Computer in Daily Life two.
The octal system has the base of
How does a computer works?
A computer is an electronic machine that
processes information in other words, an
information processor: it takes in raw
information (or data) at one end, stores it
until its ready to work in it, chews and
crunches it for a bit, then spits out the
results at the other end. All these
processes have a name. Taking in
information is called input, and storing
information is better known as memory (or
storage). Chewing information is also
known as processing, and spitting out
results is called output.
Machine Language
it is the native language of a computer
system that no other language or
programming language can be understood
by a computer machine.
Binary Language
is computer friendly machine language.
the word binary means "two". Hence it
uses numbering 0 and 1 called binary
numbers. Binary is a base 2 number
system invented by Gottfried Leibniz that
is made up of only two numbers 0 and 1. It
is basis for all binary code which is used to
write data as the instructions that
computer processors use, or the digital
text you read everyday.
Digital Number System
a number system in digital electronics
which is used for representing information.
It has different bases and the common of
them are the decimal, binary, octal and
hexadecimal.
Octal number system
The base of a number system is equal to
the numbers of digits used i.e., foe
decimal number system the base is ten
while for the binary system the base is
eight as it uses eight digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, and 7.
All these digits from 0 to 7 have the same
physical meaning as by decimal symbols,
the next digit in the octal number is
represented by 10, 11, 12 which are
equivalent to decimal digits 8, 9, 10
respectively. In this way, the octal number
20 will represent the decimal digit and
subsequently 21, 22 , 23. Octal numbers
will represent the decimal number digit 17,
18, 19..etc and so on.
Hexadecimal Numbers
These numbers are used extensively in
microprocessor work.The hexadecimal
number system has a base of 16, and
hence it consists of the following sixteen
number of digits.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
The size of the hexadecimal is much
shorter than the binary number which
makes them easy to write and remember.
Let 0000 to 000F representing
hexadecimal numbers from zero to fifteen,
then 0010, 0011, 0012, …etc. Will
represent sixteen, seventeen, eighteen…
etc. till 001F which represent thirty open
and so on.
How Do Humans Communicate with
Computers?
People who invented the computer
identified two areas of computers:
Computer Hardware- includes the
physical parts of a computer.
Computer Software- programming code
executed on a computer processor.
Programmers- people who write
programs or codes
Software- A combination of instructions,
data, and programs that the computer
needs in order to do a specific task.
Another term for computer software is
computer programs.
Two Types of computer software:
Application software- example. Google,
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Microsoft
Word
System software- computers memory,
instructions, ability to control all the
connected hardware
How Computers Impact our Daily
Lives?
In today's society, computers are a regular
occurrence in people's life. Computers are
extremely important, especially for
individuals who operate corporations,
industries, and other organizations.
Almost everything that individuals do
nowadays involves the use of a computer.
Consider the transportation sector
computers operate automobiles, trains,
aircraft, and even traffic signals on our
highways. Computers and their
applications spread swiftly and extensively
throughout the world.
It aids in the resolution of challenges that
people face on a daily basis. As a result,
they have a greater impact on our lives.
The influence of computer usage on our
lives is clearly characterized as cost
savings, time savings, and effort savings.
Look at advancements in communication,
education, utility facilities, and health care
to get a sense of the scale of computer
intervention in human existence.
Importance of Computer
A computer is an electrical device that
collects information and data, saves it
automatically, retrieves it at any moment,
and utilizes it in a meaningful way. The
computer solves difficult mathematical
equations rapidly and accurately. Today,
the computer is unavoidable, and its
presence has become very vital and
required in our everyday lives, making it
simpler for us to do a wide range of
operations and tasks.
How Computer Connect to Other
Computers
Network - is a collection of computers and
devices connected together via
communications devices and transmission
media.
Network Classification
LAN - Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
**
**LAN (Local Area Network) - is a
network that connects computers and
devices in a limited geographical area
such as a home, school computer
laboratory, office building, or closely
positioned group of buildings
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)- is a
high speed network that connects local
area networks in a metropolitan area such
as a city or town and handles the bulk of
communications activity across that
region.
WAN (Wide Area Network) - is a network
that covers a large geographic area (such
as a city, country, or the world) using a
communications channel that combines
many types of media such as telephone
lines, cables, and radio waves.
The Internet is the world’s largest WAN
Network Architecture - the design of
computers, devices, and media in a
network.
Categorized as:
● client/server
● peer to peer
● internet peer to peer
Client/Server Network - one or more
computers act as a server.
Server - controls access to the hardware,
software, and other resources on the
network and provides a centralized
storage area for programs, data, and
information.
Clients *- are other computers and mobile
devices on the network that rely on the
server for its resources.
*Peer - to - Peer Network - is a simple
inexpensive network that typically
connects fewer than 10 computers.
Each computer, has equal responsibilities
and capabilities, sharing hardware, data,
or information with other computers on the
peer-to-peer network.
Internet Peer - to - Peer Network -
another type of peer-to-peer, called P2P,
describes an Internet network, on which
users access each other’s hard disks and
exchange files directly. Sometimes called
a file sharing network because users with
