, and the top performing AI
➢ smart email categorization model could detect artificial videos with 82.56%
➢ voice to text features accuracy.
➢ smart personal assistants, such as Siri, Cortana and
Google Now Helping Visually Impaired People
➢ automated responders and online customer support With the help of AI and deep learning, Facebook
➢ process automation engineers are creating “talking pictures” that speak the
➢ sales and business forecasting content of a photo out loud, so visually impaired users
➢ security surveillance can have a better experience on the platform.
➢ smart devices that adjust according to behavior
➢ automated insights, especially for data-driven
industries.
YOUTUBE’S ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CSR = Responsibility of a business towards the
YouTube is a free video sharing website that society
makes it easy to watch online videos. You can even
create and upload your own videos to share with others The Ambition of a Responsible Company is to
Contribute to:
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ➢ an economically efficient.
1. Removing Objectionable Content ➢ socially equitable; and
2. New Effects on Videos ➢ environmentally sustainable development whilst
3. “Up Next” Feature ensuring its profitability and economic growth.
4. Training on Depth Prediction
5. Dealing with Fake News ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
6. AGE RESTRICTIONS RESPONSIBILITY
COMPANY BENEFITS
In conclusion… ➢ Community and General Public Benefits
Artificial intelligence has played a pivotal role in ➢ Environmental Benefits
developing the platform and in influencing its present ➢ Improved financial performance
features. ➢ Enhanced brand image and reputation
➢ Increased sales and customer loyalty
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ➢ Greater productivity and quality
TO WORKER ➢ Product safety and decreased liability
➢ Reduction In Human Error ➢ Charitable contributions
Artificial Intelligence can significantly reduce errors ➢ Employee volunteer programs
and increase accuracy and precision. ➢ Corporate involvement in community education,
➢ Perform Repetitive Jobs employment, and housing programs
AI will automate menial and repetitive tasks and free ➢ Greater material recyclability
workers to do more complex operations. ➢ Better product durability and functionality
➢ Ai In Risky Situations ➢ Greater use of renewable resources
AI Robots can be used in such situations where
intervention can be hazardous. DISADVANTAGES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
➢ Digital Assistance RESPONSIBILITY
Some of the most technologically advanced ➢ Expensive
companies engage with users using digital assistants, ➢ Costs fall disproportionately on small business
which eliminates the need for human personnel.
Many websites utilize digital assistants to deliver IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
user-requested content. RESPONSIBILITY
Ex. Chatbots It encourages innovation, reduce costs, and
brings employees together around a meaningful project
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF AI TO WORKERS Because of CSR, many companies have taken steps to
➢ High Cost improve the environment sustainability of their
The ability to create a machine that can simulate operations
human intelligence is no small feat. It requires plenty of
time and resources and can cost a huge deal of money. Common Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative
AI also needs to operate on the latest hardware and ➢ actions to protect the environment
software to stay updated and meet the latest ➢ actions to create a work environment that enhances
requirements, thus making it quite costly. employees’ quality of life
➢ Loss Of Jobs ➢ actions to build a diverse workforce
One application of artificial intelligence is a robot,
which is displacing occupations and increasing CSR Activities
unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some claim ➢ helps boost morale
that there is always a chance of unemployment because ➢ usually, companies in sr have grown their business
of chatbots and robots replacing humans. to the point where they can give back to society
➢ Makes Worker Lazy ➢ small-and-midsized businesses also create
Totally relying on artificial intelligence is possible for responsibility programs
workers using it. AI applications automate most tedious
and repetitive tasks. Since we do not have to memorize Key Elements of Successful CSR
things or solve puzzles to get the job done, we tend to ➢ Transparency
use our brains less and less. This addiction to AI can ➢ Measurements
cause problems to future generations ➢ Accountability
➢ Consistency and Dedication to Success

CHAPTER 9 UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE SOCIAL

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND
DATA PRIVACY
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
Also called Corporate Citizenship
A self-regulating business model in which
companies make a concerted effort to operate in ways
that enhance rather than degrade society and
environment
RESPONSIBILITY
Corporate Social Responsibility is a broad
concept that can take many forms depending on the
company and industry
As important as CSR is for the community, it is
equally valuable for a company
Example
STARBUCKS
➢ 100% ethically sourced coffee
➢ Global network of farmers and providing them 100
million trees by 2025
➢ Creating a groundbreaking college program for its
employees
JOLLIBEE
➢ Leadership development for local organizations
➢ Livelihood programs for small farmers
➢ Environment-friendly initiatives
➢ Decent Housing and Disaster Relief for calamity-
stricken regions
SM (SM Foundation)
➢ Education through scholarship programs and
donations of school buildings to public elementary
and high schools
➢ Health and Medical projects like medical missions
with a mobile clinic.
