Name: Halmiatul Muamaroh

Nim: 190511100040
Class: Semantics 6B

INTERPERSONAL MEANING II
Direct And Indirect Illocutions
The Direct Illocution of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a Literal
reading of the grammatical form and vocabulary of the sentence uttered.
The Indirect Illocution of an utterance is any further illocution the utterance may have.
Example The direct illocution of ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is an enquiry about the hearer’s
ability to pass the salt. The indirect illocution is a request that the hearer pass the salt.
A Directive act is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker trying to get
the hearer to behave in some required way. Example Ordering and suggesting are directive
acts. Apologizing and promising are not.\
A Commissive act is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker committing
himself to behave in some required way. Example Promising and swearing (in one sense) are
commissive acts. Ordering and thanking are not.
Propositions And Illocutions
Sentence Meaning is what a sentence means, regardless of the context and situation in which
it may be used. Utterance Meaning is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a
particular situation.
The Propositional Content of a directive illocution can be expressed by a declarative
sentence describing the action that the speaker requires of the hearer. (This definition is
partial because it only applies to directives. It does not apply to commissives, for instance, or
other types of illocution.) Practice Express the propositional content of each of the following
directives with a declarative sentence.
The Propositional Content of a Commissive Illocution can be expressed by a declarative
sentence describing the action which the speaker undertakes to perform.
Conversational Implicature
If, when a proposition a is True, a proposition B must therefore also be True, then proposition
A Entails proposition B. (We extend this definition in a natural way to involve the Sentences
expressed by two such propositions, A and B.)
An Inference is any conclusion that one is reasonably entitled to draw from a sentence or
utterance. Comment All entailments are inferences, but not all inferences are entailments.
Implicature, which we are about to introduce, is another kind of inference, distinct from
entailment.
A comparison between entailment and implicature can be shown in a diagram. (page 319). e
example used the maxim of relevance. We will go through another example, this time using
the maxim of informativeness.
An implicature of one part of an utterance is said to be Cancelled when another part of the
utterance or a following utterance explicitly contradicts it. Example In the utterance ‘I tried to
buy salt, and in fact I succeeded’, the implicature (from the first half of the utterance) that the
speaker did not in fact buy salt is explicitly cancelled by the assertion in the second half of
the utterance.