Name: John Mark N.

Lubong Course and Section: BSCE-1B

Instructor: Engr. Jonas Barcelon Subject Course: Computer Fundamental and Programming

MODULE 1
THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

Activities:
Instruction: Answer the following questions based on your personal and honest views as there are no
wrong answers.
1. What is computer system concept?
Answer: A computer system is a collection of interconnected devices that can input, output, process, and store
data and information. At the moment, computer systems are built around at least one digital processing device.
A computer is a system, an interrelated combination of components that performs the basic system functions of
input, processing, output, storage, and control, thus providing end users with a powerful information processing
tool. Understanding the computer as a computer system is vital to the effective use and management of
computers.
2. What are the five main components of a computer system?
Answer: A computer is system of hardware devices organized according to the following system functions
which are the main components.

· Input. The input devices of a computer system include keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice,
optical scanners, and so on.

· Processing. The central processing unit (CPU) is the main processing component of a computer system. (In
microcomputers, it is the main microprocessor.) In particular, the electronic circuits of the arithmetic-logic unit
one of the CPU’s major components, perform the arithmetic and logic functions required in computer
processing.

· Output. The output devices of a computer system include video display units, printers, audio response units,
and so on, they convert electronic information produced by the computer system into human intelligible form
for presentation to end users.

· Storage. The storage function of a computer system takes place in the storage circuits of the computer’s
primary storage unit, or memory, and in secondary storage devices such as magnetic disk and tape units. These
devices store data and program instructions needed for processing.

· Control. The control unit of the CPU is the control component of a computer system. Its circuits interpret
computer program instructions and transmit directions to the other components of the computer system.

I. Create your own graphic organize, illustrate and characterize the parts and uses of computer.
PARTS OF COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS USES
1. The computer case A computer case is a cabinet that This is the part that holds all of the
 contains the computer's power
internal components to make up
supply, motherboard, memory,
the computer itself.
disk drives and other peripheral
It is usually designed in such a
control units. A computer case,
manner to make fitting a
also known as a computer chassis,
motherboard, wiring, and drives as
is the enclosure that contains most
easy as possible. Some are
of the components of a personal
designed so well that it is easy to
computer. Cases are usually
make everything look tidy and
constructed from steel, aluminum
presentable too.
and plastic.
Its function is to integrate all the
components so they can
2. Motherboard The motherboard is the main board
communicate and operate together.
that is screwed directly inside the
A good motherboard offers a wide
computer case. All other cards and
amount of connectivity options. It
everything else plug directly into
also has the least amount of
the motherboard, hence its name.
bottlenecks possible. This allows
The CPU, RAM, drives, power
all the components to operate
supply, and more all get connected
efficiently and to fulfill their
to it.
maximum potential as they were
designed to do.
The CPU is basically like the brain
It takes information from the RAM
of a computer. It processes all the
and processes it to perform the
information on a computational
3. CPU: Central Processing Unit tasks required from the computer.
level. Moreover, the computer's
It is usually seated in a socket that
central processing unit (CPU) is
utilizes a lever or a latch with a
the portion of a computer that
hinged plate with a cut out in the
retrieves and executes instructions.
center to secure it onto the
The CPU is essentially the brain of
motherboard.
a CAD system. It consists of an
It has many copper pads
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a
underneath it for the socket
control unit, and various registers.
contacts to push up against them to
The CPU is often simply referred
make electrical contact.
to as the processor.
The RAM keeps data ready for the
RAM is a data storage device that CPU to process. RAM gives
can provide fast read and write applications a place to store and
access. RAM is also volatile, access data on a short-term basis.
4. RAM: Random Access which means that it loses all the It stores the information your
Memory stored data when power is lost. computer is actively using so that
Random access memory (RAM) is it can be accessed quickly. The
a type of data storage used in speed of the RAM is a big
computers that is generally located contributor to the overall speed of
on the motherboard. It is the main a computer. It plugs directly into a
memory used by a computer for long slot that has contacts on
quick access since is much faster either side of the slot. It, too, has a
to read and write than other forms clock speed, just like a processor.
of storage—between 20-100 times So, it can also be overclocked to
faster than hard disks. deliver increased performance
beyond the intended specification.
5. Graphics Card A graphics card is a device A graphics card is primarily