➢ Renovations of hospital activity centers and religious
community projects
FOUR CATEGORIES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
❖ PHILANTHROPIC
Means to serve humanity
Includes:
➢ Funding educational programs
➢ Supporting health initiatives, donating to causes
➢ Supporting community beautification projects
❖ ETHICAL
What is right, not just what is legal
Includes:
➢ Treating all employees, stakeholders, and
customers ethically and with respect
❖ ENVIRONMENTAL
Companies are bound to fulfill their economic
responsibility because awareness of environmental
issues is growing largely among the consumers
❖ ECONOMIC
Prioritize doing good, not just making more money
Producing goods and services that consumers need
and want while making an acceptable profit
BENEFITS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
❖ Improve Public Image
Shows that you’re a brand committed to helping
others. As a result, you’ll appear much more favorable
to consumers
❖ Increase Brand Awareness and Recognition
More people will therefore hear about your
brand, which creates and increased brand awareness
❖ An Advantage Over Competitors
By embracing Corporate Social
Responsibilities, you stand out from competitors in your
industry
❖ More Benefits for Employees
Your workplace will be a more positive and
productive place to work, and by promoting things like
volunteering, you encourage personal and professional
growth.
DATA PRIVACY
What Is Data Privacy?
The right of an individual not to have private
information about himself disclosed, and to live freely
from surveillance and intrusion.
The Data Privacy Act of 2012 or RA 10173
is a 21st century law to address 21st century
crimes and concerns. It:
➢ protects the privacy of individuals while ensuring
free flow of information to promote innovation
and growth.
➢ regulates the collection, recording, organization,
storage, updating or modification, retrieval,
consultation, use, consolidation, blocking,
erasure, or destruction of personal data; and
➢ ensures that the Philippines complies with
international standards set for data protection
through National Privacy Commission (NPC).
The National Privacy Commission protects
individual personal information and upholds the right to
privacy by regulating the processing of personal
information.
Data Protection Officer (DPO)
is a legal requirement for personal information
controllers (PICs) and personal information processors
(PIPs), under the Data Privacy Act of 2012.
DATA PRIVACY RIGHTS
❖ The Right to Be Informed
➢ Description of the personal data to be entered
into the system
➢ Exact Purposes for which they will be processed
(such as for direct marketing, statistical, scientific
etc.)
➢ Basis for processing, especially when it is not
based on your consent
➢ Scope and method of the personal data
processing
➢ Recipients, to whom your data may be disclosed
➢ Methods used for automated access by the
recipient, and its expected consequences for you
as a data subject
➢ Identity and contact details of the personal
information controller
➢ The duration for which your data will be kept
➢ You also must be informed of the existence of
your rights as a data subject.
❖ The Right to Access
➢ The contents of your personal data that were
processed.
➢ The sources from which they were obtained.
➢ Names and addresses of the recipients of your
data.
➢ Manner by which they were processed.
➢ Reasons for disclosure to recipients if there were
any.
➢ Information on automated systems where your
data is or may be available, and how it may affect
you.
