Sistemes propolsius d’aeronaus

Marc Maymó Garrido

Polytechnic University of Catalonia

marc.maymo.garrido@upc.edu

8 de octubre de 2021

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 1 / 17

Overview

1 Propulsion review
Performance

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 2 / 17

Performance
T4t proportional to RPM’s. Hipothesis
W23 ∝ N 2
Ideal cicle
NGV and turbine choked
Fixed geometry
quasi-stationary
Mass flow parameter turbine vs nozzle
√ √
ṁ RT5t ṁ RT4t
= K1 = K2
A8 P5t A4 P4t
r  
K1 P4t T5t A8 P4t A8
= = → K3 = =f
K2 P5t T4t A4 P5t A4
 
  γ  
P4t T4t γ−1 T4t A8
= → =f
P5t T5t T5t A4
T5t
T4t − T5t = T4t (1 − )
T4t
Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 3 / 17
Performance
T4t proportional to RPM’s. Hipothesis
W23 ∝ N 2
Ideal cicle
NGV and turbine choked
Fixed geometry
quasi-stationary
Mass flow parameter turbine vs nozzle
√ √
ṁ RT5t ṁ RT4t
= K1 = K2
A8 P5t A4 P4t
r  
K1 P4t T5t A8 P4t A8
= = → K3 = =f
K2 P5t T4t A4 P5t A4
 
  γ  
P4t T4t γ−1 T4t A8
= → =f
P5t T5t T5t A4
T5t
T4t − T5t = T4t (1 − )
T4t
Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 3 / 17
Performance

T4t proportional to RPM’s. Hipothesis

W23 ∝ N 2
Ideal cicle
NGV and turbine choked
Fixed geometry
quasi-stationary
Mass flow parameter turbine vs nozzle

 K4

T 5t 
7

W23 = CP (T3t − T2t ) = CP (T4t − T5t ) = CP T4t 1 −  

T
 4t

K ∗ T4t = N 2

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 4 / 17

Performance

T4t proportional to RPM’s. Hipothesis

W23 ∝ N 2
Ideal cicle
NGV and turbine choked
Fixed geometry
quasi-stationary
Mass flow parameter turbine vs nozzle

 K4

T 5t 
7

W23 = CP (T3t − T2t ) = CP (T4t − T5t ) = CP T4t 1 −  

T
 4t

K ∗ T4t = N 2

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 4 / 17

Performance

performance vs parametric cycle

Variable Parametric cycle Engine
performance
Flight cond (M0 Indep Indep
, T0 )
πc Indep dep
T4t Indep Indep
Turb temp ratio Dep Constant
τt

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 5 / 17

Turboprop

Prop net Power(Wu (T=tracció H¨lix)

Wu = T ∗ V0 = Wh ηm ηh (1)

Motor net Power(Vs > V0 )

Wum = E ∗ V0 = ṁ (Vs − V0 ) V0 (2)

Motor eficiency
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02


ηm = (3)
ṁf ∗ hPR
Propulsor eficiency
T ∗ V0 + E ∗ V0
ηp = (4)
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 6 / 17

Turboprop

Prop net Power(Wu (T=tracció H¨lix)

Wu = T ∗ V0 = Wh ηm ηh (1)

Motor net Power(Vs > V0 )

Wum = E ∗ V0 = ṁ (Vs − V0 ) V0 (2)

Motor eficiency
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02


ηm = (3)
ṁf ∗ hPR
Propulsor eficiency
T ∗ V0 + E ∗ V0
ηp = (4)
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 6 / 17

Turboprop

Prop net Power(Wu (T=tracció H¨lix)

Wu = T ∗ V0 = Wh ηm ηh (1)

Motor net Power(Vs > V0 )

Wum = E ∗ V0 = ṁ (Vs − V0 ) V0 (2)

Motor eficiency
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02


ηm = (3)
ṁf ∗ hPR
Propulsor eficiency
T ∗ V0 + E ∗ V0
ηp = (4)
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 6 / 17

Turboprop

Prop net Power(Wu (T=tracció H¨lix)

Wu = T ∗ V0 = Wh ηm ηh (1)

Motor net Power(Vs > V0 )

Wum = E ∗ V0 = ṁ (Vs − V0 ) V0 (2)