compatible software and an Internet
connection copy files from someone else’s
hard disk to their hard disks.
Network Standard - guidelines that
specify the way computers access the
medium to which they are attached, the
type(s) of medium used, the speeds used
on different types of networks, and the
type(s) of physical cable and/or the
wireless technology used.
*Protocol *- standard that outlines
characteristic of how two network devices
communicate.
The Internet and the World Wide Web
www vs. Internet **
**World Wide Web (WWW), byname the
Web, the leading information retrieval
service of the Internet. The Web gives
users access to a vast array of documents
that are connected to each other by
means of hypertext or hypermedia links.
Hypertext - allows the user to select a
word or phrase from text and thereby
access other documents that contain
additional information pertaining to that
word or phrase.
*Hyperlink *- is an electronic connections
that link related pieces of information in
order to allow a user easy access to them.
The Internet is a vast network that
connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
Relationship - The world wide web, are
the pages you see when you're at a
device and you're online. But the internet
is the network of connected computers
that the web works on, as well as what
emails and files travel across.
The History
● The development of the World Wide
Web was begun in 1989 by Tim
Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN,
an international scientific organization
based in Geneva, Switzerland. They
created a protocol, HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), which standardized
communication between servers and
clients. Their text-based Web browser was
made available for general release in
January 1992.
● The software giant Microsoft
Corporation became interested in
supporting Internet applications on
personal computers and developed its
own Web browser, Internet Explorer (IE),
in 1995 as an add-on to the Windows 95
operating system. IE was integrated into
the Windows operating system in 1996,
which had the effect of reducing
competition from other Internet browser
manufacturers, such as Netscape. IE soon
became the most popular Web browser.
● Apple’s Safari was released on 2003
● Iphone on 2007
● Ipads 2010
● Mozila Firefox was released in 2004
● 2008 Google launched Chrome
● By 2013 Chrome had become the
dominant browser, surpassing Internet
Explorer and Firefox in popularity.
Microsoft discontinued Internet Explorer
and replaced it with Edge in 2015.
● In the early 21st century, smartphones
became more computer-like, and
more-advanced services, such as Internet
access, became possible.
What is www?
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly
known as the Web, is an information
system where documents and other web
resources are identified by Uniform
Resource Locators (URLs), which may be
interlinked by hyperlinks, and are
accessible over the Internet.
The resources of the Web are transferred
via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), may be accessed by users by a
software application called a web browser,
and are published by a software
application called a web server.
The World Wide Web is built on top of the
Internet, which pre-dated the Web by over
two decades.
*The Internet *
The Internet (or internet) is the global
system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.
It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such
as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web
(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and
file sharing.
How Has The Use of Internet and the
www Evolved?
Information systems departments in all
types and sizes of businesses must
continue to hire people who have a strong
understanding of the internet.
Although the web and the internet are not
the same thing, the web's accessibility has
converted the majority of the world's
population into internet users.
Information System - What can you learn
in Information System courses?
You can obtain useful knowledge and
expertise about information system and
how companies use technology today by
taking one of the following courses.
The University of Alabama at
Birmingham's Collat School of Business
offers an online Bachelor of Science in
Information Systems degree. The classes
are intended to shed light on the areas
where business and technology collide.
For example, the fundamental Information
System course covers the concepts that
underpin the internet and the web, as well
as data transmission via other
knowledge-based systems. As the
information age progresses, becoming
more competent at the planning, design,
and development of these resources is a
fantastic approach to connecting your
knowledge with how businesses are using
digital systems today.
How Data Travels to the Internet
Data - Latin word datum - “something
that has given” is an individual unit that
contains raw materials which do not
carry any specific meaning.
Information - Latin word informatio
“formation or conception” is a group of
data that collectively carries a logical
meaning. Refers to processed data
that has a meaning or purpose.
reassemble again upon reaching the
destination.
Pros and Cons
Circuit Switching (Pros) - It offers a
dedicated transmission channel that is
reserved until it is disconnected.
Circuit Switching (cons) - Dedicated
channels can cause delays because a
channel is unavailable until one side
disconnects. It uses a dedicated
physical link between the sending and
receiving devices.
Packet Switching (pros) - Packets
can be routed around network
congestion. Packet switching makes
efficient use of network bandwidth.

Data and Information are transferred Packet Switching (cons) - Packets

around the world through wired or
wireless transmission of data
Circuit switching - methods on linking
the telephones together.
can get lost while taking alternative
routes to the destination. Messages
are divided into packets that contain
source and destination information.

2 different methods of switching

Circuit Switching - connection

oriented. It is used for establishing a
dedicated communication path
between the sender and the receiver. It
is one of the most common schemes
used in building a communications
network. It is the method of linking
telephones together.

Packet Switching - connectionless. It

is a network where the messages are
divided and grouped together. The
message or the data is broken down
into smaller parts called packets. The
packets travel via different routes and