➢ Date when your data was last accessed and
modified
➢ The identity and address of the personal
information controller.
❖ The Right to Object
❖ The Right to Erasure or Blocking
➢ Your personal data is incomplete, outdated,
false, or unlawfully obtained.
➢ It is being used for purposes you did not
authorize.
➢ The data is no longer necessary for the purposes
for which they were collected.
➢ You decided to withdraw consent, or you object
to its processing and there is no overriding legal
ground for its processing.
➢ The data concerns information prejudicial to the
data subject — unless justified by freedom of
speech, of expression, or of the press; or
otherwise, authorized (by court of law)
➢ The processing is unlawful.
➢ The personal information controller, or the
personal information processor, violated your
rights as data subject.
❖ The Right to Damages
❖ The Right to File a Complaint
❖ The Right to Rectify
❖ The Right to Data Portability
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF TECH COMPANIES
Social Responsibility
Is an ethical framework in which individuals or
corporations are accountable for fulfilling their civic duty
and taking actions that benefit society
FOUR MAIN AREAS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
❖ Economic Aspects
Companies need to maintain strong economic
interests so they can stay in the business
❖ Legal Aspects
A company must follow the law and have legal
obligation to do so.
❖ Ethical Aspects
Acting ethically means going above and beyond
the legal requirements and meeting the expectations of
society.
❖ Philanthropic Aspects
This is the expectation that companies should
give back to society in the form of charitable donations
of time, money, and goods.
THE SIX SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TREND FOR
TECH COMPANIES by Jen Couldrey
❖ Alignment with the United Nations Sustainable
Development
The Sustainable Development Goals are the
“World’s To-do List”
“We have reached a defining moment in human
history”, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said, calling
the SDGs a “promise by leaders to all people”
❖ Social Purpose Ventures
A social venture or social enterprise is a business
venture that prioritizes a social good along with business
success
❖ Expanded Scope of Responsibility
Tech companies seem to be getting in trouble a lot
these days. This is because the scope of what they are
being held accountable for is expanding.
❖ Governance is King
Shows that governance is the number two factor
influencing a company’s reputation, after products and
services
❖ From Diversity, to Inclusion, to Belonging
Research shows clearly that getting diverse bodies
in the door won’t matter if the receiving culture doesn’t
resonate with safety, belonging and inclusion.
❖ Time to Step Out of your Lane
“The cost of inaction is starting to become bigger
than the cost of action” - Paulo Polman.
Tech Companies Are Trying to Redefine Privacy
What'smissing is real competition on privacy
CEOs of the big tech companies have all
recently discovered the value of privacy. On Tuesday,
30 April 2019, Mark Zuckerberg, announced his future
to make Facebook a "privacy-focused social platform".
This was followed by Google's Sundar Pichai demand
that “privacy must be equally available to everyone in
the world.” Meanwhile, Twitter's Jack Dorsey, has
described the General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) as "net-positive", while Apple had already
positioned itself as the champion of privacy.
Q1 2019 Financial Reports
Google
Google recently updated its Terms of Service
and Privacy Policy, the company made sure that users
have no control over the collected data. If you think
Google is big, wait for what’s coming next.
Facebook
Zuckerberg’s plans for a “privacy-focused vision
for the future of social networking” have raised concerns
about further dominance. We have already expressed
our doubts regarding Mark Zuckerberg’s newly founded
compassion for our privacy.
Amazon
Amazon has not joined the privacy bandwagon
yet - but there’s no shortage or privacy scandals. Most
recently, Bloomberg reported that Amazon workers
have been listening to what you tell Alexa, Amazon’s
voice-activated assistant.
Apple
In many ways, Apple has legitimated reasons to
promote itself as a more privacy friendly company. Its
primary source of revenue still comes from the products
it sells to us – mainly hardware, laptops, phones etc. –
which is a very different business model than that of
Facebook or Google. However, this is not the entire
story.