Motor eficiency
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02


ηm = (3)
ṁf ∗ hPR
Propulsor eficiency
T ∗ V0 + E ∗ V0
ηp = (4)
Wh + ṁ2 Vs2 − V02

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 6 / 17

Turboprop

Maximize Wu

Wu = T ∗ V0 + E ∗ V0
dWu
=0
dT5t
T ∗ V0 = Wh ηh = Wt ηm ηh
Wu = Wt ηm ηt ηh + ṁ(Vs − V0 )V0
hp i
Wu = ηm ηh ṁCP (T45t − T5t ) + ṁV0 2CP (T5t − T8 ) − V0
hp i
Wu = ηm ηh ηt ṁCP (T45t − T5t 0 ) + ṁV0 2CP ηt (T5t 0 − T8 ”) − V0

0 and T , T 0 and T ” share

Note: T5t is at the same pressure that T5t 8 8 8
the same pressure among each other.

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 7 / 17

Turboprop Wu Optimization

d (Wu /ṁ) V0 ∗ 2 ∗ CP
0 = −ηm ηh ηt CP + p 0 − T ”)
=0
dT5t 2 2CP ηt (T5t 8
V0
q
0 − T ”) =
2CP ηt (T5t 8
ηm ηh ηt
V2
T5t − T8 = S = ηt (T5t − T80 ) = ηt (T5t 0
− T8 ”)
2CP
ηt V0
VS =
ηm ηt ηh

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 8 / 17

Turboprop mass flows and velocities

mass flow in the propeller (ṁh )

2 − V2
Vsh

0
TV = Wh ηh = ṁh ηh
2
T = ṁh (Vsh − V0 )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 9 / 17

Turboprop mass flows and velocities

mass flow in the propeller (ṁh )

2 − V2
Vsh

0
TV = Wh ηh = ṁh ηh
2
T = ṁh (Vsh − V0 )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 9 / 17

Compressor Map
Compressor Map comparing pressure ratio and corrected mass flow

Figura: Compressor Map

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 10 / 17
Turbine Map
Turbine Map comparing pressure ratio and corrected mass flow times
corrected rpm’s

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Figura: Short

Turbine
title Map 8 de octubre de 2021 11 / 17
Turbine Map

Turbine Map comparing pressure ratio and corrected mass flow times
corrected rpm’s

Figura: Turbine Map. Circular lines are iso-eficiency

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 12 / 17

Thrust increase systems

Water injection before combustion chamber. Thrust increase mainly

due to reduction in temperature entailing an increase in density.

Figura: Water injection in comb chamber

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 13 / 17

Thrust increase systems

Water injection before compressor. Thrust increase mainly due to

cycle modification leaving larger delta Temp at nozzle as well as
reduction in temperature entailing an increase in density.

Figura: Water injection in compressor

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 14 / 17

Thrust increase systems

Postcombustor. Burn again gases already gone through combustion

chamber.

Figura: Postcombustion

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 15 / 17

Postcombustor optimization

IRH = V8RH − V0 RH = Re − HeatorPostcombustion

2
V8RH
= T7t − T8RH → (T7t − T8RH )max
2CP
   
T8RH T8
T7t − T8RH = T7t 1 − = T7t 1 −
T7t T5t
T8 T0
Porque : =
T4t T3t
 
T4t T0 1
T7t − T8RH = T7t 1 − → Max
T3t T4t − T3t + T2t
d T4T + T2T
(T7t − T8RH ) → T3tOPTIMARH =
dt p2
FOR DRY (WITHOUT RH) IT WAS:T3t DRY = T4t T0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 16 / 17

Turbofan Opt with constant by-pass ratio

Et
= V8 − V0 + α (V18 − V0 )
m˙π
Et
q
= 2Cp (T5t − T8 ) − V0 +
m˙π
q 
α 2Cp (T45t − T5t ) + (T12t − T12 ) − V0
2C
∂ ∂Emt˙π 2Cp − αp
= p + α 2Cp p =0
∂T5t 2 2Cp (T5t − T8 ) 2Cp (T45t − T5t ) + (T12t − T12 )
α
T45t − T5topt
T5topt − T8 = − T12t − T18 = T13t − T18
α
V8 = V18

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 8 de octubre de 2021 17 / 17