installed in a computer that
consists of a graphics processing
unit designed to help process and
display images, especially 3D
graphics. Graphics cards help take
the processing strain off the main
processor, and can contain their
own memory to take the strain off
the system RAM. A graphics card
is also known as a graphics
adapter, graphics controller,
graphics accelerator card or
graphics board.
6. Sound Card Also called a "sound board" or
"audio adapter," it is a plug-in card
that records and plays back sound.
Supporting both digital audio and
MIDI, sound cards provide an
input port for a microphone or
other sound source and output
ports to speakers and amplifiers.
Hard disk, also called hard disk
7. Hard Drive drive or hard drive, magnetic
storage medium for a computer.
Hard disks are flat circular plates
made of aluminum or glass and
coated with a magnetic material.
Hard disks for personal computers
can store terabytes (trillions of Apart from storing data, it can also
bytes) of information.
8. SSD: Solid State Drive
SSD is a storage medium that uses
non-volatile memory to hold and
access data. An SSD is also a type
of hard drive, but it doesn’t have
any moving parts. It consists of a
bank of flash memory that can
hold a reasonable amount of data.
9. PSU: Power Supply Unit A power supply unit is a hardware
component that supplies power to Units (PSU) do not supply systems
an electrical device. A power
designed to remove the graphical
processing tasks from the
processor or RAM. It includes a
dedicated graphical processing
unit (GPU) and a dedicated RAM
that help it to process graphical
data quickly. Like most
processors, a graphics card also
has a dedicated heat sink to keep
the heat out of the GPU. A
graphics card enables the display
of 3-D images, image
rasterization, higher pixel ration, a
broader range of colors and more.
The sound card converts incoming
digital audio data into analog
audio so that the speakers can play
it. In the reverse case, the sound
card can convert analog audio data
from the microphone into digital
data that can be stored on the
computer and altered using audio
software.
It’s usually a mechanical drive that
stores all the data. On a computer,
this includes all of your photos,
videos, music, documents, and
applications, and beyond that, the
code for your computer's operating
system, frameworks, and drivers
are stored on hard drives too.
be used as a boot drive to run the
operating system from it.
It supports reading and writing
data and maintains stored data in a
permanent state even without
power. Internal SSDs connect to a
computer like a hard drive, using
standard IDE or SATA
connections. In addition, a solid-
state drive (SSD) is a solid-state
storage device that uses integrated
circuit assemblies to store data
persistently, typically using flash
memory, and functioning as
secondary storage in the hierarchy
of computer storage.
Despite the name, Power Supply
with power - instead they convert

supply also comes with its own
cooling fan. This helps all the
internal components to stay cool
when the power supply is
subjected to bigger loads.
A monitor is what you use to
10. Monitor or Visual Display
visualize the graphics data sent
Unit (VDU)
from the computer’s graphics card.
There are various types of
monitors on the market. The most
commonly used is a LED-backlit
LCD monitor. There are also a
variety of different sizes with
different aspect ratios. A computer
output device that uses a cathode
ray tube or other technology to
present visual images.
A computer keyboard is an input
device used to enter characters and A keyboard's primary function is
functions into the computer system to act as an input device. Using a
11. Keyboard by pressing buttons, or keys. It is
the primary device used to enter
text. A keyboard typically contains
keys for individual letters,
numbers and special characters, as
well as keys for specific functions.
A keyboard is connected to a
computer system using a cable or a
wireless connection.
12. Mouse
Computer mouse have one or more A mouse allows the user to move a
buttons to allow operations such as pointer displayed on the monitor
the selection of a menu item on a
display. Mice often also feature
other elements, such as touch
surfaces and scroll wheels, which
enable additional control and scroll and access extra menus and
dimensional input.
it. It receives power from an
electrical outlet and converts the
current from AC (alternating
current) to DC (direct current),
which is what the computer
requires. It also regulates the
voltage to an adequate amount,
which allows the computer to run
smoothly without overheating.
It is used to display images, text,
video, and graphics information
generated by a connected
computer via a computer's video
card. The overall purpose of a
great computer monitor is to
display visual information that has
been fed to it by a computer's
video card. This allows those who
are using the computer to make
decisions based on visual data.
keyboard, a person can type a
document, use keystroke shortcuts,
access menus, play games and
perform a variety of other tasks.
Moreover, it helps the user by
putting information including
letters, words and numbers into
computer.
and experience a more intuitive
interaction with the computer.
However, the three main buttons
allow the user to select, grab,
options.

II. Define a System. What constitutes a computer system?

Answer: A system is a device, software, or combination of hardware and software that has components as its structure
and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Computer systems are made up of a mix of hardware and
software that function together. Hardware refers to a computer's actual components, whereas software refers to the
applications that run on it. A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and
information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital processing device which constitutes of Input,
Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices.
III. Write short notes on First up to Forth Generation of Computers, Limitations of computers.
First up to Forth Generation of Computers
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
 The technology used in the first generation of computers was a delicate glass gadget known as vacuum
tubes.
 These computers were massive and extremely heavy.
 These weren't particularly dependable, and programming on them was a pain because they employed a
high-level programming language and didn't have an operating system. Calculation, storage, and control
were all done on first-generation computers.
 They were so big and unwieldy that they took up an entire room and ate up a lot of electricity.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
 Instead of cumbersome vacuum tubes, transistors were employed in second-generation computers.
 The core storage was another feature.
 A transistor is a semiconductor-based device that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit.
 Bell Labs was the first to develop transistors.
 The use of transistors allowed for more powerful and timely performance. It lowered the size and cost,
as well as the warmth, which was provided by vacuum tubes.
Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits. (1964-1971)
 During the third generation, technology predicted a shift away from large transistors and toward
integrated circuits, or ICs.
 On silicon chips, known as semiconductors, a variety of transistors were placed.
 The speed and reliability of this era's computer were its most distinguishing features.
 ICs are sometimes known as silicon chips since they are made of silicon.
 Many transistors, registers, and capacitors are assembled on a single thin slice of silicon in a single
integrated circuit.
 During this generation, the value size was lowered but memory space and dealing efficiency were
raised.
Fourth Generation Computers: Micro-processors (1971-Present)
 Microprocessors, which are large-scale integrated LSI circuits created on a single chip, were first
utilized in 1971.
 The most significant benefit of this technology is that it allows a single microprocessor to house all of
the circuitry needed to execute arithmetic, logic, and control tasks on a single chip.
 Microcomputers were computers that used microchips.
 This generation saw the introduction of progressively smaller computers with higher capacity. If that
wasn't enough, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) circuits took their place.

Limitations of Computers