The need for Competition
These financial results paint a very clear picture:
the digital economy is composed by a small number of
big technology companies that have claimed dominant
positions. As a result, they are now able to impose terms
and conditions onto their users, and they often do so in
ways that exploit their data and infringe their privacy.
What is the Solution?
➢ When assessing a company’s powers, we need to
take personal data into account, focusing not only on
price, but on quality of service, innovation, and
privacy.
➢ There should be heightened control over mergers
and acquisitions initiated by big companies,
including by assessing its impacts on data.
➢ Regulators need to work towards creating conditions
for genuine competition on key features such as
 privacy, which would allow companies to compete to
provide the most privacy friendly services.
➢ Regulators should address the harm that derives
from lack of competition, including by adopting
analyses of market powers that consider societal
concerns, privacy harms, as well as economic
aspects, including the opportunity costs.
➢ There should be coordinated national and
international enforcement across antitrust
authorities and other regulatory bodies, such as data
protection or consumer protection authorities, to
avoid loopholes, and a ‘race to the bottom’.
➢ Ultimately, human rights and consumer
organizations should be empowered, including
through collective proceedings, to question market
dominance which negatively affects individuals’
rights and obtain effective redress.
WEBSITE COOKIES
What Are Cookies?
➢ On the web, cookies are small files containing user
data that help identify you and your computer
➢ This user data might include your username,
password, or email address
➢ When the cookie is exchanged between your
computer and the network server, the server reads
the ID and knows what information to specifically
serve to you
➢ Also known as internet cookies, web cookies,
browser cookies or HTTP cookies
➢ Are small pieces of information in the form of a text
file, containing a string of letters and numbers
➢ Sent from a website to the person’s internet browser
➢ Each cookie is unique
➢ Can’t pass viruses or capture personal information
on your computer
➢ Enables the websites to work more efficiently,
recognizing and remembering certain information,
such as login details
➢ Are very common, and you probably have
thousands of them stored right now on your
computer
Cookies are used for…
❖ Session Management
Includes things like keeping you logged in to
accounts and remembering your preferences.
A process of securely carrying your information
through various sessions.
Example:
➢ Websites that will offer to remember your
information, so you don’t need to enter your
username and password on each visit
➢ Shopping cart content will not disappear when you
leave the website
❖ Personalization
If you view certain items or areas of a website,
cookies use that data to build targeted ads for products
you’re more likely to buy.
Storing user data such as age, gender, location,
interests, preferred theme, layout, font size or similar
data.
❖ Tracking
Shopping sites use cookies to tracks the items
you previously viewed, which allows it to suggest other
items you might like, and store items in your shopping
cart while you keep browsing.
Tracks all user activities and behavior on
websites, search engines, or social media
Compiles this data and create statistics about
how people use their site
Cookies use this data to help build targeted ads
that you might enjoy
5 USES OF COMPUTER COOKIES
➢ Customize Advertisements
➢ Remember login usernames and passwords
➢ Recognize devices
➢ Track website and/or internet activity
➢ Streamline online shopping
TYPES OF COOKIES
❖ Session Cookies
➢ Cookies deleted instantly after closing a browser
➢ Also called temporary cookies
➢ Used to store temporary information
➢ Automatically deleted when browser was closed
Example:
➢ Sites on the back and forward button, Shopping cart
contents
❖ Persistent Cookies
➢ Cookies stored for an extended period
➢ Also called persistent cookies
➢ Not deleted once you close your browser
➢ Stored on your computer until the expiration date
or until you delete them manually
➢ Used to remember, information such as
username and password
❖ First-Party Cookies
➢ Directly stored by the website you're on
➢ Enable website owners to save basic user data
such as usernames, passwords, and language
selections
➢ Cookies directly from the website’s domain you
are on.
❖ Third-Party Cookies
➢ Transmitted to websites other than the one
you're on
➢ Contain the same code as first-party cookies but
are produced by third-party websites
➢ Goal is to track user activities to create user
profiles to be used for remarketing & lookalike
audience targeting
➢ Cookies related to external domains
➢ Not issued by the website’s domain you are on.
