ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY (PRE-SOCRATIC PERIOD) 5.

Heraclitus
• According to the idea of Heraclitus, CHANGE is
1. Thales the basic stuff of everything.
 Metaphysics and Epistemology tries to
• This principle speculated that everything came
answer the question, what is the basic
from change.
stuff of everything?
 According to the idea of Thales, WATER Example:
is the basic stuff of everything.
 This principle speculated that * everything will change
everything came from water. * there’s only one permanent- change
 Example:
a piece of wood 6. Parmenides

2. Anaximander • According to the idea of Parmenides, REASON is

the basic stuff of everything.
• According to the idea of Anaximander, FIRE is
the basic stuff of everything. • This principle speculated that everything came
from reason.
• This principle speculated that everything came
from fire. Example:

Example: * the first “priori”

* the world surrounded by fire * principle of reason

* star/ heavenly bodies * you cannot create something out of nothing

* the can be change according to seasons MIDEIVAL PHILOSOPHY (THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS)

3. Anaximenes 1. Socrates
Prove the Unprovable
• According to the idea of Anaximenes, AIR is the What is Socratic Method?
basic stuff of everything. a. Knowledge is a strong belief
• This principle speculated that everything came b. Knowledge is ANALYSIS
from air. c. Dialectic Method

Example: 2. Plato

* the world float on air A. The Theory of Forms (separation between

the Matter and Form)
* the idea of evaporation > the true/real object we perceive in
reality is NOT true/real, but it is only a FORM
4. Pythagoras
Explanation:
• According to the idea of Pythagoras, NUMBER is the one that makes the existence of
the basic stuff of everything. everything is the form. When the form
separated into matter, the matter no longer
• This principle speculated that everything came exist.
from number. Ex. Chair and a wood/metal/plastic
Example:
B. The Theory of Knowledge- it is not just a
* everything can be enumerated, countable and mere perception but more than perception.
measurable. Example:
“The Myth of the Cave”
Characters:
1. Cave- the world/ experience thru our senses
2. Sunlight- realm of forms
 3. Prisoner- ordinary people, taking sensible world
as real world
4. Escaped Prisoner- philosopher, who seen light,
true reality

C. The Theory of Love- define love as longing

and belonging, striving for to attain the object.

3. ARISTOTLE
“What is it to be”
To be – is a particular thing/object.
Example: a PARTICULAR statue, stuff.
What is the Actuality and Possibility?
A. The Theory of Forms
Form is a universal, something that more than
universal form.
Therefore, Form and Matter cannot be
separated
B. Theory of Knowledge
-comes into our perfect INTUITION
- Even the existence of God come from
INTUITION.

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

A. St. Augustine
Faith is the Ultimate source of Everything.
1. Faith can be adopted
2. Faith can be amended
Christianity remains strong because of the
Foundation-Faith.
Augustine says: “Creation Ex Nihilo”- God
Created the world out of nothing.

St. Thomas Aquinas

Tries to seek the boundaries of these two fields:
1. Philosophy- based into the precepts of reason
2. Theology- based into the truths of revelation
true faith
# He was convinced that there’s a real external
world ordered by law.
# He claims that we have knowledge into the
natural world but insufficient because. Human
being does not really know the natural truths,
God is inaccessible for us human being to know.