IT ERA REVIEWER
Computer – an electronic device that
manipulates information or data.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- A volatile memory that temporarily
stores the files you are working on.
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
- Non-volatile memory that
permanently stores instructions for
your computer.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Hardware – the external and internal
devices and equipment that enable you to
perform major functions.
Examples:
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 CPU
 Mouse
 Printer
Software – a set of instructions, data, or
programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.
Examples: Applications
Data – digital information that is
processed and fed to the computer system
for proper function.
Communication Technology – it is the
transfer of messages (information) among
people and/or machines through the use of
technology.
Information Technology – the use of
computer systems, services, and
supporting infrastructure to manage and
deliver information using voice, data, and
video
ADVANTAGES OF IT
1. Accessible information
2. Improved access to education
3 KINDS OF PERIPHERALS
 Input - those that are used to
provide data and signals to the
processing unit
Examples: Cameras, Keyboards
 Input/Output - the means by
which the user and the computer
communicate with each other
Examples: DVD, SD card
 Output - translate digital signals
into information that can be
interpreted or utilized by the end
user.
Examples: Monitor, Printer
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
1. It is self-directing.
2. It can store and retrieve
information
3. It can perform mathematical
operations and solve complex
formula with great precision.
4. It can perform logic operations
5. It can communicate.
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. It can only do what it is
programmed to do, nothing more,
and nothing less.
2. It cannot correct input data.
3. It cannot think and cannot derive
meanings from objects.
4. It cannot completely avoid making
errors.
5. It lacks decision-making.
*Computers have become an essential part
of our everyday lives. Computers have
revolutionized the way we live and interact
with the world.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
 Local Area Network (LAN) – this
type of network is used to connect
computers within a small
 geographical area. LANs are often
used to share resources.
Examples: Printers, Routers
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
 Wired Connections – These
connect a computer to a network
via physical cables.

 Wireless LANs (WLAN) – this - Ethernet is the most

type of network allows devices to
connect to the network without the
need for physical cables. It uses
WiFi technology to provide
wireless connectivity.
Examples: Mobile Phones, Gaming
Consoles
 Wide Area Network (WAN) –
This type of network connects
computers over a large
geographical area, such as a city,
country or even the entire world.
- Used to connect different
local area networks or
smaller networks together.
- The purpose of WAN is to
allow computers and other
devices to communicate
with each other over a long
distance.
Example: Internet
common type of wired
connection, which uses
twisted pair cables to
transmit data between
devices.
Examples: USB, HDMI
 Wireless Connections – Use radio
waves to transmit data between
devices without the use of physical
cables.
- WiFi and Bluetooth are the
most common types of
wireless connections used
in computer systems.
Desktop Applications – are software
programs run locally on computer devices.
- They aren't accessible from a
browser, like web-based apps, and
require deployment on a personal
computer or laptop.

 Metropolitan Area Network LAPTOP VS DESKTOP

(MAN) – This type of network
connects computers across a Laptop Desktop
medium-sized geographical area Cannot be used
such as a city or town. Can be used without the help of
- It is like WAN but smaller everywhere other devices and
and only covers the same some peripherals.
metropolitan area.
Examples: Cable TV Network,
Telephone Networks EXAMPLES OF DESKTOP
APPLICATIONS
 Personal Area Network (PAN) –  MS Office
A PAN is a network that connects  VLC Media Player
personal devices such as  Windows Fire Explorer
smartphones, tablets, and laptops.  Activity Monitor
This is frequently used for data and  Mac OS
file-sharing between personal
devices.
Example: Bluetooth
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS
 Word Processing Software – is a
computer program that provides
input, editing, formatting, and
output of text.
 Presentation Software – - He wrote the first web browser
application for computation,
analysis, and storage of data in
tabular form.
 Multimedia Software – used for
creating and editing multimedia
elements.
 Web Browser – retrieves
information from parts of the web
and displays it on your
desktop/mobile device.
 Educational Software – made for
educational purposes (Ex. Gmeet,
Canva)
 Graphics Software – enable a
person to manipulate images or
models visually.
 Freeware – proprietary software,
free of charge (Ex. Adobe
Software, free studio, & Skype).
Internet – It is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link
devices worldwide.
- It is a network of networks that
consists of private, public,
academic, business, and
government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and
optical networking technologies
- The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services
World Wide Web (WWW) – is an
information space where documents and
other web resources are identified by
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be
accessed via the Internet
- It is a combination of all resources
and users on the Internet that are
using the Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
Tim Berners Lee – an English scientist
who invented the World Wide Web in
1989
computer program in 1990 while
employed at CERN in Switzerland.
o 1991 - The Web browser was
released outside of CERN
o January 1991 - to other research
institutions
o August 1991 - to the general
public on the Internet
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) –
according to them, the World Wide Web is
the universe of network-accessible
information, an embodiment of human
knowledge
ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network) - the network
that ultimately evolved into what we now
know as the Internet.
- ARPANET was a great success but
membership was limited to certain
academic and research
organizations who had contracts
with the Defense Department.
* ARPANET used packet switching to
allow multiple computers to communicate
on a single network
January 1, 1983 - is considered the
official birthday of the Internet
Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVACI) - It was the first American
commercial computer, as well as the first
computer designed for business use
- Business computers like the
UNIVAC processed data more
slowly than the IAS-type machines,
but were designed for fast input
and output.
Internet Protocol (IP) - is a protocol, or
set of rules, for routing and addressing
packets of data so that they can travel
across networks and arrive at the correct
destination.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) -

is a standard that defines how to establish
and maintain a network conversation by
which applications can exchange data.
- TCP works with the Internet
Protocol (IP), which defines how
computers send packets of data to
each other.

Networking – it is the practice of linking

two or more computing devices together
for the purpose of sharing data.

Networks – are built with a mix of

computer hardware and computer software
HISTORY OF NETWORKING

*The computer networking revolution

began in the early 1960s.

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency) – the first to invent
Internet for military purposes

*The launch of Sputnik satellite in 1958

pushed the U.S to create a network for
communication without being disrupted by
bombs or enemy spies.

*DARPA made contracts with BBN (Bolt,

Beranek and Newman) in 1968 to create
ARPANET in 1969.