❖ Zombie Cookies
➢ Zombie cookies are exactly what they sound like
➢ Cookies that come back to life after you thought
they were gone
➢ Zombie cookies don’t get cleared because
they’re hiding outside of your regular cookie
storage
➢ You need to delete the flash cookie that
recreates these zombie cookies
➢ A zombie cookie is an HTTP cookie that returns
to life automatically after being deleted by the
user.
➢ You need to delete the flash cookie that
recreates these zombie cookies
➢ Can track activities between browsers
❖ Supercookies
➢ As its name suggests, supercookies serve a
different and more sinister functionality than
regular cookies
 ➢ You cannot delete supercookies because they
are not stored on your device, and ad or script
blocking software cannot stop them
➢ Supercookies are very dangerous because they
have great potential for causing privacy
violations.
➢ Supercookies usually contain a user’s metadata.
Metadata is information
➢ about a user’s request, like the site they are
attempting to visit and the time of their attempt.
➢ A type of tracking cookie inserted into an HTTP
header by an internet service provider (such as
Verizon in 2014)
➢ Can’t be removed by deleting cookies
➢ Can’t be avoided by switching internet browsers
➢ Can be avoided by using virtual private network
(VPN)
What Do Web Cookies Look Like?
➢ Each cookie has its own attributes: name, value, and
expiration date
➢ Internet browsers limit cookies to 4096 bytes (4KB)
in size
➢ A cookie containing your login details could look like
this: Recorded 2021-01-12
username=John hash=4c70884bd91727c931b916
16c2d2 b4d8 rememberme=yes
How Long Do Cookies Last?
➢ Session or temporary cookies are deleted
automatically once you close your browser
➢ Other cookies have a specific time of expiry in the
form of date and time
➢ along with their names and values
➢ If the website doesn’t set the expiry date, the
browser will delete the cookie once it’s closed
➢ Average lifetime is about 30 days
➢ Can be set to last for over a year
Who Can Access and View My Cookies?
➢ Only the domain name that saved the cookies on
your hard drive can access and read them
➢ They can’t be accessed or examined by other
websites
➢ Even if you don’t see a warning about the use of
cookies, chances are the website still uses some
types of cookies
Can Cookies Be Blocked or Deleted?
➢ Most websites rely on the use of cookies to allow
users to access some of the websites’ essential
features
➢ Blocking or disabling cookies can limit your
experience on those websites and cause a lot of
annoyances
➢ Such as having to re-enter your login details each
time you visit a website
➢ Modern browsers allow you to manage cookies and
set your preferred tolerance
➢ Most browsers are initially configured to accept
cookies
➢ You can also choose to be notified each time a new
cookie is to be received
➢ Different websites have their own cookie policies
➢ Some of the options include:
➢ To accept (enable) or always block (disable)
cookies
➢ To view them and selectively accept or delete them
via cookie manager
➢ To delete all cookies
Why Companies Update Their Privacy Policy?
Companies update their privacy policies to be
compliant with the data protection laws and to inform
users of their rights and how their data is collected,
stored, and used.
International Privacy Laws
❖ General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
It is a European Union privacy law which protects
the personal data of residents of the EU.
❖ Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule
(COPPA)
a privacy act which the primary goal protecting
the personal information of children under the age of 13.
If your website does not apply to people in this
age-range then your privacy policy should state this.
❖ California Customer Privacy Act (CCPA)
It is a privacy law which protects the rights and
personal data of the residents of California.
❖ California Online Privacy Protection Act
(CalOPPA)
a privacy law which made posting privacy
policies online mandatory.
❖ Personal Information Protection and Electronic
Documents Act (PIPEDA)
It is a privacy law which applies to private sector
businesses in Canada.
