Lecture 1 Math104

Algebra: Operations on Real Numbers
ALI ABUBAKAR
abubakar@ait.edu.gh
Engineering Mathematics 1(MATH104)
Accra
c Institute of Technology(AIT)
September 19, 2022
AIT
c
ALI ABUBAKAR abubakar@ait.edu.gh MATH104 September 19, 2022 1
Learning Outcomes
To enable students to:

Understand the language of algebra
Classify a real number.
Substitute numbers for letters in expressions and
formula.
Perform calculations using order of operations.
Use the properties of real numbers.
Evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions.
Use the rules of exponents to simplify exponential
expressions.
Use scientific notation
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Some Basic Definitions of Terms in Algebra
Definition
This part of mathematics in which letters and other
general symbols are used to represent numbers and
quantities in formulae and equations.
Definition
A word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a
concept.
Definition
Expression : It is a mathematical sentence; it doesn’t
have an equal sign
Definition
Equation: It is a complete Mathematical sentence that
includes
ALI ABUBAKAR a AIT
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abubakar@ait.edu.gh September 19, 2022 3
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The Real Number System
Figure 1 : Real line
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Exercise
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Order of Operations
Operations in mathematical expressions must be evalu-

ated in a systematic order, which can be simplified using
the acronym PEMDAS or BODMAS:
Parentheses : Simplify any expressions within
grouping symbols
Exponents : Simplify any expressions containing
exponents
Multiplication and Division : Perform any
multiplication and division in order
Addition and Subtraction :Perform any addition and
subtraction in order
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Examples
1 Find the value of : 6 + 4 ÷ (5 − 3)
6 + 4 ÷ (5 − 3) = 6 + 4 ÷ 2 (Bracket)
= 6+2 (Division)
=8 (Addition)
2 Determine the value of: 13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷(2 + 5)
13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷ (2 + 5) = 13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷ 7 (B)
= 13 − 2 × 3 + 2 (D)
= 13 − 6 + 2 (M)
= 13 − 4 (A)
=9 (S)
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Exercise
Simplify the expressions given in Problems 1-7 below:

1 14+3× 15
2 17-12÷ 4
3 86+24÷(14-2)
4 7(23-18)÷ (12-5)
5 63-28(14÷ 2)+26
112
6
16 − 119 ÷ 17 + (3 × 19)
(50−14)
7
3 + 7(16 − 7) − 7
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Properties of Real Numbers
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Example
Use the properties of real numbers to rewrite and simplify
each expression. State which properties apply.
1 3·6+3·4

4 2 7
2 · ·
7 3 4
3 (5 + 8) + (−8)
4 6 − (15 + 9)
5 100 · [0.75 + (−2.38)]
Solution:
3 · 6 + 3 · 4 = 3 · (6 + 4) Distributive property
= 3 · 10 Simplify
= 30 Simplify
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Solution Cont..:
(5 + 8) + (−8) = 5 + [8 + (−8)] Associative property of addition

= 5+0 Inverse property of addition
=5 Identity property of addition
6 − (15 + 9) = 6 + (−15 − 9) Distributive property

= 6 + (−24) Simplify
= −18 Simplify
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Solution Cont..

4 2 7 4 7 2
· · = · · Commutative property of multiplication
7 3 4 7 4 3

4 7 2
= · · Associative property of multiplication
7 4 3
2
= 1· Inverse property of multiplication
3
2
= Identity property of multiplication
3
100 · [0.75 + (−2.38)] = 100 · 0.75 + 100 · (−2.38) Distributive

= 75 + (−238) Simplify
= −163 Simplify
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Evaluate and Simplify Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is a collection of constants

and variables joined together by the algebraic
operations of:
Addition,
Subtraction,
Multiplication,
Division.
Equation: mathematical statement indicating that two
expressions are equal
Formula: equation expressing a relationship between
constant and variable quantities
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Example
Simplify each algebraic expression.
1 3x − 2y + x − 3y − 7
2 2r − 5 (3 − r ) + 4

5 2
3 4t − s − t + 2s
4 3
4 2mn − 5m + 3mn + n
Solution:
3x − 2y + x − 3y − 7 = 3x + x − 2y − 3y − 7 Commutative property of add

= 4x − 5y − 7 Simplify
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Solution Cont..
2r − 5 (3 − r ) + 4 = 2r − 15 + 5r + 4 Distributive property
= 2r + 5r − 15 + 4 Commutative property of add
= 7r − 11 Simplify

5 2 5 2
4t − s − t + 2s = 4t − s − t − 2s Distributive property
4 3 4 3
2 5
= 4t − t − s − 2s Commutative prope
3 4
12 2 5 8
= t − t − s− s Common Denomina
3 3 4 4
10 13
= t− s Simplify
3 4
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Solution Cont..
mn − 5m + 3mn + n = 2mn + 3mn − 5m + n Commutative proper

= 5mn − 5m + n Simplify
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Exponents and Scientific Notations
Product rule: am · an = am+n
Example
Write each of the following products with a single base.
Do not simplify further.
5 3
1 t ·t
5
2 (−3) · (−3)
2 5
3 x ·x ·x
3
Solution: Use the product rule to simplify each

expression.
5 3
1 t ·t = t
5+3 = t 8
5 5 1 5+1
2 (−3) · (−3) = (−3) · (−3) = (−3) = (−3)6
2 5 3 2 5 · x 3 = x 2+5 · x 3 = x 7 · x 3 =