❖ Australian Privacy Act 1988
is a privacy law which help to protect the privacy
of Australian residents and their personal data.
❖ RA 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012
law that seeks to protect all forms of information,
be it private, personal, or sensitive. It is meant to cover
both natural and juridical persons involved in the
processing of personal information.
CHAPTER 10
IT AS A WEAPON AGAINST A PANDEMIC
Information Technology
Information technology (IT) is a broad field that
covers all functions and processes relating to computers
or technology in an organization or business.
IT includes all aspects of sharing information
over a variety of networks and the internet as a whole.
These include physical hardware, operating systems,
applications, storage, databases, servers, etc.
How Technology is a Weapon Against Pandemic?
Big Data
Big data is defined as having a huge set of data
that is possible through technology.
Using Big Data to Understand the Virus’ Genetic
Tree
Understanding how this new virus, called SARS-
CoV-2, behaves is critical for defining measures that can
stop its spread.
By sharing the genetic sequencing of 700 cases
of the virus with the scientific community, the project has
contributed to corroborating that the virulence of the
virus has not changed as the virus has spread to other
countries.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning is an Application of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) that gives devices the ability to learn
from their experiences and improve their self without
doing any coding.
Machines Learn to Find a Therapy
Using a machine learning model to develop
therapies based on antibodies from patients who have
recovered from the disease. Specifically, they have used
AI technology to analyze more than five million immune
cells as they search for those that are able to produce
antibodies that help patients recover.
Telemedicine
Telemedicine refers to the practice of caring for
patients remotely when the provider and patient are not
physically present with each other
Keeping Hospitals Afloat with Telemedicine
Telemedicine is one of the alternatives that
communities are turning to avoid overwhelming
hospitals with an unmanageable influx of patients.
Telemedicine is streamlining the diagnosis and
treatment processes, making them faster and easier:
patients merely need to open an application, describe
their symptoms, and wait for a doctor to get back to them
via virtual consultation.
ADVANTAGES PROVIDED BY IT AGAINST THE
PANDEMIC
❖ Tracking and Forecasting Outbreaks
Function: Tracks disease activity in real time
Digital technology: Data dashboards; migration maps;
machine learning; real-time data from smartphones and
wearable technology
Advantages: Allows visual depiction of spread; directs
border restrictions; guides resource allocation; informs
forecasts
Predictive Analytics
➢ Bluedot
It was a Canadian AI company called BlueDot that
developed an AI program that alerted the world to
coronavirus after the first case was detected in China on
December 31st, 2019. This program was designed to
predict infectious diseases and locate and track their
spread
❖ Screening For Inspection
Function: Screens individuals and populations for
disease
Digital technology: Artificial intelligence; digital
thermometers; mobile phone applications; thermal
cameras; web-based toolkits
Advantages: Provides information on disease
prevalence and pathology; identifies individuals for
testing, contact tracing, and isolation
➢ Thermal Camera
Used to capture thermal images of people in real
time, rapidly detecting individuals with a fever.
➢ Thermometers
Non-contact thermometers that help you
measure the temperature from the forehead without
coming in contact with the skin
➢ AI Alibaba CT scan
AI diagnostic tool that can identify COVID-19
characteristics in CT scans
❖ Contact Tracing
Function: Identifies and tracks individuals who might
have come into contact with an infected person
Digital technology: Global positioning systems; mobile
phone applications; real-time monitoring of mobile
devices; wearable technology
Advantages: Identifies exposed individuals for testing
and quarantine; tracks viral spread
❖ Quarantine and Self-Isolation
Function: Identifies and tracks infected individuals, and
implements quarantine
Digital Technology: Artificial intelligence; cameras and
digital recorders; global positioning systems; mobile
phone applications; quick response codes
Advantages: Isolates infections; restricts travel
➢ China' s QR Code System
➢ Hong Kong Quarantine Wristband
❖ Clinical Management
Function: Diagnoses infected individuals; monitors
clinical status; predicts clinical outcomes; provides
capacity for telemedicine services and virtual care
Digital Technology: Artificial intelligence for
diagnostics; machine learning; virtual care or
telemedicine platforms
Advantages: Assists with clinical decision-making,
diagnostics, and risk prediction; enables efficient service
delivery; facilitates patient-centered, remote care;
facilitates infection control
➢ AI-assisted CT
This technology processes CT images in seconds,
differentiating COVID-19 from other lung diseases and
speeding up the diagnostic process substantially.