3 x ·x ·x = x ·x
x 7+3 = x 10 x 2 · x 5 · x 3 = x 2+5+3 = x 10
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am
Quotient Rule: an = am−n
Example
(−2)14
1
(−2)9
t 23
2
t 15
√ 5
z 2
3 √
z 2
y9
4
y5
Solution: Use the quotient rule to simplify each
expression.
(−2)14 AIT
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Solution Cont: Use the quotient rule to simplify each ex-
pression.
t 23
1
15
= t 23−15 = t 8
t
√ 5
z 2 √ 5−1 √ 4
2 √ = z 2 = z 2
z 2
3
y9 y · y · y · y · y · y · y
=
y5 y ·y ·y ·y ·y
y ·y ·y ·y ·y ·y ·y ·y ·y
=
y ·
y ·y ·y ·y
y ·y ·y ·y
=
1
= y4
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Power Rule:
This is given by: (am )n = am·n
Example
7
1 x2
3
2 (2t)5
11
3 (−3)5
Solution: Use the power rule to simplify each expression.
7
1 x 2 = x 2·7 = x 14
3
5
2 (2t) = (2t)5·3 = (2t)15
c 11
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The Zero Exponent Rule of Exponents
For any nonzero real number a, we have: a0 = 1
Example
Simplify each expression using the zero exponent rule of
exponents.
c3
1
c3
−3x 5
2
x5
4
j 2k
3 3
j 2k · j 2k
2
5 rs2
4 2
rs2
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Solution: Use the power rule to simplify each expression.
c3
= c 3−3 = c 0 = 1
c3
−3x 5 x5
= −3 · = −3 · x 5−5 = −3 · x 0 = −3 · 1 = −3
x5 x5
4 4
j 2k j 2k
3 = 1+3 Use the product rule in the denominat
j 2k · j 2k j 2k
4
j 2k
= 4 Simplify.
j 2k
4−4
= j 2k Use the quotient rule.
0
= j 2k Simplify.
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ALI ABUBAKAR abubakar@ait.edu.gh =1 MATH104 September 19, 2022 23
Solution Contd:
2
5 rs2 2−2
2 = 5 rs2 Use the quotient rule.
rs 2
0
= 5 rs2 Simplify.
= 5·1 Use the zero exponent rule.
=5 Simplify.
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The Negative Rule of Exponents
For any nonzero real number a and natural number n, we
1
have: a−n = n
a
Example
Write each of the following quotients with a single base.
Do not simplify further. Write answers with positive
exponents.
θ3
1
θ 10
z2 · z
2
z4
4
−5t 3
3 8
−5t 3
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Solution:
θ3 3−10 = θ −7 = 1
= θ
θ 10 θ7
2
z ·z z 2+1 z 3
= = = z 3−4 = z −1 = 1
z4 z4 z4 z
4
−5t 3

3 4−8 = −5t 3 −4 =
1
8 = −5t 4
−5t 3 −5t 3
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The Power of a Product Rule of Exponents
For any real numbers a and b and any integer n, we have:
(ab)n = an bn
Example
Simplify each of the following products:
3
ab2
(2t)15
3
−2w 3
1
(−7z)4
7
e−2 f 2
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Solution
3 3
ab2 = (a)3 · b2 = a1·3 · b2·3 = a3 b6
(2t)15 = (2)15 · (t)15 = 215 t 15 = 32, 768t 15
3 3
−2w 3 = (−2)3 · w 3 = −8 · w 3·3 = −8w 9
1 1 1
= =
(−7z)4 (−7)4 · (z)4 2, 401z 4
1 1 1
4
= 4 4
=
(−7z) (−7) · (z) 2, 401z 4
7 7 7 f 14
e−2 f 2 = e−2 · f2 = e−2·7 · f 2·7 = e−14 f 14 =
e14
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Summary of Rule of Exponents
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Scientific Notation
A number is written in scientific notation if it is written in the
form a × 10n , where 1 ≤ |a| < 10 and n is an integer.
Example
Write each number in scientific notation.
1 Distance to Andromeda Galaxy from Earth:
24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m
2 Diameter of Andromeda Galaxy:
1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 m
3 Number of stars in Andromeda Galaxy:
1,000,000,000,000 of electron: 0.00000000000094 m
4 Diameter of electron: 0.00000000000094 m
5 Probability of being struck by lightning in any single
year: 0.00000143
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Solution:
1
24, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 m

←22 places
22
2.4 × 10 m
1, 300, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 m

←21 places
21
1.3 × 10 m
1, 000, 000, 000, 000

←12 places
12
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ALI ABUBAKAR abubakar@ait.edu.gh 1 × 10
MATH104 September 19, 2022 31
Solution Cont...
0.00000000000094 m
→6 places
9.4 × 10−13 m
0.00000143
→6 places
1.43 × 10−6
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Quick Review
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Lecture 1 Math104

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Lecture 1 Math104

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Algebra: Operations on Real Numbers

Engineering Mathematics 1(MATH104)

September 19, 2022

To enable students to:

Figure 1 : Real line

Operations in mathematical expressions must be evalu-

Simplify the expressions given in Problems 1-7 below:

5 100 · [0.75 + (−2.38)]

(5 + 8) + (−8) = 5 + [8 + (−8)] Associative property of addition

6 − (15 + 9) = 6 + (−15 − 9) Distributive property

100 · [0.75 + (−2.38)] = 100 · 0.75 + 100 · (−2.38) Distributive

An algebraic expression is a collection of constants

3x − 2y + x − 3y − 7 = 3x + x − 2y − 3y − 7 Commutative property of add

mn − 5m + 3mn + n = 2mn + 3mn − 5m + n Commutative proper

Solution: Use the product rule to simplify each

24, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 m

1, 300, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 m

1, 000, 000, 000, 000

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