➢ Telemedicine
Telemedicine is the use of remote and information
technology to provide remote clinical care to patients.
❖ Medical Equipments and Supplies
Function: Medical delivery drones are being used in
certain parts of the US to distribute PPE and medical
equipment to frontline health care workers treating
coronavirus patients.
Digital Technology: Artificial intelligence; machine
learning
Advantages: Amid the pandemic, Eagle Hawk
developed a new drone that cleans. The drone can
spray disinfectants in large public areas such as
stadiums and sports arenas, reducing the spread of
infection to workers. Additionally, drones are employed
to ensure that civilians follow social distancing
measures.
➢ Medical Delivery Drones
➢ Eagle Hawk Drone
❖ Share Information
Function: Providing information about the coronavirus
and to provide answers to questions frequently asked
about the sickness, such as current infection rates and
what can be done to protect oneself.
Digital Technology: Global positioning systems;
mobile phone applications; Chatbot
Advantages: Get information on different topics
➢ WHO Chatbot
✓ Messenger
Click ‘Get Started’ to World Health Organization
official Facebook page or https://m.me/who
 ✓ Viber ❖ Supply Chain
Join the WHO Viber service: The COVID-19 has altered the global supply chain
https://vb.me/82e535 dramatically. Distancing and quarantine regulations
✓ WhatsApp have forced the closure of several factories. Although
Send “hi” to +41 79 893 18 92 or food demand and medical and personal protective
https://wa.me/41798931892?text=hi equipment demand are increasing, certain countries
have put varying levels of export bans on these
❖ Communication products.
Function: These applications are being used both to
organize meetings for teams of remote workers and to
help loved ones stay in touch with one another.
Digital Technology: Global positioning systems;
mobile phone applications
Advantages: Witness to an unleashing of creativity as
users have organized concerts, workshops, virtual get
togethers, birthday parties and even weddings for which
guests have received invitations with a link to a site
where they can see the ceremony streamed.

➢ Communication Platforms: Skype, MS Teams,

WhatsApp, Google Hangouts, Duo, Webex, Zoom,
etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (PANDEMIC)
❖ Online Classes and Works
Performing this level of data without sufficient
technology infrastructure and applications is difficult, so
the use of various kinds of applications pressure
organizations to realize new technology

❖ Cyber Bullying
it is easy now to bully and threaten people in social
networking sites that this has become much easier for
internet users all over the world

❖ Fake News
Social media created an environment where anyone
with an agenda can publish falsehood as if they were
truths. People can be paid to post fake news on behalf
of someone else or automated programs, often called
bots, can publish auto-generated fake news.

❖ Scamming Activities
Involve scammers pretending to be legitimate online
sellers, either with a fake website or a fake ad on
genuine retailer sites.

❖ Distraction
❖ Dependency On Technology
❖ Discipline
❖ Digital & Contactless Payment
COVID-19 also turned online shopping around the
globe. Several delivery restaurants and companies
within China and the USA are launching numerous
delivery units and services where products are hand-
picked and dropped off at a selected position as an
alternative human-to-human interaction. Such online
purchasing necessitates the use of a robust logistical
system.

❖ Remote Work
In addition to preventing the propagation of COVID-
19 infections, remote work saves time and allows for
greater flexibility. Employers can choose to cut lease
expenses and attract employees from counties with low
labor expenses if remote work becomes more popular
following the COVID-19 epidemic.